IUPAC Rules
IUPAC Rules
IUPAC Rules
3. Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that
gives the substituents the lowest numbers. When
compairing a series of numbers, the series that is the
"lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at
the occasion of the first difference. If two or more side
chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest
number to the one which will come first in the name.
F fluoro-
Cl chloro-
Br bromo-
I iodo-
3. When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en
suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -yne suffix
follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is left off, -en
instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are)
indicated before the parent name as before, and the
location of the triple bond(s) is(are) indicated between the
-en and -yne suffixes. See below for examples.
Alcohols
Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If
there is more than one hydroxyl group (-OH), the suffix is
expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of
hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.). The position
of the hydroxyl group(s) on the parent chain is(are) indicated by
placing the number(s) corresponding to the location(s) on the
parent chain directly in front of the base name (same as
alkenes).
Ethers
You are only expected to know how to name ethers by their
commmon names. The two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen
are put in alphabetical order with spaces between the names
and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used if
both alkyl groups are the same.
Aldehydes
:
Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anal. If
there is more than one -CHO group, the suffix is expanded to
include a prefix that indicates the number of -CHO groups
present (-anedial - there should not be more than 2 of these
groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends). It is
not necessary to indicate the position of the -CHO group
because this group will be at the end of the parent chain and its
carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.
Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If
there is more than one carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is
expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of
carbonyl groups present (-anedione, -anetrione, etc.). The
position of the carbonyl group(s) on the parent chain is(are)
indicated by placing the number(s) corresponding to the
location(s) on the parent chain directly in front of the base name
(same as alkenes).
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons
in the longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group
and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane
with -anoic acid. If there are two -COOH groups, the suffix is
expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -
COOH groups present (-anedioic acid - there should not be
more than 2 of these groups on the parent chain as they must
occur at the ends). It is not necessary to indicate the position of
the -COOH group because this group will be at the end of the
parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.
The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending.
This is followed by a space. The acyl portion of the name (what
is left over) is named by replacing the -ic acid suffix of the
corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate.