Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition Shier Solutions Manual

Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology
15th Edition Shier Solutions Manual

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Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition Shier Solutions Manual
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Chapter 1
1. What factors probably stimulated an early interest in the human body?
Understanding the underlying causes of injury and illness and how to treat them.
2. What types of activities helped promote the development of modern medical science?
Asking questions and seeking accurate answers, combined with the advent of techniques for
making measurements and performing experiments.
3. What is the role of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

The hypothesis is the idea or proposition being evaluated, or tested.
4. What are the differences between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of body structures and relies on examination of those structures.
Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts, and relies more on experimentation.
5. Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology?

Structure and function are closely related. The structure of a body part makes its functions
possible.
6. List several examples that illustrate how the structure of a body part makes possible its
function.
The arrangement of bones and muscles in the hand allow grasping; the heart’s muscular walls
pump blood, and heart valves keep blood flowing in the proper direction; the mouth is shaped to
receive food and the shapes of the teeth allow them to break down food into pieces; the tongue
mixes food with saliva and prepares food particles for swallowing.
7. How are anatomy and physiology both old and new fields?
As ancient as these fields are, new discoveries continue in both, especially at the molecular level.
8. How does the human body illustrate levels of organization?

Larger body structures are made up of progressively smaller ones. For example, the heart is
made up of cardiac muscle cells, which are in turn made up of molecules of muscle protein.
Proteins, in turn, are made up of specific smaller molecules called amino acids, and so forth. See
Table 1.1.
9. What is an organism?
An organism is a complete living unit, and can be as small as a single cell. The human organism
is multicellular and consists of interacting organ systems, each made up of organs, which are
made up of tissues, which are made up of individual cells.
10. How do body parts at different levels of organization vary in complexity?
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Complexity occurs at every level of organization, but the more parts involved, the more complex
the structure. Thus, tissues are more complex than cells, organs are more complex than tissues,
and so on.
11. How are cells interdependent on each other?

Cells are specialized to make contributions to maintenance of the internal environment. They do
this by working together as tissues, which form organs, which in turn form organ systems. Some
cells sense changes in the internal environment and communicate with other cells, which then
initiate responses to correct the changes.
12. How is balance related to the internal environment?

For the internal environment to be maintained constant, input must be balanced by output.
Substances or conditions that are in excess (such as extra heat production) must be matched by
increased elimination (such as increased heat loss). Shortages must be matched by increased
intake or production.
13. What is the function of metabolism in the body?

Metabolism includes all of the physiological events that obtain, release, and use energy.
Examples include absorbing nutrients and, by the process of respiration, using the energy in
those nutrients for growth and repair.
14. Which requirements of organisms does the external environment provide?

See Table 1.3.
15. Why is homeostasis so important to survival?

Survival of the human organism depends on the survival of its cells. Homeostasis maintains the
internal environment, in which those cells live.
16. Describe three homeostatic mechanisms.

Separate homeostatic mechanisms, based on negative feedback, regulate body temperature and
the blood glucose concentration. Another mechanism, based on positive feedback, controls
blood clotting.
17. What are the viscera?

Viscera are the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
18. Which organs occupy the thoracic cavity?

Heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, thymus
The abdominal cavity?
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, large intestine
The pelvic cavity?
Terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
19. Name the cavities of the head.

Cranial cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, middle ear cavities
Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition Shier Solutions Manual
20. Describe the membranes associated with the thoracic cavity.

Serous membranes are associated with organs in the thoracic cavity, including the two visceral
pleural membranes (on the surface of the lungs) and the visceral pericardium (on the surface of
the heart.) Serous membranes are also associated with the inner surface of the wall of the cavity,
including the parietal pleurae, and the parietal pericardium.
21. Distinguish between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

The parietal peritoneum lines the inner surface of the wall of the abdominal cavity, and the
visceral peritoneum covers the surfaces of the abdominal organs.
22. Name the major organ systems and list the organs of each system.
See Table 1.4.
23. Describe the general functions of each organ system.

See Table 1.4.
24. Define aging.

Aging refers to the changes in the body that occur with the passage of time.
25. List some aging-related changes at the microscopic and whole-body levels.
Microscopic include: decreased production of elastin and collagen proteins, diminished
subcutaneous fat leads to skin wrinkling; increased percentage of body fat alters the rate of drug
metabolism; DNA repair mechanisms become less efficient, as does energy extraction from
nutrients. Other changes include fading hair color, wrinkling skin, a less effective immune
system, increased blood pressure, and slightly elevated blood glucose that may become clinically
significant.
26. Describe the anatomical position.

Standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms forward
27. Using the appropriate terms, describe the relative positions of several body parts.
See Figure 1.21
28. Describe three types of body sections.

See Figures 1.22 and 1.23
29. Describe the nine regions of the abdomen.

See Figure 1.25(a)
30. Explain how the names of the abdominal quadrants describe their locations.
The umbilicus is the reference point. Above is termed “upper”, below is termed “lower”, and
either side is anatomically left or right. See Figure 1.25(b).
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Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology

15th Edition Shier Solutions Manual

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS

3. What is the role of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

4. What are the differences between anatomy and physiology?

5. Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology?

8. How does the human body illustrate levels of organization?

10. How do body parts at different levels of organization vary in complexity?

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11. How are cells interdependent on each other?

12. How is balance related to the internal environment?

13. What is the function of metabolism in the body?

14. Which requirements of organisms does the external environment provide?

15. Why is homeostasis so important to survival?

16. Describe three homeostatic mechanisms.

17. What are the viscera?

18. Which organs occupy the thoracic cavity?

19. Name the cavities of the head.

20. Describe the membranes associated with the thoracic cavity.

21. Distinguish between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

23. Describe the general functions of each organ system.

24. Define aging.

26. Describe the anatomical position.

28. Describe three types of body sections.

29. Describe the nine regions of the abdomen.

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