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Internet of Things in Smart Grid Environment

Article  in  Rynek Energii · June 2014

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 Jerzy S. ZIELIŃSKI
University of Lodz, Department of Computer Science

doi:10.15199/48.2015.03.37

Internet of Everything (IoE) in Smart Grid

Abstract: The paper consists of three parts: the first one briefly presents the history and the main characteristics of Smart Grid (SG), the second is
devoted to big data generation, while the third introduces the idea of Internet of Things, Internet of Everything and their role in the whole life cycle of
the SG.

Streszczenie: Artykuł składa się z trzech części: pierwsza przedstawia krótką historię i główne właściwości sieci inteligentnej, druga poświęcona jest
problemowi dużych zbiorów danych, zaś trzecia wprowadza pojęcia: Internet rzeczy , Internet wszystkiego i ich zastosowanie w całym cyklu życia
sieci inteligentnej. Internet wszystkiego w sieci inteligentnej)

Keywords: Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, Big Data, Smart Grids

Słowa kluczowe: Internet rzeczy, Internet wszystkiego, generacja danych, sieci Inteligentne

1. Smart Grid 3. microgrids development and their connection (or not) to

According to [16] Southern California Edison (SCE), the the SDG,
need to develop a smarter grid was identified more than 20 4. building new Information Communication System (ICT)
years ago as a result of several operational power events enabling two- directional contact Consumer – Retailer,
and issues in the USA, such as blackouts, insufficient 5. creating a new smart sensor network,
transmission capacity, etc. Consequently, the Federal- and 6. building a new Integrated Energy Market.
State legislation has addressed the need for a smarter grid
The SG implies an increase in the number of big data
to support state and environmental policies.
circulating inside the grid and exchanged with the
The implementation of this policy requires the following
environment. This fact has only been considered in relation
expectations towards the Smart Grid (SG), which represent
with the SG development [16]. In reality the increase in the
its key characteristics [10]:
big data concerns not only other industrial branches, but
“It is self-healing (from power disturbance events). also scientific disciplines which generate [2], filter and store
- It enables active participation by consumers in demand not only digital- but also analog data, which is sometimes
response. converted to digital. The Big Analog Data can be
- It operates resiliently against both physical and cyber considered as a subset of the Big Data, however they are of
attacks. different characteristics, as for the information systems they
- It provides quality power that meets the twenty first require digitizing with rates as fast as tens of gigahertz,
century needs. often at a large bit width. The second difference is more
- It accommodates all generation and storage options. important, as the Big Analog Data information is constantly
- It enables new products, services and markets. generated by natural and man-made sources. Physics
- It optimizes asset utilization and operating efficiency.” experiments can generate tens of terabytes in just a few
In order to fulfill the above expectations, the SG seconds. For instance testing of jet engines or electric
“involves complementing the grid with millions of smart power turbines generates similar amounts of data in a
electronic devices, such as phasor measurement units matter of hours; The SG measurements can generate
(PMU), fault indicators, smart meters, electric vehicle terabytes of data over the course of a month, which implies
chargers, which will send and receive millions of pieces of that the “amount of data produced and communicated over
data per minute to produce actionable information and use the Internet and the Web is growing rapidly. Every day,
18
this information to enhance the operations and control of around 20 quintillion (10 ) bytes of data are produced”. [3]
the electric system” [16]. The following citation is interesting: “By connecting billions
The PMUs are installed not only in the grid nodes but, of devices to the Internet each other, and the cloud,
according to [4], also in Power Plants to obtain better (and businesses can save trillions of dollars each year in
cheaper) characteristics of generators necessary for operating costs.” [1]. The number of connecting devices is
designing such grids. Introduction of the Internet Protocol growing in the following rates: 2006 – 2 billions, 2015 – 15
version 6 (IPv6) [7,9] removes the technical limitations of billions, 2020 – 50 billions and the data growth by 2015
the number of devices that can be connected to the should reach 90% application thus it is necessary to use
Internet, theoretically allowing for trillions of trillions (1038) new tools for the big data management. It is necessary to
growing number of data [7,12]. remember that inclusion of a device means necessity to use
In 2004, the SCE began to develop a new distribution sensors dependent on the device.
circuit design named the Circuit of Future, and based on the
development and operation of this circuit and additional 2. From Internet of Things (IoT) to Internet of Everything
required elements, a new project entitled the Irvine Smart (IoE)
Grid Demonstration (ISGD) was launched after several 2.1. Basic Considerations
years (ISGD). It was expected that it would be introduced in Most publications elaborated in the global scale are
2013. devoted to the IoT to facilitate a better understanding of the
Development of the SG idea implied the need to IoE, and the Author also begins with two of the IoT
address the following tasks: definitions published in [14]:
1. upgrading the existing grid – to smart distribution grids “Internet of things (IoT): A global infrastructure for the
(SDG), information society, enabling advanced services by
2. need of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) interconnecting (physical or virtual) things based on existing
utilization,

PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 91 NR 3/2015                                                                                                 157 

interoperable information and communication  Smart Industry – 10 examples,
1
technologies” .  Smart City – 11 examples.
Vermesan and Friess wrote in [14], as well as the IERC In the bibliography devoted to the IoT, one can find an
stated that the IoT is “A dynamic global network area of that concept application – the Smart Grid. The SG
infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on consisting of electric power networks, grid, and massive
standard and interoperable communication protocols where number of objects, devices, consumers connected through
physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical communication and information infrastructure providing
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent value-added services via intelligent data processing,
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the management of electricity production and delivering the
information network”. electricity to consumers may be considered as a typical
The Digital Agenda for Europe [6] has introduced the Internet of Everything (IoE) system [11].
following explanation: “Internet of Things (IoT) is a What is the reason of the growing importance of the IoT
technology and a market development base on the (IoE)? Let us consider a city traffic system with sensors in
interconnection of everyday objects among themselves and the main nodes of this city. Let us consider a city traffic
applications. IoT will enable an ecosystem of smart system with sensors in the main nodes of the city. Data
applications and services, which will improve and simplify registered by each sensor are transmitted to a dispatch
EU citizens’ lives.” center, whose decision is then sent back to the sensor; if
The term: Internet of Things was proposed in 1999 by the sensors in the city are smart, then the information
Ashton Kevin who wrote in 22 June 2009: “The Internet of exchange among them may control traffic without the
Things in the real world thinks matter more than ideas” dispatch command (except from dangerous accidents). As
(RFID Journal). The IoT idea implied other concepts, such a result, we shorten the response time, simultaneously
as Internet of Service (IoS), Internet of Everything (IoE), decreasing the number of data.
Web of Things (WoT), which of course represent the IoT,
etc. When we consider the relations M2M (Man to Man), 2.3. IoT Application in Management
M2T (Man to Thing), M2P (Man to People), P2P (People to CISCO performed simulations to test the result of IoT
People), and D2D (Device to Device), we ultimately reach applications of the future. The results for the following areas
the IoE (Internet to Everything). The IoT refers to uniquely were presented:
identifiable objects and their virtual representation in the  Opportunity: $14.4 trillion value (net profit) will be at
Internet structure whereas currently Internet supports stake over the next decade, driven by connecting the
human connection only. The IoT idea fascinates scientists, unconnected P2P, M2P and M2M via IoE (Asset utilization
engineers and a number of renowned companies, e.g.: $ 2.5 trillion, Employee productivity $2.5 trillion, Supply
CISCO, Google X, IBM, Intel, and Oracle, which are chain and logistics $2.7 trillion, Customer experience $3.7
elaborating necessary software. It results in a growing trillion, Innovattion, including reducing time of the entry on
number of conferences, workshops, seminars; the EU the market $3.0 trillion.
support of the IoT-A projects.  Industry Perspective - Energy companies have the
CISCO in [5] collected a list specifying the following steps largest IoE value at stake in M2M connection. The third and
of development of the IoT: largest value at stake will be generated by providing an
 “reffered to barcodes and RFID helping to automate opportunity across all the industries, the smart grid is based
inventory, tracking and basic identification, on the ability to monitor and manage equipment proactively
 currently: strong verve for connecting sensors, objects, which is a strong point for energy companies [4]. The IoE
devices, data and applications, provides a new business model for companies, which
 next step called “cognitive IoT” facilitating object and ultimately implies lowering the cost of energy distribution,
