Prelim Chem

MATTER
CHEMISTRY – the study of the composition,

structure, and properties of matter and the
changes it undergoes.
MATTER is anything that has mass and takes up space.
2 properties of MATTER are:

• Mass – amount or quantity of matter
• Volume – the amount of space occupied
Atom
– Extremely small chemically indivisible particle
– Atom is Greek for “that which cannot be divided
Composition - the types and amounts of atoms that make up a sample of matter.
Properties - the characteristics that give each substance a unique identity.
The properties of matter

- allow us to distinguish between substances and classify them.
- Can reveal the identity of an unknown substance.
Divided into two groups:
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a characteristic that can be observed or
measured without changing the identity or
composition of the substance
• Examples include:
– Color
– Odor
– Taste
– Size
– Physical state (liquid, gas, or solid)
– Boiling point
– Melting point
– Density
1) Extensive – depends on the amount of matter in the sample
- e.g. Mass, volume, length
2) Intensive – depends on the type of matter, not the amount present
- Hardness, density, boiling point
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ability or inability of a substance
to combine with or change into one or more
other substances i.e., the ability of a substance to
undergo a chemical reaction.
• Examples include:
– Charcoal burning in the air
– iron rust
– Decomposition of wood
Consider terms such as:
– burn
– rot
– rust
– decompose
– ferment
– explode
– oxidize
– corrode
– grow
– precipitate
– gas formation
– digest
STATES OF MATTER
Physical State:
- Solid – Liquid - Gas
SOLIDS - Has a definite shape and volume
LIQUIDS - Has a definite volume, atoms are not widely separated, therefore high
density and small compressibility (NO DEFINITE SHAPE)
GASES - Also known as vapor, no fixed volume or shape, conform to the volume
and the shape of its container
CHANGES IN MATTER
Physical change
- occurs when a substance alters its state (phase change) but does not
change its chemical composition.
- E.g., Grinding, cutting
- Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible.
Phase change
- the transition of a substance from one state to another
- Depend on temperature and pressure.
- E.g., Boiling, freezing, melting, and condensing
 Exothermic – heat is given off i.e., Removal of E

 Endothermic – absorption of heat i.e., Input of E
CHANGES OF STATE
Melting - solid to liquid
Freezing - liquid to solid
Evaporation/ boiling - liquid to gas
Condensation - gas to liquid
Sublimation - solid to gas
Reverse Sublimation - gas to solid
Chemical change – occurs when a substance is converted into a new or different
substance.
- i.e., Change in the composition of a substance.
- Also referred to as a chemical reaction
The law of the conservation of mass- applies to chemical reactions
- Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
reactants – starting substances.
products – substances that are formed/produced.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
- All matter is composed of atoms.
- All matter can be classified or identified as either pure substances or
mixtures.
Substance – a kind of matter that cannot be separated by any physical process.
Pure substances - are considered either elements or compounds.
Element – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
physical and chemical reactions. (One kind of atom)
Compound – a substance that consists of two or more elements chemically
bonded.
 Synthesis – a combination of elements to form compounds.
 Decomposition – the splitting of compounds into their individual elements
Mixture – a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual properties.
Mixtures can either be classified as:
- Homogeneous - mixture where the composition of the substances is
constant throughout i.e., Uniform.
- Heterogeneous - mixture where the individual
substances remain distinct i.e., not uniform.
solutions – a mixture of solute and solvent
Solute – a substance in a smaller amount, which is dissolved in the solvent
Solvent - the liquid in which the solution is made of and is in a greater amount.
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
Magnetization - use of a magnet to separate a magnetic substance from a non-
magnetic substance.
Filtration - used to separate an insoluble solid or suspension from a liquid
Centrifugation - used to separate insoluble solid or suspension from a liquid
Evaporation - used to separate a solute from a solution
simple distillation - used to separate a pure solvent from a solution
fractional distillation - used to separate one liquid from a mixture of liquids, that
have different boiling points
separating funnel - use to separate two immiscible liquids
chromatography - used to separate a mixture of substances based on their
solubility within a given solvent
Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual(true) value.

Precision is how close the measured values are to each other.
Uncertainty is the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured
quantity.
Density (whose most common symbol is the lowercase letter d) is defined as mass
per unit volume. Density is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its
volume.
FORMULA:
Density = mass ÷ volume
METRIC CONVERSION:

Prelim Chem

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MATTER

CHEMISTRY – the study of the composition,

MATTER is anything that has mass and takes up space.

2 properties of MATTER are:

The properties of matter

 Exothermic – heat is given off i.e., Removal of E

Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual(true) value.

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