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that she could become a victim herself

someday. If she helps Tom now, he might
THEORIES OF MORALITY help her in the future. She is asking herself:
 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral What is it in for me?
Development is a theory that focuses
on how children develop morality and
moral reasoning. LEVEL 2: Conventional
 Kohlberg’s theory suggests that moral STAGE 3: At this stage of moral
development occurs in a series of six INTERPERSONAL reasoning, the
stages. ACCORD AND individual acts in
 The theory also suggests that moral CONFORMITY order to fulfill
logic is primarily focused on seeking GUIDE OUR prespecified social
and maintaining justice. MORAL roles, such as the
 Similar to how Jean Piaget believed JUDGMENT desire to be a “good
that not all people reach the highest girl” or “good boy.”
levels of cognitive development, Situation:
Kohlberg believed not everyone Betty sees the fight and wants to intervene
progresses to the highest stages of But when she realizes that all the others are
moral development. just watching, she decides not to get involved,
she wants others to see that she is a good girl
who is conforming with the ethics of the
community. She asks herself: What do others
think of me?
STAGE 4: This stage is focused
WE VALUE on ensuring that
AUTHORITY AND social order is
WANT TO maintained.
MAINTAIN
SOCIAL ORDER
Situation:
When the teacher sees the group fighting he
immediately steps in and shouts: Stop!
Fighting at school is forbidden! He feels that,
above all, it is important to follow the rules,
otherwise chaos breaks out. He feels it is his
duty to uphold the rules that sustain a
functioning society. He asks himself: How
SITUATION can I maintain law and order?
There is a fight in the schoolyard, two ninth-
graders are beating up Tom. Those who watch LEVEL 3: Post-conventional
the fight are at different stages of moral STAGE 5: We understand rules
development SOCIAL as a social contract as
CONTRACT opposed to a strict
LEVEL 1: Pre-conventional ORIENTATION order
STAGE 1: We make moral Situation:
OBEDIENCE AND judgements based on Jessie who watches from afar is not sure how
PUNISHMENT obedience and she feels about this. To her, rules make sense
punishment only if they serve the right purpose.
Situation: Obviously, the school rules prohibiting
Finn's sense of good or bad is directly linked fighting. But maybe Tom deserves to finally
to whether he gets punished or not. Finn sees learn his lesson because just yesterday he
what is happening to his friend and wants to punched a young girl from grade one. She
help, but he doesn't because he is afraid the asks herself: does a rule truly serve all
teacher may punish him if he gets caught members of the community?
fighting. He asks himself, how can I avoid STAGE 6: At stage six, we are
punishment? WE ARE GUIDED guided by universal
STAGE 2: We are motivated by BY UNIVERSAL ethical principles.
SELF-INTEREST self interest ETHICAL
Situation: PRINCIPLES
Mary decides to intervene and help Tom. She Situation:
knows she might get punished, but she knows All those involved now have to face the

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headmaster. He first explains the school rules, everyday concerns

and why they exist. He then clarifies that might have led to
rules are valid only if they are grounded in different results.
justice. The commitment to justice carries  Critics have pointed
with it an obligation to disobey unjust rules. out that Kohlberg’s
The headmaster’s highest moral principle is theory of moral
compassion. He believes that all people development
should learn to understand each other’s overemphasize the
viewpoints and that they don’t feel alone with MORAL concept of justice
their feelings. He asks: What abstract ethical REASONING when making moral
DOES NOT
principles serve my understanding of justice? choices.
EQUAL
MORAL  Factors such as
BEHAVIOR compassion, caring,
Criticisms and other
 Since all of the interpersonal feelings
subjects in his sample may play an important
were male. part in moral
 Kohlberg believed that reasoning
women tended to
remain at the third
GENDER ARISTOTLE & AQUINAS
level of moral
BIAS Frameworks and Principles behind Moral
development because
they place a stronger Decision Making
emphasis on things
such as social ARISTOTLE
relationships and the
 Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in
welfare of others.
Stagira in northern Greece.
 Individualist culture  Aristotle was one of the greatest
emphasize personal philosophers who ever lived and the
rights, while
CULTURE first genuine scientist in history.
collectivist culture
BIAS  Also known “The First Teacher”
stress the importance
of society and
community. Virtue Ethics
 Critics have pointed (Aristotle)
out that Kohlberg’s Has 2 types:
theory of moral Moral Virtues Intellectual Virtues
development  Prudence  “Sophia” or
overemphasize the  Justice theoretical
concept of justice  Fortitude wisdom
OVER when making moral  “Phronesis”
 Temperance
EMPHASIZED choices. or practical
JUSTICE  Factors such as wisdom
compassion, caring,
and other
interpersonal feelings
may play an important “Moral Virtues was a golden mean”
part in moral
reasoning
AGE BIAS  Most of his subjects
ARISTOTLE’S THEORY OF
were children under
MORALITY
the age of 16 who
obviously had no  Centers around his belief that people,
experience with as everything else in nature, have a
marriage distinctive end to achieve and a
function to fulfil.
 The Heinz dilemma
may have been too  In his magnum opus, Nicomachaean
abstract for these Ethics, he argues that every art and
children to understand, every inquiry, and similarly even
and a scenario more action and pursuit, is thought to aim at
applicable to their some good.

