Think Sociology 2nd Edition Carl Test Bank
Think Sociology 2nd Edition Carl Test Bank
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THINK Sociology 2nd Edition Carl Test Bank
Carl
THINK Sociology
Second Edition
prepared by
Naima Brown
Santa Fe College
Prentice Hall
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10
ISBN-10: 0-205-77720-1
www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-13: 978-0-205-77720-4
Test Item File Table of Contents
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Richard is a college freshman. He recently informed his parents that he will be majoring in the
science which suggests that our lives are affected by our place in the social world. Richard is
majoring in:
a. Social Law
b. Sociology
c. Psychology
d. Micro-Economics
2. Rhonda is a sociology student who babysits several children from her neighborhood. While one
child is doing very well in school, the other is doing poorly. Rhonda looks beyond each individual
child to explain their success and failure. She believes that the various opportunities offered by
society explain the differences in their academic performance. Rhonda’s thought process
illustrates:
a. Functionalism
b. Social Control
c. Solidarity
d. The Sociological Imagination
4. Tameka is studying mate selection among college students. She learns that most female students
are interested in males that they consider to be intelligent, handsome, and funny. This focus on
the individual or small-scale factors of mate selection reflects a _________ approach.
a. macro
b. micro
c. latent
d. manifest
5. Alton is a sixteen-year-old boy. His behavior is regulated by the rules of his parents, his school,
his religion and the law. These mechanisms that keep Alton in check provide an example of:
a. Social Control
b. The Sociological Imagination
c. Solidarity
d. Functions
(Application; answer: a; page 7)
6. Bertha Mae grew up in a tight-knit community where everyone knows everyone else. Bertha Mae
feels a high level of connectedness and integration to others within her environment. Bertha Mae
has a high level of:
a. Functions
b. Sociological Imagination
c. Contagion
d. Solidarity
7. Ahmed was a suicide bomber who killed himself along with 120 other people last month. Ahmed
believed that he was sacrificing his own life for the good of his group. Ahmed’s suicide was:
a. Altruistic
b. Fatalistic
c. Egoistic
d. Anomic
8. After the stock market crashed, Bill could not deal with the chaos that ensued. He committed
suicide. This is an example of a(n) ___________________ suicide.
a. altruistic
b. fatalistic
c. egoistic
d. anomic
9. Raul is an ex-convict who committed suicide yesterday. After he was released from prison, Raul
was unable to find a job or a place to live. He felt that his future was bleak and that there was no
way for his situation to change. Raul’s case reflects a(n) ___________________ suicide.
a. altruistic
b. fatalistic
c. egoistic
d. anomic
11. Today, Dr. Fuentes will introduce her sociology students to the three major theoretical
perspectives through which sociologists view the world. Dr. Fuentes will be lecturing on:
a. Contagion
b. Functions
c. Paradigms
d. Dramaturgy
12. Michael views society as an unequal system that brings about conflict and change. Michael’s
beliefs are in line with:
a. Dramaturgy
b. Conflict Theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Functionalism
13. Gary believes that society is best viewed as a system of interrelated parts. Gary’s beliefs are in
line with:
a. Social Darwinism
b. Conflict Theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Functionalism
14. Gwendolyn’s research focuses on how students interact with others in their everyday lives on
campus. Gwendolyn’s research is in line with:
a. Social Darwinism
b. Conflict Theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Functionalism
15. Katie's research focuses on sexist patterns that limit women's opportunities for promotion in
Fortune 500 companies. Katie's research is in line with:
a. Gender Inequality Theory
b. Gender Oppression Theory
c. Structural Oppression Theory
d. Exchange Theory
16. Thomas is scheduled to give an in-class presentation today. His presentation will focus on how
patriarchy and capitalism have served to keep women in marginal positions in the U.S. and
around the world. Thomas' presentation is rooted in:
a. Gender Inequality Theory
b. Gender Oppression Theory
c. Structural Oppression Theory
d. Exchange Theory
17. The National Organization for Women went before Congress to report that men in the U.S. keep
and maintain power over women through purposeful discrimination. This organization's assertion
is embedded in:
a. Gender Inequality Theory
b. Gender Oppression Theory
c. Structural Oppression Theory
d. Exchange Theory
18. Up until today, Rita was a cashier at McDonalds. She quit her job because she felt that the costs
of working in a fast-food restaurant outweighed the benefits. The theory that best explains Rita's
behavior is:
a. Gender Inequality Theory
b. Gender Oppression Theory
c. Structural Oppression Theory
d. Exchange Theory
19. Emmanuel just told you that he is interested in blending social thought and ecological principles.
You should suggest that Emmanuel explore:
a. Environmental Theory
b. Gender Oppression Theory
c. Structural Oppression Theory
d. Exchange Theory
20. Yoshimi is writing a paper on the changes in the structural elements of society. Yoshimi’s paper
focuses on:
a. Social Laws
b. Social Dynamics
c. Social Statics
d. Social Darwinism
21. Pamela is studying the existing structural elements of society. She is focusing on:
a. Social Laws
b. Social Statics
c. Social Dynamics
d. Social Darwinism
22. Auguste Comte suggested that by studying social statics and social dynamics, statements of fact
that are unchanging under given conditions could be discovered. Comte was concerned with the
discovery of:
a. Social Darwinism
b. The Sociological Imagination
c. Sociology
d. Social Laws
24. The theorist who’s ideas are most in line with social Darwinism was:
a. Herbert Spencer
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Talcott Parsons
d. Robert Merton
25. Tabitha and Samantha are discussing the collapse of Mayan civilization. Tabitha says, “Only
weak societies become extinct, so the Mayans must have been weak.” Tabitha’s views are in line
with:
a. Social Darwinism
b. Social Laws
c. Social Statics
d. Social Dynamics
26. _______________ used data to test theories and introduced the ideas of mechanical and organic
solidarity to the field of sociology.
a. Herbert Spencer
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Talcott Parsons
d. Robert Merton
27. In the U.S., there is a diverse division of labor. We rely on farmers, truckers, grocers, teachers,
lawyers, physicians, and plumbers to meet our needs. This reflects ______________ solidarity.
a. manifest
b. mechanical
c. latent
d. organic
28. In hunting and gathering societies, the members are bonded together by shared beliefs and values
as well as the performance of common tasks. This is an example of ____________ solidarity.
a. mechanical
b. manifest
c. organic
d. latent
29. _________________ commented on the inertia of social systems, suggesting that they tend to
remain at rest if they are at rest, or stay in motion if already in motion.
a. Emile Durkheim
b. August Comte
c. Talcott Parsons
d. Robert Merton
31. The expected outcome of the health care system is a lower rate of sickness. As such, a lower rate
of sickness is an example of a(n) _______________ function.
a. manifest
b. mechanical
c. latent
d. organic
32. An unexpected outcome of the public education system in the U.S. is that children learn to be
patriotic. Learning patriotism is a(n) ___________________ function of public education.
a. mechanical
b. manifest
c. latent
d. organic
33. Sam owns a large factory that creates toys for children. According to Karl Marx, Sam is a
member of the:
a. Bourgeoisie
b. Dramaturgy
c. Contagion
d. Proletariat
34. _______________ was a German theorist, social activist, and writer who suggested that
capitalistic societies would move to socialism once workers developed class consciousness and
united.
a. Jane Addams
b. W. E. B. Du Bois
c. Harriet Martineau
d. Karl Marx
35. At a recent labor union, the union leader told workers that each person must understand their
position in society so that the workers could unite. This sentiment reflects
a. False Consciousness
b. Solidarity
c. Class Consciousness
d. Double Consciousness
36. In Venezuela, President Hugo Chavez is proposing an economic system in which the government
controls the economic system, ensuring that all people share in the profits generated by their own
labor. President Chavez is proposing:
a. Socialism
b. Capitalism
c. Mechanical Solidarity
d. Organic Solidarity
37. Millicent is a poor laborer. She works in the same industrial bakery that her mother and
grandmother worked in and retired from. Millicent believes that if she works hard at the bakery,
she can become rich. She has an unrealistic belief about her place in society. Millicent’s view
reflects:
a. Solidarity
b. Double Consciousness
c. False Consciousness
d. Class Consciousness
38. __________________ was an African American sociologist interested in racial inequality in the
United States.
a. Harriet Martineau
b. Jane Addams
c. John Bellamy Foster
d. W.E.B. Du Bois
39. Martha is a black woman who feels that she lives in two worlds. She speaks and acts one way
when she is with other blacks in her neighborhood, at her church, and with her close friends.
However, she speaks and acts another way when she is in the presence of whites. This reflects:
a. Social Control
b. Solidarity
c. Double Consciousness
d. False Consciousness
40. ___________________ created a settlement house in Chicago and won the Nobel peace prize for
a lifetime of service and dedication to peace.
a. Harriet Martineau
b. W. E. B. Du Bois
c. Jane Addams
d. John Bellamy Foster
41. ___________________ argues that businesses’ pursuit of wealth in a capitalist system has created
environmental and global problems.
a. Jane Addams
b. W. E. B. Du Bois
c. John Bellamy Foster
d. Robert Merton
43. Through interactions with others, Vera is learning her personal identity and what makes her
different from others. Vera is in the process of discovering:
a. Dramaturgy
b. Self
c. Contagion
d. Functions
45. While the principal was delivering the graduation address, one student started to hiss and boo.
This rapid, irrational response is an example of:
a. Contagion
b. Dramaturgy
c. Solidarity
d. Community Learning
46. Veronica feels that she is always acting. Depending on the situation, sometimes she is playing the
part of a student, sometimes a store clerk, sometimes a daughter, and sometimes a girlfriend.
Veronica’s view is in line with:
a. Symbolic Interactionism
b. Functionalism
c. Dramaturgy
d. Conflict Theory
48. The idea that people live up to the labels and expectations placed on them by others was
suggested by:
a. Herbert Blumer
b. George Herbert Mead
c. Erving Goffman
d. Howard Becker
50. The Action Network and the Health Department are working together to address the spread of
sexually transmitted diseases in the community. This is an example of:
a. Contagion
b. Community Learning
c. Dramaturgy
d. Solidarity
TRUE/FALSE
57. The first department of sociology was created at the University of Chicago. T F
59. Members of the poor working class are called the proletariat. T F
SHORT ANSWER
61. The science guided by the basic understanding that our lives are affected not only by our
individual characteristics but by our place in the social world is called ______________.
62. The _____________________________ is the ability to look beyond the individual as the cause
for success and failure and see how one’s society influences the outcome.
64. ___________________ means large scale and involves an understanding of history and social
structure.
65. The level of connectedness and integration a person feels to others in the environment is called
____________________________.
66. The social mechanisms that regulate a person’s actions are called _______________________.
67. _____________________ proposed that social control and solidarity impact the likelihood of
suicide.
69. _____________________ suicides occur when the level of solidarity is exceptionally high and
when the individual views the group’s interest as superior to all other interests.
75. ______________________ is a theoretical framework that focuses on how people interact with
others in their everyday lives.
76. ______________________ focus on how women’s experiences of the social world are different
from those of men.
77. ______________________ suggest that men oppress women by keeping and maintaining power
over them through purposeful discrimination.
79. ____________________ theory suggests that social experiences consist of a series of rewards
and costs.
80. The number of people that can actually live in a specific area is known as the
_____________________.
81. Statements of fact that are unchanging under given conditions and can be used as ground rules for
any kind of society are called __________________.
83. ______________________ are the changes in the existing structural elements of society.
84. The idea that strong societies survive and weak ones become extinct is called
__________________.
86. _________________________ solidarity occurs when people live in a society with a diverse
division of labor.
(Knowledge; answer: Organic; page 12)
87. Social factors that affect people in a society are called __________________.
92. The members of the poor working class are called the _______________________________.
93. A person’s lack of understanding of his or her position in society is called _________________.
95. _____________ refers to a person’s identity and what makes that person different from others.
96. A theory of interaction in which all life is like acting is called _______________________.
97. A rapid, irrational mode in which people do not think rationally or clearly is called
__________________________.
98. _____________________ occurs when individuals and groups work to identify and address
issues of public concern.
ESSAY
99. Discuss the sociological imagination and its relationship with micro and macro factors.
(Comprehension, page 6)
(Analysis, page 9)
102. Explain feminist theory and discuss the three different types.
103. Explain the functionalist worldview and discuss the criticisms of functionalism.
104. Discuss solidarity. Compare and contrast mechanical and organic solidarity.
106. Explain the conflict theorist’s worldview and discuss the criticisms of conflict theory.
107. Discuss the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
108. Explain the differences between false consciousness and class consciousness.
109. Explain the symbolic interactionist worldview and discuss the criticisms of symbolic
interactionist.
110. Describe how Lebow used a sociological approach to study homeless women.
(page 3-4)
111. Create a conversation in which a functionalist, a conflict theorist, and a symbolic interactionist
discuss their views on homeless shelters and food banks.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Professor Joftis is teaching his students about the scientific procedures that sociologists use to
conduct research and develop knowledge about a particular topic. Professor Joftis is discussing:
a. Objectivity
b. Correlation
c. Research Methods
d. Variables
2. Erika smokes one pack of cigarettes each day. Her research examines the impact that smoking has
on perceived attractiveness in college students. Although Erika thinks that smoking makes her
more attractive than her non-smoking peers, she does not allow her personal biases to prejudice
her research. This suggests that Erika’s study has problems with:
a. Causation
b. Objectivity
c. Validity
d. Reliability
3. Lila is studying the relationship that develops between drug users and drug dealers. Lila wants to
understand the behaviors and attitudes from the user’s point of view, so she spent time with a user
and didn’t judge the behaviors she observed. According to Max Weber, this is an example of:
a. Correlation
b. Causation
c. Reliability
d. Verstehen
4. Carlos is conducting research on the relationship between age and divorce among couples in
Georgia. All of the couples in the study have the same household income. As such, income is
a(n):
a. Independent Variable
b. Dependent Variable
c. Control Variable
d. None of the Above
5. Eddie wants to know if participating in sports at school influences the self-esteem of teen-aged
girls. In Eddie’s study, participating in sports is the:
a. Independent Variable
b. Dependent Variable
c. Control Variable
d. None of the Above
6. Jason wants to know if student grade point average (GPA) is impacted by being involved in a
romantic relationship. In Jason’s study, GPA is the:
a. Independent Variable
b. Dependent Variable
c. Control Variable
d. None of the Above
7. Professor Pettigrew’s class will be conducting social research. Their first step is to:
a. Review the Literature
b. Develop a Hypothesis
c. Decide on a Topic
d. Collect Data
10. Saima suggests that the higher a person’s income, the more likely he/she is to vote in local
elections. This suggestion of how these variables relate is a:
a. Theory
b. Cohort
c. Hypothesis
d. Sample
11. Lorenzo’s hypothesis suggests that the more religious a teenager is, the less likely he/she is to
have sexual intercourse before marriage. Lorenzo measures religiosity by the number of times a
week a person prays and he measures sexual experience by the number of sexual partners that a
person has had. By turning the abstract concepts into something measureable, Lorenzo is
involved in:
a. Operationalizing
b. Theorizing
c. Oversampling
d. Triangulation
12. At the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, hundreds of sociologists will
share the findings of their investigations. The presenters will be discussing:
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Social Research
d. Cohorts
13. Imani is conducting research on car accidents in the U.S. Imani finds that as the number of hours
local bars stay open increases, the number of car accidents also increases. When bars stay open
later, people have the opportunity to drink more before driving. As such, the relationship between
car accidents and bar hours involves a:
a. Positive Correlation
b. Negative Correlation
c. Spurious Correlation
d. None of the Above
14. Muhammad is conducting research on the relationship between education and fertility.
Muhammad finds that the more education a woman has, the fewer children she is likely to have
because educated women spend much of their childbearing years in school or climbing the career
ladder. This suggests that there is a _____________________ between education and fertility.
a. positive correlation
b. spurious correlation
c. negative correlation
d. none of the above
15. The sale of ice cream cones and the number of children who drown in swimming pools in
Chicago both increase during the summer months. The increase in ice cream cone sales and
children drowned are probably both explained by rising temperatures. When the temperature
rises, a large number of people purchase ice cream to stay cool. Also, a large number of people go
swimming and accidentally drown. This suggests that there is a _________________ between ice
cream sales and the number of drownings.
