Senior High School

NOT

Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 - Module 5
Finding Answers through Data Collection

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Practical
Research 2
Second Quarter Lesson: Data Collection Instruments
Week 4
MELC : Collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1);

Objective/s :
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. collect data using appropriate instruments

Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis, many are easily hook into sharing
and believing fake news without processing and verifying the source. Daily figures of
these cases are also gradually changing, creating misinformation and fear. People are
anxious about what is happening and tensions are inevitable due to security and
health threats. Therefore, reliable sources of data and information are highly needed.
The fundamental questions to ask are: What is data? Why researchers collect data?
How is data collected? Who needs the collected data?

In this pandemic situation specifically, the following questions can be

considered.
• How many Filipinos are positive of COVID-19?
• Does aspirin prevent the spread of COVID-19?
• How many percent of Filipinos are jobless when the lockdown began?
• How have the education sector embraced the new normal?

All of these questions, and many more can be answered through data collection.
As taught in the previous lesson, a researcher begins by identifying the research
problem. Once the data gathering procedure has been implemented and data has been
gathered, the next thing to do is to analyze and interpret them. Data is obtained with
the aid of data collection instruments which will be the focus in this lesson.

Let’s Explore and Discover

Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you proceed in
writing your data analysis and interpretation.

Data Collection involves obtaining relevant information regarding the specified

research questions or objectives. This can be done by utilizing research instruments
that are either developed or adopted. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide
on the following questions: (1) Which data to collect? (2) How to collect the data? (3)
Who will collect the data? (4) When to collect the data? (Barrot, 2018, p138).

Quantitative research instruments comprise questionnaires, interviews, tests,

and observation. On the other hand, data collection approaches for qualitative
research usually involve: (a) direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis,
(b) and or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.

When developing and utilizing a research instrument, the following steps are to
be considered:
1. Be clear with your research question.
2. Plan how you will conduct the data collection.
3. Use appropriate research instruments.
4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.
6. Present your findings.

Research Instruments

Questionnaires

A questionnaire consists of a series of questions about a research topic to

gather data from the participants. It consists of indicators that is aligned to the
research questions. Gathering of information can be carried out in the following
methods: face to face, by telephone, or through e-mail, messenger, social media post,
or using computer programs or forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).

In quantitative research, questionnaires use the following approaches: (1) scale

(usually Likert scale); and (2) conversion of responses into numerical values, e.g.
strongly as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as 2, and strongly disagree as 1.

The terms survey and questionnaire have different meanings. A questionnaire is

an instrument used to collect data while a survey is a process of collecting, recording,
and analyzing data. Questionnaires can be structured, semi-structured, or
unstructured.
There are three structures of making a questionnaire. The first, structured
questionnaires employ closed-ended questions. Unstructured questionnaires, on the
other hand, use open-ended questions in which the research participants can freely
answer and put his thoughts into it. Lastly, semi-structured questionnaires are
combinations of both the structured and unstructured ones. Structured type is
commonly used in quantitative studies because it is easier to code, interpret
objectively, and, most of all, easier to standardize.

Tests

Tests are used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for
describing some characteristics. There are two types of test used in quantitative
research: Standardized test and Non-standardized test.
 Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups. It is
usually administered by institutions to assess a wide range of groups such as students
and test-takers. It is considered as more reliable and valid. Examples are Achievement
test, University Entrance Exam, Personality Tests, and the likes.

Non-standardized test may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a

certain set of people.

Types of Test Questions

1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from memory

(e.g. fill-in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.)
2. Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given choices the
best or correct choice (e.g. multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test,
etc.)
3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in their
responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g. essay writing tests and
other performance-based tests.

Interview

A quantitative interview is a method of collecting data about an individual’s

behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using
numerical data.

Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews

It uses closed-ended questions. It uses open-ended questions.
It contains a rating scale or rubric. No rating scale or rubric needed.
Responses are numerical. Responses are non-numerical.
A large sample size is used. Small sample size is used.
Structured type is used to minimize Unstructured, semi-structured,
“interviewer effect”, which means that the informal interviews, and focus
responses of the participants may be affected group discussions (FGD) are
by the behavior displayed by the researcher used.
on the manner that the questions are
presented.