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TELOS OR ENDS to day basis.

 All actions aim toward an end
HAS 2 MAJOR PARTS
Instrumental ends – Intrinsic ends – acts
acts that are done as that are done for their VIRTUE A HABIT
means for other ends. own sake.  Aristotle opens his discussion of
virtue in Book II of the Nicomachean
Ethics with the observation that, while
FUNCTION OF HUMAN BEINGS virtue primarily originates in teaching,
What is the function of Human Beings? “moral virtue comes as a result of
 Aristotle analyses human nature in habit.” In other words, virtue is a
order to discover its unique activity, disposition rather than an activity.
saying, for of all that our human end is  The casual connection between good
not mere life because that plainly is habits and virtues is made in two
shared even by vegetables. distinct ways.
 Aristotle says that there is something  First, virtues are states of character,
peculiar to human beings. rather than passions or faculties, and
 The human good turns out to be states of character are created only
activity of the soul in accordance with through “habituation”.
virtue. And that man is special  Second, virtue requires consistently
because of his rationality. good choices and a choosing for its
 Since a person’s function as a human own sake.
being means the proper functioning of  Because good habits give rise to
the soul, Aristotle sought to describe consistent patterns of action and mold
the nature of the soul. The human soul the passions to feel pleasure and pain
is the form of the human body. rightly, they are instrumental in
meeting these requirements of virtue.
 Human action should aim at its proper
FUNCTION OF HUMAN BEINGS end. Everywhere in this world, people
The soul refers to the total person. Aristotle aim at pleasure, wealth, fame, power,
argues that the soul has two parts: and honor.
Desiderative side -  These ends may have some type of
helps us to value. However, they are not the main
distinguish between good for which people should aim.
needs and wants.  To be the ultimate end, an act must be
Vegetative side - is self-sufficient and final, that is, it
Irrational Soul
concerned with basic should always be desirable in itself
needs that keep us and is never for the sake of something
alive and is else.
effectively our  It must also be attainable.
survival instincts.  For Aristotle, happiness is a final end
Calculative side - or goal that encompasses the totality
does what it says; it of one’s life.
calculates. It weighs  It is not something that can be gained
up knowledge and or lost in a few hours, like pleasurable
helps us arrive at sensations.
decisions.  It is more like the ultimate value of
Rational Soul
Scientific side - your life as lived up to this moment,
holds types of measuring how well you have lived up
knowledge that are to your full potential as a human
factual and not up for being.
debate (a priori
knowledge).

THOMAS AQUINAS
FUNCTION OF HUMAN BEINGS  An Italian Dominican friar and priest.
 Human actions should imply that the  Known within the tradition as the
rational element should control and Doctor Angelicus, the Doctor
give guidance to the irrational part of Communis, and the Doctor
the soul. Universalis.
 The good person knows what is good
and always does what is good in a day

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 An influential philosopher, theologian experience are provided by HUMAN

and a jurist in the tradition of NATURE.
scholasticism from Sicily, Italy.  For one thing, the fact that we have
bodies inclines us to certain kinds of
acts.
 Our senses become the vehicle for
appetites and passions.
 Aquinas thought morality was  Our senses also provide a certain level
important for everyone, and that being of knowledge about sensible objects
a good person was a vital part of so that we are attracted to some
God’s plan for each of us. objects, which we perceive as
 But he knew that not everyone had pleasurable and good, and repel some
been exposed to the Bible, or had even objects, which we perceive as
heard of God. harmful, painful, or bad.
 The will in collaboration with the
power of reason consummates the
NATURAL LAW & ITS TENETS human act.
 The will is the agency that inclines a
Characteristics The Basic Goods
person toward the achievement of
1. Based on 1. Life
good.
human nature, 2. Reproduction
morals, ethics, 3. Educate one's  For Aquinas, if we make the right
and offspring choices, then we achieve happiness.
conscience. 4. Seek God  The will by itself cannot always make
2. Unaffected by 5. Live in the right move,
culture, society  The intellect or reason must be its
custom, and 6. Avoid guide.
society. offence  However, reason is not the final
3. Not govern by 7. Shun source of knowledge, for our
judiciary or ignorance supernatural and requires God's grace
legislature  The appropriate object of the intellect
4. Common to is truth, and truth in its fullness is
everyone and God.
irrespective of
race, gender,
and
socioeconomic MORAL DILEMMA What is DILEMMA?
status.  A dilemma is a situation where a
5. Evolve based person is forced to choose between
on its usage, two or more conflicting options,
function, and neither of which is acceptable.
circumstances.  When dilemmas involve human
6. Not taught by actions which have moral
the human implications, they are called ethical or
kind. moral dilemmas,
7. Universal and  Moral Dilemmas are situations where
constant. persons, who are called "moral
agents" in ethics, are forced to choose
between two or more conflicting
options, neither of which resolves the
HAPPINESS AS VIRTUE situation in a morally acceptable
 Aquinas built upon Aristotle’s theory manner.
of ethics. Like Aristotle, he considered  The agent will fall into the actual
ethics as the quest for and the pursuit choice between what is right and
of happiness. wrong as if he or she is in the manner
 Moreover, following Aristotle’s lead, of choosing what is the best thing to
Aquinas argues that happiness is do. In two situations, an agent cannot
connected closely with our end or formally respond at the same time. In
purpose. fact, only one can be honored and the
 To achieve happiness, we must fulfill other will violate for at least taking the
our purpose. risk of what is needed to be done.
 The ingredients of our moral

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TYPES/LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA

1. EPISTEMIC and ONTOLOGICAL
PROHIBITION
MORAL DILEMMAS
2. SELF IMPOSED MORAL  Prohibition dilemma involves cases in
DILEMMA which all feasible actions are
3. OBLIGATION and PROHIBITION forbidden.
MORAL DILEMMA  Means no course of moral agent's
4. SINGLE AGENT and MULTI- action is allowed.
PERSONS MORAL DILEMMA EXAMPLE:
When I manipulates you to do something. If
you does, then I will not disturb you anymore;
EPISTEMIC but if not, then I will not only disturb you but
 The involvement of two or more destroy or maybe more than that.
situations that can require the agent to
decide or choose but not knowing
which is right or wrong. SINGLE AGENT
 There is a moral requirement conflict  A single-agent has both conflicting
between the two situations. obligations.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
I promised to finish the task at 4:00 in the The medical doctor found out that her patient
afternoon but my officemate is asking me for has HIV. For sure, the medical doctor may
help. Am I going to help or not? experience tension between the legal
requirement to report the case and the desire
to respect confidentiality, although the
ONTOLOGICAL medical code of ethics acknowledges our
 The involvement of two or more obligation to follow legal requirements and to
situations that the moral conflicts have intervene to protect the vulnerable.
the same requirement.
 Neither of the moral requirements is
MULTI-PERSONS
greater than the other.
 The actions are still incompatible but
EXAMPLE:
the obligations concern different
Two individuals need AB+ blood type but
people.
there is only 1 bag of blood left in the blood
EXAMPLE:
bank. To whom it will be given?
Family may be torn between choosing to
terminate or prolong the life of a family
SELF-IMPOSED member.
 It is caused by a moral agent's
wrongdoings.
EXAMPLE: CANOSSIAN VMGA CORE VALUES
If Joseph promises to eradicate poverty in his
society, then he will eradicate also graft and
corruptions. But he needs funds for his Vision Statement of Canossa College San
program, but then, he asks donations from Pablo City
corrupt people. Canossa College of San Pablo is a nurturing
community of learners who develop the
fullest capacity of their hearts for the service
OBLIGATION of the family, community, Church, nation and
 It is a situation in which more than mother earth.
one feasible action is obligatory.
 It is a moral requirement to act in a
certain way. Mission Statement of Canossa College San
EXAMPLE: Pablo City
Imagine a person has a job opportunity in a Guided by the Spirit of Jesus Crucified and
new city, but they also have a sick family inspired by St. Magdalene of Canossa, and
member who requires constant care. If they rooted in Filipino tradition and Catholic
take the job, they will be breaking their identity, we commit ourselves to nurture
obligation to care for their family member, learners through an education centered in the
but if they stay, they will miss out on the job formation of the heart that listens, thinks,
opportunity, which could improve their discerns and shares.
financial situation and provide for their
family.
Signs that Students are Developed