data reuse across application domains, leveraging on automate billing and service calls as well as providing
hyperconnectivity, interoperaoperability solutions and proactive response to environmental condition.
semantic enriched information distribution, incorporating 2.4. Selected Problems with the IoT Application
intelligence at different levels, in the objects, devices, Though bibliography on the IoT is expanding it must be
network(s) systems and in the applications for evidence- remembered that the number of operating systems which
based decision making and priority setting.” use IoT is not too high. The main reasons include:
 The period of developing standards, software, and the
2.2. Iot Application Areas lack of experience in designing, installation and operation of
According to the bibliography, the IoT may be used in an the IoT systems.
unlimited application in the field of various areas of people’s  Very high investment costs (it has to be remembered
activity, such as health, science, technology, social aspects, that if the IoT is not used, it will also be necessary to spend
etc. Examples of more detailed areas can be found in [14]: a huge amount of money as the existing HV networks need
 Smart/Food/Water Monitoring – 9 examples, the complete reconstruction in Smart Grid).
 Smart Health – 10 examples,  According to T. Kellog [8], “HTTP used in old Internet
 Smart Living – 8 examples, request requires a minimum of nine TCP packets, and even
 Smart Environment Monitoring – 7 examples, more if we consider packet loss due to poor connectivity;
 Smart Manufacturing – 7 examples, plain text headers can get very verbose, without delivering
 Smart Energy – 6 examples (with SG on top), guarantee and with overhead of energy consuming. As a
 Smart Buildings – 9 examples, typical enterprise arrangement will have thousands or
 Smart Transport and Mobility – 10 examples, millions of sensors using HTTP is no sense and sending
telemetrics to a handful of servers that split up the task of
                                                             processing the data is necessary”.
1
NOTE 1 – Through the exploitation of identification, data capture,
 According to [14], “today:
processing and communication capabilities, the IoT makes full use
of things to offer services to all kinds of applications, whilst Sending 100 bits of data consumes about 5 μJ,
ensuring that security and privacy requirements are fulfilled. Measuring acceleration consumes about 50 μJ,
NOTE 2 – From a broader perspective, the IoT can be perceived as Making a complete measurement: measure +
a vision with technological and societal implications. conversion + emission consume 250-500 μJ.

158  PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 91 NR 3/2015 

 Therefore, with 100 μW harvested continuously, it is [4] Bradley J., Loucks J., Macaulay J., Noronha A.: Internet of
possible to carry out a complete measurement every Everything (IoE) Value Index. White Paper CISCO and/or its
1-10 one can find very interesting calculations devoted to affiliates.
[5] CISCO Internet of Everything Blog. What does Internet of
harvesting energy of autonomous wireless sensor
Things Mean For You? http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe
consisting of the harvesting energy transducer, energy Dostęp2014.04.29
processing seconds.” [6] Digital Agenda for Europe. A Europe 202 Initiative.
It has to be remembered that depending on the type of https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/eu/internet-things Access
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In [11], synchronizing Phasor Measurement Units as a Energii 2/2014, 121-126.
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2014
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Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Nr 808,
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The development of the Smart Grids is in its early [10] Matusiak B.E., Pamuła A., Zieliński J.S.: New Idea in Power
stages and it is an expensive process which requires Networks Development. Selected Problems. Przegląd
application of solutions assuring lower operational costs. Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review) 2/2011 148-150.
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in low smart distribution grids and in smart buildings. This 29.04 2014]
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