Observation

Observation is another method of collecting data that is frequently used in

qualitative research. However, it can be used in quantitative research when the
observable characteristics are quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight,
volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed)

Observation allows the researcher to observe the actual event or phenomenon.

It has greater flexibility in the observation method. However, observation may lack
participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon.
Furthermore, it is more exhausting and time-consuming especially when observations
need to be conducted for many years).
Google Forms

Google Forms are free online forms that allows the researcher to construct,
administer, and analyze surveys.
Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research
Ethical considerations should always be practiced especially when human
participants are involved. Researchers ensure that participants are treated properly;
especially during data collection. The use of consent form respects the right of every
participant to be informed and to make voluntary participation.
Informed Consent Form is a document that provides the participants with the
information they need in deciding whether they will participate or not in your study.
The informed consent form must be accomplished before gathering data from the
participants. This document must be signed both by the researcher and the
participant as they agree to the conditions during the actual conduct of the data
collection process. It usually contains the following:
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)
2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors
5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)
7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions that
they will be subject to the study)

Let’s Practice
Activity 1: Answer Me!

Directions: Look at the questionnaire below. Answer the questions that follow by
checking the box that best describes you.

A Questionnaire to Review Your Study Habits

Strongly Strongly
Constructs Agree Undecided Disagree
Agree Disagree
1. I study where there is a
good lighting.
2. I study in a room where
the temperature is cool.
3. The desk where I study is
always clear from
 distractions.
4. I use earplugs to
minimize distracting
sounds.
5. I study facing a wall.
6. I don’t do other things
while I am studying.
7. I prepare ahead of time
all the materials that I
will need for studying.
8. I avoid wasting my times
on Facebook, etc. in
between my study time.
9. I review my notes after
class and use it for
review.
10. I take breaks from time
to time during study
time.

Let’s Do More
Activity 2: Quantitative or Not?
Directions: Which of the following can be considered as quantitative interview
questions? Put a check () on the space provided before the number if the
following questions illustrate quantitative nature and mark it with X if it is
not.

1. How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance purposes?
2. How regularly do you go to malls in a week?
3. How much would you be willing to pay for a mobile app for dating?
4. What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between men and
women?
5. What is the difference in the number of telephone calls made between men and
women?
6. What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of class participation
among Grade 7 students?
7. What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel
exposure?
 8. What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary among public
school teachers?
9. Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19 crisis?
10. Can you talk about your thoughts on how the COVID_19 pandemic affects a
person, a family, a school, or a community?

Let’s Sum It Up

Activity 3: Reflective Essay

Directions: Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning
experience on the quantitative data-collection techniques. Let your essay
reveal how much you learned about each concept behind each topic dealt
with in this lesson. Express which concepts are the most understood,
slightly understood, and the least understood ones.
 Let’s Assess

Activity 4: Data Collection Strategy

A. Directions: Perform the following tasks. You may write or encode your answer in a
short bond paper. Submit your output to your teacher for checking.

Research Question:

1. Where do you plan to collect information?

2. Who are your respondents?

3. How are you going to gather your data?

B. Adopt a research instrument relevant to your research. Subject it to validity and

reliability testing. Write also a draft of your one-page informed consent.
 Practical
Research 2 Lesson: Data Presentation and
Second Quarter Interpretation
Week 5
MELC : Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms (CS_RS12-IId-g-2);

Objective/s :
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Present and interpret data in tabular or graphical forms.

In the previous lesson, you were presented with options as to how you will
gather your data. Once the data are collected, you need to encode and organized them
for systematic purposes. This will be the focused of this lesson. In this process, you
will need to edit, code, tabulate and summarize information through graphs and tables
for presentation and interpretation purposes. The process also allows the removal of
unnecessary information.

Let’s Explore and Discover

Data presentation and analysis is one of the most essential part in your
research study. An excellent data presentation can be potential for winning the hearts
of the panelists, clients, or simply the readers. No matter how good your data, if it is
not well presented, you will not be able to earn the preferences of those whom you are
trying to persuade. Good data presentation matters.

The following are the significant steps you need to take note in preparing and
writing your data analysis after gathering the data:

(1) encode and organize your data for analysis according to the data asked by
your research questions;
(2) use your data for statistical tests you have identified in Module 4. You may
ask assistance from your statistics and research teacher;
(3) present the result in tabular or graphical form appropriate for your data and
research purpose;
(4) write the interpretation for each table or graph highlighting the significant
results and its implications;
(5) support your findings from relevant literature and studies you have cited in
the Chapter 2 of your research paper; and
 (6) edit the grammatical and typographical errors in your interpretation. You
may use www.grammarly.com to edit your work.
(7) Submit your work using the format given to you. Remember the institutional
format of your school.

Techniques in Data Processing

Remember to organize your data based on your research questions. The data
processing involves three actions: editing, coding, and tabulation.

Editing is a process wherein the collected data are checked. At this stage,
handling data with honesty should be employed. When you edit it is expected that you
will not change, omit, or makeup information if you think that the data you collected is
insufficient or does not meet your personal expectations. The main purpose of editing
is for checking the consistency, accuracy, organization, and clarity of the data
collected. Data editing can be done manually like traditional tallying or with the
assistance of a computer or combination of both.

Coding is a process wherein the collected data are categorized and organized. It
is usually done in qualitative research. In quantitative research, coding is done to
assign numerical value to specific indicator especially if it is qualitative in nature. This
numerical value will be useful when you are going to analyze your data using
statistical tool. Just make sure that the categories created are aligned with your
research questions. Consider the following example.

Tabulation is a process of arranging data. In many studies, table is used to do

this process. Tabulation can be done manually or electronically using MS Excel. Again
organize the data based on your research questions. Before inputting your data into
the table, it will be helpful to review your statistics class on how to arrange data
according to the statistical techniques you will use. Take note that the digital tool you
are going to use will also matter on how you are going to tabulate your data; like MS
Excel, Minitab, or other digital tools have different ways of entering your data. Correct
arrangement of your data will be helpful during actual data analysis.

Presentation and Interpretation of Data

The next step after editing, coding, and tabulating the data is to present them
into graphical or visual presentation called non-prose materials. The purpose of
presenting the data in this way is to make the outlined of the results more
presentable. Non-prose materials are composed of graphs, bars, tables, charts,
diagrams, illustrations, drawings, and maps.

In quantitative research, tables and graphs are usually used. Standard format
in presenting the data into a table or a graph like its title, labels, contents, and many
more can be followed as well when school institutional format is not provided or
identified. You may visit APA, CMOS, or MLA on how to do so.
Tables

Table helps summarize and categorize data using columns and rows. It contains
headings that indicate the most important information about your study.

Sample Interpretation for the Given Table

Sample 1

Cont.
Table 1 shows the summary of the overall adjectival rating in frequency and percentage of
students in their pretest in Pre-calculus at Gulayan National High School for S.Y. 2019-2020.
Results reveal that 66% of the students have satisfactory rating. Only 5% have outstanding rating.
Overall, the data showed that the students at Gulayan National High School have fair ratings
based on their pretest scores. This implies that most of the students do not have prior mastery on
the concepts of this subject. Hence, teacher is expected to apply teaching strategies that will
increase students’ concepts of the subject. This result is supported by Ignacio (2016) that pretest
scores especially if it is valid and reliable shows prior knowledge of the learners of the subject
matter.