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(GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES) 3. Professional Competence

(Lamentation 3:22-24) 4. Solidarity and Teamwork
S Sharer of God's Love 5. Social and Civic Responsibility
Man and Woman of 6. Global Competitiveness
M 7. Equality of All Professions
Faith
Academically
A
Competent Learner
Responsible Agent of After consultation on October 23, 2003 at
R
Transformation Iloilo City with the accredited professional
True Brothers and organization of registered nurses, the code
T
Sisters of the Poor was adopted under the Republic Act 9173 and
C Canossiana/o promulgated by the Board of Nursing under
Resolution No. 220 Series of 2004 last July
14, 2004.
8 Canossian Core Values
1. Openness to Truth.
2. Patriotism and Cultural Integration. ARTICLE I
3. Creative Teamwork. Preamble
4. Social Responsibility.  The Filipino registered
5. Uprightness and Self-Discipline. nurse believes in the
6. Selfless Caring. worth and dignity of each
7. Competency and Skills. human being, recognizes
8. Rich in Faith. Sec. 1. the primary responsibility
Health is a to preserve health at all
THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR FILIPINO fundamental cost.
NURSES right of  The Filipino registered
every nurse believes in the
individual. worth and dignity of each
What are CODES OF ETHICS? human being, recognizes
 These are systematic guides for the primary responsibility
developing ethical behavior to preserve health at all
 They answer normative questions of cost.
what beliefs and values should be  To assume this
normally accepted responsibility, registered
nurses have to gain
knowledge and
Code of Good Governance understanding of a man’s
 Promulgated by the Professional cultural, social, spiritual,
Regulation Commission, July 23, psychological, and
2003. Sec 2. ecological aspects of
 States that : illness, utilizing the
- The hallmark of all professionals therapeutic process.
is their willingness to accept a set  Cultural diversity and
of professional and ethical political and socio-
principles which they follow in the economic status are
conduct of their daily lives. inherent factors to
- The acceptance of these principles effective nursing care.
requires the maintenance of a  The desire for the respect
standard of conduct higher than and confidence of
what is required by law. clientele, colleagues, co-
 This code is adopted by the Professional workers, and the members
Regulation Commission and the 42 Sec 3. of the community
Professional Regulatory Boards to cover provides the incentive to
an environment of good governance in attain and maintain the
which all Filipino professionals shall highest possible degree of
perform their duties. ethical conduct.

General Principles: ARTICLE II

1. Service to Others REGISTERED NURSES AND PEOPLE
2. Integrity and Objectivity Sec.4  Values, customs, and

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spiritual beliefs held by Nursing Act of 2002” and

individuals shall be the IRR;
represented. c. Acquire and develop the
 Individual freedom to make necessary competence in
Ethical rational and unconstrained knowledge, skills and
Principles. decisions shall be respected. attitudes to effectively
 Personal information render appropriate nursing
acquired in the process of services through varied
giving nursing care shall be learning situations;
held in strict confidence. d. If they are administrators,
REGISTERED NURSES be responsible in providing
MUST: favorable environment for
the growth and development
 Consider the individuality of Registered Nurses in
and totality of patients when their charge;
they administer care; e. Be cognizant that
 Respect the spiritual beliefs professional programs for
and practices of patients specialty certification by the
Sec 5. BON are accredited through
regarding diet and
Guidelines the Nursing Specialty
treatment;
to be Certification Council
 Uphold the rights of
observed (NSCC);
individuals; and
 Take into consideration the f. See to it that quality nursing
culture and values of care and practice meet the
patients in providing optimum standard of safe
nursing care. However, in nursing practice;
the conflicts, their welfare g. Ensure that patient’s records
and safety must take shall be available only if
precedence. they are to be issued to
those who are
professionally and directly
ARTICLE III involved in their care and
REGISTERED NURSES AND when they are required by
PRACTICE law.
1. Human life is inviolable. h. Insure that modification of
2. Quality and excellence practice shall consider the
in the care of patients principles of safe nursing
are the goals of nursing practice;
Sec. 6. i. If in position of authority in
practice.
Ethical a work environment, be
3. Accurate documentation
Principles. normally and legally
of actions and outcomes
of delivered care is the responsible for devising a
hallmark of nursing system of minimizing
accountability. occurrences of ineffective
REGISTERED NURSES and unlawful nursing
MUST: practice.
 Registered Nurses are the
a. Know the definition and Sec. 8. advocates of the patients:
scope of nursing practice Ethical they shall take appropriate
which are in the provisions Principle steps to safeguard their
of R.A. No. 9173, known rights and privileges.
Sec.7. as the “Philippine Nursing Registered Nurses must
Guidelines Act of 2002” and Board  Respect the “Patient’s Bill
to be Res. No. 425, Series of of Rights” in the delivery of
observed 2003, the “Rules and nursing care;
Regulations Implementing Sec. 9.
 Provide the patients or their
the Philippine Nursing Act Guidelines
families with all pertinent
of 2002”, (the IRR); to be
information except those
b. Be aware of their duties and observed
may be deemed harmful to
responsibilities in the their well-being and
practice of their profession  Uphold the patient’s rights
as defined in the “Philippine when conflict arises