a. positive correlation
b. negative correlation
c. spurious correlation
d. none of the above
16. Ricardo is exploring the academic achievement of children in loving families. Because it is
impossible to measure how 'loving' a family is, loving is a:
a. Variable
b. Concept
c. Cohort
d. Research Design
17. Tawanda just learned that that there are numerous processes used by researchers to find
information, Tawanda just learned about:
a. Ethics
b. Samples
c. Research Designs
d. Cohorts
18. Throughout the course of his research investigation, Farzan measured his variables the same way
each and every time. This means that Farzan’s research can be trusted or that it is:
a. Reliable
b. Valid
c. Ethical
d. Objective
19. Dr. Crumbly measured student success using grade point average (GPA). Because GPA actually
measures student success, Mr. Crumbly’s research has:
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Ethics
d. Objectivity
20. Dr. Yi’s research examines how attitudes towards the U.S. government have changed over a 30
year period. Dr. Yi’s project is an example of a ____________________ study.
a. longitudinal
b. cross-sectional
c. comparative
d. all of the above
21. Dr. Mead studied parenting behavior in Canada, Japan, India and France to evaluate them against
one another. This is an example of a _______________ study.
a. longitudinal
b. cross-sectional
c. comparative
d. all of the above
22. Rosa’s research examines the physical fitness behavior of pregnant women at a single point in
time. Rosa’s research is an example of a __________________ study.
a. longitudinal
b. cross-sectional
c. comparative
d. all of the above
23. The Student Health Care Center is conducting research on the use of prescription medications by
250 students over a period of 4 years. The students used in this longitudinal study are called a(n):
a. Cohort
b. Independent Variable
c. Dependent Variable
d. Oversample
24. Norton is conducting research that involves interviewing people about their shoplifting
experiences. This is an example of which type of social research investigation?
a. Participant Observation
b. Case Study
c. Secondary Data Analysis
d. Survey
25. Corey wants to survey prisoners about their experiences with violence inside the penitentiary. In
Corey’s study, prisoners are the:
a. Population
b. Independent Variable
c. Dependent Variable
d. Cohort
26. Dr. Wilfredo Mercado was awarded a $3,000 grant to study the drinking behavior of college
faculty. Because he has a limited budget, Dr. Mercado is extremely reluctant to use his resources.
This unwillingness is an example of:
a. Oversampling
b. Triangulation
c. Central Tendency
d. Parsimony
27. Dr. Lergo selected a sample of 250 long-distance truck drivers in the U.S. and interviewed them
on their interactions with prostitutes at truck stops. Dr. Lergo took the findings from the sample
and applied them to all long-distance truck drivers in the U.S. This is an example of:
a. Oversampling
b. Triangulation
c. Operationalization
d. Generalization
28. Okim wants to know about the movie viewing habits of Asian Americans. Because Asian
Americans represent such a small portion of the American population, Okim should take a bigger
than usual sample of Asian Americans. This means that Okim should use
____________________.
a. random sampling
b. oversampling
c. generalization
d. triangulation
29. Garret is interested in the speeding practices of student drivers. He selects 700 students as a
subset of the group that he is interested in studying. The 700 students that Garret selects make up
a:
a. Population
b. Parsimony
c. Variable
d. Sample
30. Bobby wants to ensure that his sample looks like the population that he is studying. Bobby should
use:
a. Oversampling
b. Triangulation
c. A Random Sample
d. A Case Study
31. Yoshimi goes to the mall to ask shoppers about their views on the issue of abortion. Yoshimi is
questioning anybody that will stop to talk to her. As such, this is an example of a(n):
a. Random Sample
b. Sample of Convenience
c. Oversample
d. Population
32. The grade point average (GPA) of students participating in an experiment on academic
achievement rose over the course of the academic year. The students worked harder to do better
in school because they knew that they were being studied. This is an example of :
a. Selection Effect
b. The Hawthorne Effect
c. Central Tendency
d. Parsimony
33. David is studying the behavior of fans seated in the stands during college football games. David
conducts this research in the stadium, the natural setting for football games. This is an example
of:
a. Survey Research
b. Field Research
c. Secondary Data Analysis
d. An Experiment
34. Serena is conducting a research project on a student who takes classes during the day and works
as a stripper during the night. This detailed investigation of a single person that is carried out in
order to shed light on a complex issue is an example of which type of field research?
