History of Nursing

VALEREE HEART L.
ABEJUELA their wounds, meeting their basic needs, and

comforting them at end of life. Dorothea Lynde
BSN 1-WATSON
Dix, Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke), and
HISTORY OF NURSING Harriet Tubman also influenced nursing during
the Civil War (Donahue, 2011). Dix and
Historical Influences Nurses have and will Bickerdyke organized hospitals and ambulances,
always respond to the needs of their patients. appointed nurses, cared for the wounded
In times of war they responded by meeting the soldiers, and oversaw and regulated supplies to
needs of the wounded in combat zones and the troops. Tubman was active in the
military hospitals in the United States and Underground Railroad movement and assisted
abroad. When communities face health care in leading more than 300 slaves to freedom
crises such as natural disasters, disease (Donahue, 2011). The first professionally
outbreaks, or insufficient public health educated African-American nurse was Mary
resources, nurses establish community-based Mahoney. She was concerned with
immunization and screening programs, relationships between cultures and races. As a
treatment clinics, and health promotion noted nursing leader, she brought forth an
activities. Our patients are most vulnerable awareness of cultural diversity and respect for
when they are injured, sick, or dying. Today the individual, regardless of background, race,
nurses are active in determining best practices color, or religion. Isabel Hampton Robb helped
in a variety of areas such as pressure injury found the Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the
prevention, wound care management, pain United States and Canada in 1896. This
control, nutritional management, and care of organization became the ANA in 1911. She
individuals across the life span. Nurse authored many nursing textbooks and was one
researchers are leaders in expanding knowledge of the original founders of the American Journal
in nursing and other health care disciplines. of Nursing (Am J Nurs). Nursing in hospitals
Their work ensures that nurses have the best expanded in the late nineteenth century.
available evidence to support their practices. However, nursing in the community did not
Florence Nightingale In Notes on Nursing: What increase significantly until 1893, when Lillian
It Is and What It Is Not, Florence Nightingale Wald and Mary Brewster opened the Henry
established the first nursing philosophy based Street Selement, which focused on the health
on health maintenance and restoration needs of poor people who lived in tenements in
(Nightingale, 1860). She saw the role of nursing New York City (Donahue, 2011).
as having “charge of somebody’s health” based In the early twentieth century a movement
on the knowledge of “how to put the body in toward developing a scientific, research-based
such a state to be free of disease or to recover defined body of nursing knowledge and practice
from disease” (Nightingale, 1860). During the evolved. Nurses began to assume expanded
same year she developed the first organized roles. Mary Adelaide Nuing, who became the
program for training nurses, the Nightingale first nursing professor at Columbia Teachers
Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas’ College in 1906, was instrumental in moving
Hospital in London. nursing education into universities
The Civil War (1860–1865) stimulated the As nursing education developed, nursing
growth of nursing in the United States. Clara practice also expanded, and the Army and Navy
Barton, founder of the American Red Cross, Nurse Corps were established. By the 1920s
cared for soldiers on the balefields, cleansing
nursing specialization started to develop. The
last half of the century saw specialty nursing
organizations such as the American Association
of Critical Care Nurses, Association of Operating
Room Nurses (AORN), Infusion Nurses Society
(INS), and Emergency Nurses Association (ENA)
created. In 1990 the ANA established the Center
for Ethics and Human Rights, which provides a
forum to address the complex ethical and
human rights issues confronting nurses and
designs activities and programs to increase
ethical competence in nurses (Fowler, 2015b).
Twenty-First Century Today the profession

faces multiple challenges. Nurses are revising
nursing practice and school curricula to meet
the ever-changing needs of society, including an
aging population, bioterrorism, emerging
infections, and disaster management. Advances
in technology and informatics (see Chapter 26),
the high-acuity level of care of hospitalized
patients, and early discharge from health care
institutions require nurses in all seeing to have a
strong and current knowledge base from which
to practice. In addition, nursing and the Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation are taking a
leadership role in developing standards and
policies for end-of-life care through the Last
Acts Campaign (see Chapter 36). The End-of-Life
Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC), offered
collaboratively by the American Association of
Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and the City of Hope
Medical Center, has brought end-of-life care
and practices into nursing curricula and
professional continuing education programs for
practicing nurses

History of Nursing

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History of Nursing

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VALEREE HEART L.

ABEJUELA their wounds, meeting their basic needs, and

Twenty-First Century Today the profession

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