ECE422L Activity No. 02 Electrical Resistance and Resistors MarasiganAA, UmaliGCD

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts

Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines
4200 www.batstate-u.edu.phTelefax: (043) 300-4404 locs. 106-118
ECE 422 L BASIC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
ACTIVITY NO. 2
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE AND RESISTORS
PAIR # 10
MARASIGAN, ALEXIS A.
UMALI,GENEANA CLAIRE D.
BSME 3208
MONDAY: 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM, SATURDAY: 7:00 AM - 10:00 AM
DATE OF PERFORMANCE:APRIL 10,2023

DATE OF SUBMISSION: MAY 05,2023
ENGR. ANTHONY L. RIEGO

INSTRUCTOR
I. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION
Resistance is a unit of measurement for the resistance to current flow in an
electrical circuit. The Greek letter omega represents the unit of measurement for
resistance, which is ohms. Georg Simon Ohm (1784–1854), a German scientist who
studied the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, is the inventor of
the term "ohm" (Fluke, n.d.).
According to Byjus (n.d.), a resistor is an electrical component that is passive
in nature and has two terminals. Its primary function is to restrict or manage the
flow of electrical current in electronic circuits. These components are usually made
of coiling copper wire around a ceramic rod and are coated with insulating paint to
prevent damage and other environmental factors. By modifying the resistor's
resistance, it is possible to adjust the amount of current flowing through the circuit,
making resistors an important part of various electronic devices and systems. The
resistor's distinct properties and construction make it a vital and adaptable
component of present-day electrical engineering. Also, electric current cannot flow
through materials with high resistance, but it can easily pass through materials with
low resistance.
Resistor color code markings are usually read one band at a time, from left to
right, with the bigger width tolerance band orientated to the right side to indicate its
tolerance (Basic Electronics Tutorials, 2018). The important digits of the resistance
value are shown by the first two or three color bands, and the multiplier, or the
number of zeros to add to the significant digits, is represented by the fourth color
band. If present, the fifth band serves as the tolerance value, indicating the allowable
range of fluctuation between the resistor's real resistance value and its nominal
value.
Figure 1. Standard Resistor Color Code

A digital multimeter (DMM) will be used as a device which provides
combined functionality of ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter (Bright hub
engineering, 2011). At least three significant digits of precision must be obtained by
the user.When doing the measurements described in the steps above, experiment
with the range settings. Each resistor has a physical size that dictates its power
rating in which a lesser power handling capacity is indicated by smaller dimensions.
II. OBJECTIVES
The following are the objectives in performing the activity:
1. To be able to identify the values of resistors by reading their color codes
accurately.
2. To be able to understand the color code system used to indicate the resistance value
of a resistor.
3. To be able to calculate and identify the importance of the minimum and maximum
limit values of the resistance
III. PROCEDURES
1. Using the Multisim, measure the resistance of each resistor and record in Table 2.1.
Discuss your findings and observations after.
Figure 2a. Breadboard setup for circuit
Table 2.1. Resistance Measurement

Resistor Color Code Nominal Tolerance Measured % Variance
Value Resistance Resistance (Nominal vs
Measured)
1.0 kΩ
5.0 kΩ
15.0 kΩ
NOTE: You must draw/ or take the screenshot of the diagram of at least one resistor.
IV. DATA AND RESULTS
Table 2.1. Resistance Measurement

Resistor Color Code Nominal Tolerance Measured % Variance
Value Resistance Resistance (Nominal vs
Measured)
1.0 kΩ Brown-black- 1.0 kΩ ±20% 0.8 - 1.2 kΩ -20% - +20%

red-gold
5.0 kΩ Brown-Black 5 kΩ ±20% 4 - 6 kΩ -20% - +20%

Black-Red-
Brown
15.0 kΩ Brown-Green 15.0 kΩ ±20% 12 - 18 kΩ -20% - +20%

Black-Red-
Brown
Table 2.1 shows the results of the laboratory experiment, which include the color
coded nominal resistance, tolerance value, measured resistance, and % variance, which were
all obtained using Multisim software and the resistor color code chart, as well as the given
values of the resistor.
Figure 3. Circuit Diagram

V. QUESTIONS
Attached below are the questions with the corresponding answers:
1. What is the equivalent color code of 680 Ω ± 10%?
The first band (Blue) = 6.
The second band (Grey) = 8.
The third band (Brown) = 10^1
The fourth band (Silver) = ±10%.
2. What is the equivalent nominal resistance and tolerance of orange-orange-blue-gold?