a. Participant Observation
b. Case Study
c. Ethnography
d. None of the Above
35. Lance Johnson is conducting research on the employment-seeking skills of homeless people in
Chicago. Lance poses as a volunteer at a homeless shelter so that he can study homeless people in
their natural environment. This is an example of which type of field research?
a. Participant Observation
b. Case Study
c. Ethnography
d. None of the Above
37. Naomi analyzes data collected by the government in the 2010 Census to understand the living
arrangements of the elderly. This is an example of:
a. Experiments
b. Field Research
c. Survey
d. Secondary Data Analysis
38. Barbara states that the average age of the full-time employees at the university is 33. The average
is also the:
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. None of the Above
40. Tanisha is reading about the system of values that guides the behavior of sociologists. Tanisha is
reading about sociologists’:
a. Cohort
b. Ethics
c. Sample
d. Objectivity
41. Jessica is conducting research to determine the number of females in leadership positions in
Fortune 500 companies. Jessica’s research is:
a. A Case Study
b. Qualitative
c. Ethnographic
d. Quantitative
42. Quincy is conducting research on how males and females are portrayed in storybooks for
children. He reads the children stories looking for themes suggesting that females depend on men
to care for them and save them. This type of qualitative research is called:
a. Secondary Data Analysis
b. Participant Observation
c. Ethnography
d. Content Analysis
43. Michelle is examining the eating habits of college students at the local university. She uses the
quantitative data of food sales purchased with a student identification card as well as qualitative
data from in-depth interviews with local students. By using multiple approaches Michelle is
engaging in:
a. Objectivity
b. Triangulation
c. Correlation
d. Operationalization
44. Amina has analyzed the transportation needs of workers living in the low-income section of
Philadelphia. She presents her findings in a written statement to the Southeastern Pennsylvania
Transportation Authority. This is an example of:
a. Triangulation
b. Needs Assessment
c. Operationalization
d. Ethnography
TRUE/FALSE
51. The publishing of most sociological research follows the ASA style guide. T F
55. Two researchers can look at the same data and come to different conclusions. T F
SHORT ANSWER
56. ____________________ are the scientific procedures that sociologists use to conduct research
and develop knowledge about a particular topic.
57. The ability to conduct research without allowing personal biases or prejudices to influence you is
called _______________________________.
59. ____________________________ variables are kept constant to accurately test the impact of an
independent variable.
61. ______________ suggests that sociologists step out of their own shoes and into their subjects’
shoes when conducting research.
63. __________________________ is an indication that one factor might be the cause for another
factor.
64. When two variables move in a parallel direction, this is called _______________________.
65. When two variables move in opposite directions, this is called _______________________.
66. When two variables appear to be related but actually have a different cause, this is called
_______________________.
73. ______________________________ assures that you’re actually measuring the thing you set out
to measure.
74. ______________________ studies use data from different sources in order to evaluate them
against each other.
76. _________________________ studies include data from observations over time using a cohort.
79. The target group from which a researcher wants to get information is called the
________________.
82. ___________________ is the extent that what is learned from a sample can be applied to the
population from which the sample is taken.
85. The likelihood that a non-representative sample may lead to inaccurate results is
called____________________________________.
86. ___________________________ occurs when people behave differently because they know that
they are part of an experiment.
88. The type of field research in which the researcher poses as a person who is normally in the
environment is called ___________________________.
89. Data that others have already collected or published is called __________________.
94. The system of values or principles that guide one's behavior is called ______________.
96. ______________ data includes words, pictures, photos, or any other type of information that
comes to the researcher in a nonnumeric form.
97. ______________ is a type of research in which the sociologist looks for common words or
themes in newspapers, books or structured interviews.
99. An analysis that studies the needs of a specific group and presents the results in a written
statement is a ___________________________________.
ESSAY
100. Discuss objectivity and verstehen. Develop an example in which a researcher employs
these concepts.
101. Explain the purpose of the independent variable, dependent variable, and control
variable. Develop an example of a research project and identify each variable.
102. Explain the similarities and differences between causation and correlation. Discuss the 3
different types of correlation.
106. Discuss the similarities and differences in comparative studies, cross-sectional studies
and longitudinal studies.
107. Define field research and discuss the three common methods of field research.
108. Explain the pros and cons of the four different research methods used in social research.
109. Discuss the three measures of central tendency. How are they different?