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regarding management of refrain from making

their care. unfair and unwarranted
 Registered Nurses are aware comments or criticisms
that their actions have on their competence,
Sec. 10. professional, ethical, moral conduct, and
Ethical and legal dimensions. They procedures; or not do
Principle strive to perform their work anything that will bring
in the best interest of all discredit to a colleague
concerned. and to an member of
Registered Nurses must other professions; and
 Perform their professional g. Respect the rights of
Sec. 11. duties in conformity with their co-workers.
Guidelines existing laws, rules,  Registered Nurses are the
to be regulations, measures, and Sec. 8. advocates of the patients:
observed generally accepted principle Ethical they shall take appropriate
of moral conduct and proper Principle steps to safeguard their
decorum; rights and privileges.

ARTICLE IV ARTICLE V
REGISTERED NURSE AND CO- REGISTERED NURSE, SOCIETY AND
WORKERS ENVIRONMENT
1. The Registered Nurse is in 1. The preservation of life,
solidarity with other respect for human rights,
members of the healthcare and promotion of healthy
team in working for the environment shall be a
Sec.12. patient’s best interest. commitment of a Registered
Ethical 2. The Registered Nurse Nurse.
Principles maintains collegial and Sec.14. 2. The establishment of
collaborative working Ethical linkages with the public in
relationship with colleagues Principles promoting local, national,
and other health care and international efforts to
providers. meet health and social needs
REGISTERED NURSES of the people as a
MUST: contributing member of
society is a noble concern of
a. Maintain their a Registered Nurse.
professional REGISTERED NURSES
role/identity while MUST:
working with other
members of the health a. Be conscious of their
team; obligations as citizens
b. Conform with the group and, as such, be involved
activities as those of a in community concerns;
health team should be b. Be equipped with
based in acceptable, knowledge of health
Sec.13. resources within the
ethico-legal standards;
Guidelines community, and take
c. Contribute to the
to be Sec.15.
professional growth active roles in primary
observed Guidelines
and development of health care;
to be
other members of the c. Actively participate in
observed
health team; programs, projects, and
d. Actively participate in activities that respond to
professional the problems of society;
organization; d. Leads their lives in
e. Not act in any manner conformity with the
prejudicial to other principles of right
professions; conduct and proper
f. Honor and safeguard the decorum; and
reputation and dignity of e. Project an image that will
the members of nursing uplift the nursing
and other profession; profession at all times;

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suspend for violation of any

provisions of this Code
ARTICLE VI pursuant to Sec. 23 (f),
REGISTERED NURSE AND THE Art.IV of R.A. No. 9173
PROFESSION and Sec.23 (f), rule III of
1. Maintenance of loyalty to Board Res. No. 425, Series
the nursing profession and of 2003, the IRR.
preservation of its integrity
are ideal.
2. Compliance with the by-
laws of the accredited
professional organization
(PNA) and other
professional organizations
of which Registered Nurse
is a member is a lofty duty.
Sec.16.
3. Commitment to continual
Ethical
learning and active
Principles
participation in the
development and growth of
the profession are
commendable obligations.
4. Contribution to the
improvement of the socio-
economic conditions and
general welfare of nurses
through appropriate
legislation is a practice and
visionary mission.
REGISTERED NURSES
MUST:

a. Be members of the
accredited professional
organization which is
the PNA.
b. Strictly adhere to the
nursing standards;
Sec.17. c. Participate actively in
Guidelines the growth and
to be development of the
observed nursing profession;
d. Strive to secure
equitable-economic and
work conditions in
nursing through
appropriate legislation
and other means; and
e. Assert for the
implementation of labor
and work standards.

ARTICLE VII
ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES,
REPEALING CLAUSE AND
EFFECTIVITY
 The Certificate of
Registration of the
Sec.18.
Registered Nurse shall
either be revoked or

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