The color code orange- orange- blue- gold corresponds to
The first band (orange) = 3
The second band (orange) = 3
The third band (blue) = 10^6
The fourth band (gold) = ±5%.
3. What are the limit values of red-red-gold-gold? (SHOW YOUR COMPUTATION)
The color code red-red-gold-gold corresponds to a nominal resistance value of 2.2 Ω

and a tolerance of ±5%.To calculate the minimum and maximum limit values of the
resistance, you can use the following formulas:
Minimum Resistance = Nominal Resistance - (Tolerance % x Nominal Resistance)

Maximum Resistance = Nominal Resistance + (Tolerance % x Nominal Resistance)
Minimum Resistance = 2.2 - (5% x 2.2) = 2.2 - 0.11 = 2.09 Ω

Maximum Resistance = 2.2 + (5% x 2.2 = 2.2 + 0.11 = 2.31 Ω
4. Explain how to calibrate the ohmmeter.
To calibrate an ohmmeter, follow the user manual's instructions, ensure the
ohmmeter is at room temperature, check the battery, zero the ohmmeter, use a known
resistor to adjust the calibration control, recheck zero, record the results, and perform
regular calibration checks. Consider seeking professional help for precision
calibration.
5. What are the differences between a four-band and a five-band resistor?

a. Precision: Due to the addition of the third significant number, a five-band
resistor is more precise than a four-band resistor.
b. Number of bands: A resistor with four bands has four colored bands, whereas
a resistor with five bands has five colored bands.
c. Resistance Range: Usually, a five band resistor has higher resistance than a
four-band resistor.
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, being able to accurately read and interpret the color codes on
resistors is an important skill in electronics. The color bands on a resistor can
provide information about its resistance value, tolerance, and sometimes its
temperature coefficient using the standard resistor color code chart.
Knowing how to read these color codes accurately is essential for selecting
and using resistors in electronic circuits. Through practice and a good
understanding of the color code scheme, one can become proficient in identifying
the values of resistors by reading their color codes. This skill is fundamental in
electronics and can help to ensure accurate and reliable circuit operation.
Furthermore, calculating the minimum and maximum limits of resistance,

based on resistance tolerance, power rating, and temperature coefficient, is crucial
to ensure the proper functioning and reliability of electronic circuits. These factors
should be considered when selecting resistors to ensure that they fall within the
acceptable range and that the circuit operates safely and as intended.
VII. REFERENCES
Basic Electronics Tutorials. (2018). Resistor Colour Code and Resistor Tolerances
Explained. [online] Available at:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res_2.html.
‌ YJU’S (n.d.). What Is Resistor? - Symbol, Types, Unit, Applications, Color Code.
B
[online] BYJUS. Available at: https://byjus.com/physics/resistor/.
Bright Hub Engineering (2011). Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Meters.
[online] Available at:
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/consumer-appliances-electronics/113975-pros
-and-cons-of-digital-multimeters/?utm_content=expand_article [Accessed 27 Apr.
2023].
‌ luke
F (n.d.). What is Resistance?.
https://www.fluke.com/en-ph/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-resistance#:~:text=What%
20is%20resistance%3F-

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts

4200 www.batstate-u.edu.phTelefax: (043) 300-4404 locs. 106-118

ECE 422 L BASIC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

DATE OF PERFORMANCE:APRIL 10,2023

ENGR. ANTHONY L. RIEGO

Figure 1. Standard Resistor Color Code

Figure 2a. Breadboard setup for circuit

Table 2.1. Resistance Measurement

Table 2.1. Resistance Measurement

1.0 kΩ Brown-black- 1.0 kΩ ±20% 0.8 - 1.2 kΩ -20% - +20%

5.0 kΩ Brown-Black 5 kΩ ±20% 4 - 6 kΩ -20% - +20%

15.0 kΩ Brown-Green 15.0 kΩ ±20% 12 - 18 kΩ -20% - +20%

Figure 3. Circuit Diagram

The first band (Blue) = 6.

The second band (Grey) = 8.

The third band (Brown) = 10^1

The fourth band (Silver) = ±10%.

2. What is the equivalent nominal resistance and tolerance of orange-orange-blue-gold?

The second band (orange) = 3

The third band (blue) = 10^6

The fourth band (gold) = ±5%.

3. What are the limit values of red-red-gold-gold? (SHOW YOUR COMPUTATION)

The color code red-red-gold-gold corresponds to a nominal resistance value of 2.2 Ω

Minimum Resistance = Nominal Resistance - (Tolerance % x Nominal Resistance)

Minimum Resistance = 2.2 - (5% x 2.2) = 2.2 - 0.11 = 2.09 Ω

5. What are the differences between a four-band and a five-band resistor?

Furthermore, calculating the minimum and maximum limits of resistance,

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