Graphs

Graphs focuses on how a change in one variable relates to another. Graphs use
bars, lines, circles, and pictures in representing the data. In interpreting the graph, it
is the same process in table. In choosing what type of graph to use, determine the
specific purpose of the presentation. Line Graph illustrates trends and changes in data
over time, Bar Graph illustrates comparisons of amounts and quantities, while Pie
Graph (Circle Graph) displays the relationship of parts to a whole.
Sample Interpretation of a Bar Graph

Figure 1. GRSHS-X Canteen Lunch Menu

Sample Interpretation of a Pie Graph

 Let’s Practice
Activity 1: Present Me!
Directions: Present the following data using a specific non-prose material according to
its purpose. Use a separate paper for your presentation.
According to the latest Facebook post of Department of Health-Philippines DOH
COVID-19 CASE BULLETIN #106, dated June 28, 2020. Source:
https://bit.ly/3dMehug; https://bit.ly/31nmgv2.
1. There are a total of 24, 137 Active Cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines (Data as of
June 27, 2020) with the following breakdown:
Asymptomatic - 898 persons
Mild - 23, 090 persons
Severe - 125 persons
Critical - 24 persons
2. These are the data on hospital beds and mechanical ventilators for COVID-19
patients with the following breakdown:
Ward beds - 3, 179 (41.15% occupied)
Isolation Beds - 8,925 (37.93% occupied)
ICU Beds - 1, 313 (36.63% occupied)
Ventilators - 1, 883 (22.89% in use)

Let’s Do More
Activity 2: Look and Explain Me!
Directions: Interpret each figure given below. Follow the guidelines in interpreting the
graph. Write a brief interpretation of the data on the space provided for each figure.
Graph 2: Number of COVID-19 cases in the Philippines as of April 2, 2020, by gender

Source: https://bit.ly/2AaLu4J

Interpretation:

Graph 3: Philippines Major Import Sources, 2016

Source: https://bit.ly/3i7Td4A
Interpretation:

Let’s Sum It Up

Activity 3: Reflective Essay

Directions: Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning
experience on the quantitative data presentation and interpretation. Let your essay
reveal how much you learned about each concept behind each topic dealt with in this
lesson. Express which concepts are the most understood, slightly understood, and the
least understood ones.
 Let’s Assess
Activity 4: Interpret Me!

Directions: Interpret the table following the suggested guidelines. Write brief
interpretation on the space provided.

Table 2. Positive Discipline Practices of Teachers through the Use of Reinforcement

Interpretation:
 Practical
Research 2 Lesson: Using Statistical Techniques to
Second Quarter Analyze Data
Week 6
MELC : Uses statistical techniques to analyze data- study of differences and
relationships limited for bivariate analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3);

Objective/s :
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Uses statistical techniques to analyze data- study of differences and relationships
limited for bivariate analysis

In the previous lesson, you were presented with options on how to present and
analyze your data through tables and graphs. As mentioned previously, data analysis
goes hand in hand with data presentation and is considered a time-consuming task
because it involves a series of investigations, classifications, mathematical
calculations, and graphical recording, among others.

You are fully aware that planning your research study is needed. Thus, it is
assumed that when you begin your research study, you have already identified the
scale of measurement to use in your research study. Comprehensive statistical
analysis is important before making conclusions about your study.

Let’s Explore and Discover

Statistical methods and techniques were already discussed in the previous

modules. Sample Size Determination was also introduced in Module 4, Lesson 2. This
lesson will discuss deeply the five most useful statistical techniques specifically in
quantitative research: Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Regression,
and Hypothesis Testing.

The computational procedure for hypothesis testing (Chapter 3) will also be

shown in this lesson because this is where your decision-making skill will be tested.
You will investigate and evaluate the claims about your study before writing your
conclusions.
Statistical Techniques
1. Percentage is any proportion from the whole.

Formula: PERCENTAGE(%)=(PART/WHOLE)X100

Example:

Here’s a data gathered by Purok A City High School administration regarding

the number of Grade 7 parents who opted to receive digital copies of the learning
modules.

Table 1: Percentage of Parents who Opted to Receive Digital Copies of Learning

Modules

2. Mean or average is the middlemost value of your list of values and this can be
obtained by adding all the values and divide the obtained sum to the number of
values.

Formula:

Example:

1. Ungrouped Data
Refer to Table 1 above, to get the mean or average number of parents who opted
to receive digital copies of learning modules, do the following:

2. Grouped Data
Here’s the data gathered from the survey on Study Habits conducted by the
Grade 12 students to the 150 Grade 7 students of Purok A City High School.

Table 2: Mean Distribution of the Study Habits of Students

 3. Standard Deviation shows the spread of data around the mean.

Formula:

Example:

Table 2: Mean and Standard Deviation Distribution of the Study Habits of Students

A Questionnaire to Review Your Study Habits

SA A U D SD Mean Mean ( ) Standard Deviation
( ) ( )

I study 120x2 10x16 0x9 15x4 5x1 4.5 =

where there 5 =160 =0 =60 =5 =4.12
is good =3000 =21.50
lighting.
I study in a 100x2 20x16 5x9 10x4 15x1 4.2 =
room where 5
=320 =45 =40 =15 =3.91
the =2500 =19.47
temperature
is cool.

Abbreviation Numerical Values

Strongly Agree (SA) - 5
Agree (A) - 4
Undecided (U) - 3
Disagree (D) - 2
Strongly Disagree (SD) - 1
One need to get the range from which the mean of a five-point Likert can be
interpreted. There are two methods to do this, if we treat the Likert scale as
interval/ratio. First, the usual way is to calculate the interval by computing the range
(e.g. 5 − 1 = 4), then divided it by the maximum value (e.g. 4 ÷ 5 = 0.80). Ultimately,
we get the following result:
From 1 to 1.80 represents (strongly disagree).
From 1.81 to 2.60 represents (do not agree).
From 2.61 to 3.40 represents (true to some extent).
From 3:41 to 4:20 represents (agree).
From 4:21 to 5:00 represents (strongly agree).
The other way is to treat the selection as the range themselves, and so we get
these results:
From 0.01 to 1.00 is (strongly disagree);
From 1.01 to 2.00 is (disagree);
From 2.01 to 3.00 is (neutral);
From 3.01 to 4:00 is (agree);
From 4.01 to 5.00 is (strongly agree)
Here’s how it will appear in your research paper.
Mean ( ) Standard
Study Habit Verbal Interpretation
Deviation ( )
1. I study where there is good
lighting. 4.5 4.12 Strongly Agree

2. I study in a room where the

4.2 3.91 Agree
temperature is cool.

4. Correlation Analysis (Pearson’s r) is a statistical method used to estimate the

strength of relationship between two quantitative variables.

Formula:
Example:

Here’s a data of five students with their corresponding grade in Math (Independent
Variable) and grade in English (Dependent Variable). Is there a significant relationship
between the grade in Math and the grade in English?

Table 3. Grade in Math and Grade in English of Five Students

Grade in Grade in English
Student x2 y2 xy
Mathematics (x) (y)
A 96 97 9216 9409 9312
B 90 92 8100 8464 8280
C 93 96 8649 9216 8928
D 94 95 8836 9025 8930
E 92 90 8464 8100 8280
Sum 465 470 43265 44214 43730

Step 1. Compute the value of using the Pearson’s r formula.

=0.77

Step 2. From the table of values, there is a strong positive correlation between the
grade in Math and the grade in English.

5. Regression Analysis is can be used to explain the relationship between dependent

and independent variables.

Three major uses:

a. Causal analysis -shows you the possible causation of changes in Y by changes
X.
b. Forecasting an Effect- allows you estimate and predict the value of Y given the
value of X.
c. Linear Trend Forecasting- helps you trace the line best fit to tine series
Formula:

Example:

Using the same data from Table 3, answer the following questions:

a. What linear equation best predicts the grade in English given the grade in
Math?

Step 1: Compute the and .

Step 2: Substitute the value of m and b to the regression formula.

The regression equation for predicting the grade in English given the grade in
Math is
.
b. If a student made a grade of 91 in Math, what grade would you expect the
student to obtain in English?

Using the obtain equation , substitute 91 in X.

= 92 (Grade in English)

According to this model, for every 1point increase in the Math grade, there is a
corresponding average increase of 1 point in the English grade.

c. How well does the regression equation fit the data?

 Interpretation:

The Math grade is directly proportional to the English grade because the
slope(m) is greater than zero (0) or the slope is positive.
6. Hypothesis testing. A hypothesis test helps you determine some quantity under a
given assumption. The outcome of the test tells you whether the assumption holds or
whether the assumption has been violated.
From Module 3, you were exposed to creating your Null hypothesis (H_0)
which states that there is no difference between the two values or variables and the
Alternative hypothesis (H_1) which states that there is a difference between two values
or variables.
The statistical test uses the data obtained from a sample to decide about
whether the null hypothesis should be rejected. In a one-tailed test (left-tailed or right-
tailed test), when the test value falls in the critical region on one side of the mean, the
null hypothesis should be rejected.
On the other hand, in a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis should be rejected
when the test value falls in either of the two critical regions.

One-tailed, right-tailed test One-tailed, left-tailed test Two-tailed test

To perform hypothesis testing, you compute the mean from the sample and
compare it with the mean from the population. Then, you decide whether to reject
or not reject the null hypothesis. If the difference is significant, the null hypothesis
is rejected. If the difference is not significant, then the null hypothesis is not
rejected. In the hypothesis-testing, there are four possible results.

true

Reject Error Correct

Type I decision

Do not reject Correct Error

decision Type II

The four possibilities are as follows:

1. It would be an incorrect decision and would result in a Type I error when
you reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
2. It would be a correct decision when you reject the null hypothesis when it is
false.
 3. It would be a correct decision when you do not reject the null hypothesis
when it is true.
4. It would be an incorrect decision and would result in a Type II error when
you do not reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Let’s Practice

Activity 1: What’s My Percentage?

Directions: Here’s a data gathered by Purok A City High School administration

regarding the number of Grade 7 parents who opted to receive printed
copies of the learning modules. Fill out the boxes for total and percentage.
Then write a brief interpretation of the table.

Interpretation:
 Let’s Do More
Activity 2: What’s My Mean and Standard Deviation?

Directions: Here’s the data gathered from the survey on Study Habits conducted by
the Grade 12 students to the 150 Grade 7 students of Purok A City High School.

A Review Your Study Habits

Standard
Strongly Strongly Mean
Agree Undecide Disagree Deviation Verbal
Agree (5) Disagree ( )
(4) d (3) (2) ( ) Interpretation
(1)
The desk 90 30 10 5 15
where I study
is always
clear from
distractions.
I use earplugs 10 50 30 20 40
to minimize
distracting
sounds.
I study facing 15 35 30 20 50
a wall.

Let’s Sum It Up

Activity 3: Reflective Essay

Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning experience
on using statistical techniques in data analysis. Let your essay reveal how much you
learned about each concept behind each topic dealt with in this lesson. Express which
concepts are the most understood, slightly understood, and the least understood ones.
 Let’s Assess
TASK: Statistical Analysis

Directions: Perform the following task. You may write or encode your answer in a long
bond paper. Submit your output to your teacher for checking.

Based on your methodology, decide what statistical technique/s you will use to
analyze deeply your data. Why will you use this tool? Use the statistical tool that you
have decided upon to compute the significance of your study with relevance to the null
and the alternative hypothesis. Conduct hypothesis testing. Indicate your data
analysis.

References

Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. How to Design and Evaluate Research in
Education. Asia: Mc-Graw Hill Companies, Inc., 2006.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. How to Design and Evaluate Research
in Education. 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed
June 3, 2020. https://bit.ly/3eBIVrs
GraphPad Sofware. 2018. https://bit.ly/2X5JCTC

QuestionPro. 2020. “What is a star rating question?”. QuestionsPro Suvey Software.

Accessed June 3, 2020. https://bit.ly/2VD5EMg

https://www.surveygizmo.com/resources/blog/new-ways-to-ask-quantitative-
research-questions-in-online-surveys/

Luzano, R.A., Napone, M.D.P., Bañares, M.E.C. (2020). Practical Research 2. Quarter 4-
Module 5 Data Collection, Presentation, and Analysis5. Department of Education-
Division of Cagayan de Oro.