DEMOCRACY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: THE PLACE OF THE MASS MEDIA

NWONUMARA JUDE E.
Abstract:
This paper tries to explore the role of the press in a democracy with emphasis on
achieving good governance. It traced the involvement of the media in Nigeria
politics.
The paper identified some important roles of the media in democracy outside the
primordial functions of news dissemination, entertainment and persuasion to the
provision of information, political mobilization and education of citizens; public
opinion assessment orpolls, etc. Following these functions, the mass media make
democracy participatory, transparent, and also sensitize and arouse people's
consciousness about the social, economic and political occurrences in the society.
This type of two-way communication makes government not only responsive but also
accountable.
In doing this, the press is faced with some constraints, which include media
ownership constraints, legal and extra-legal constraints and problems associated
with the commercialization of the mass media.
The paper suggested quoted on the stock exchange market, abrogation of some
draconian laws of the military origin and religious adherence to the professional
ethics as ways of moving out of the log jam.

OVERVIEW

In the beginning, individuals were separated from each other. Then, decisions were
taken by summoning every male adult of the society to deliberate on a particular
issue. The process of summoning was very cumbersome and time-consuming.
As the society grew, however, it became necessary to have an instituted government
where elected, selected or
appointed persons or people will make decisions on behalf of the entire
citizenry. This is what the French writer of the 15th century; Jean Jack Rousseau
referred to as 'Social Contract', which means collective submission of people's
will to one or a group of persons to govern the people.

The first type of government that emerged was Monarchy. The government was too
authoritarian in that the leader could have a man arrested, detained and sometimes
killed without any objections or questions. Nobody dared condemn or challenge the
decisions of the Monarch. Mass media under this condition
were seen as part and parcel of the
government existing only to serve as megaphones of the government in power. No news
gets to the public without censorship. Again, the government in power not only
appointed the media executives, but also approved licenses for them which can
easily be withdrawn if the media
"misbehaved". Under this setting, not
only the press but also everybody lived
in fear as there was no freedom of
expression. It was this that made
Rousseau to say that man is born free
but everywhere we see him in chains (Ward, 1972: 16).

This inclement condition in most parts of Europe and the world at large informed
John Milton's speech to the English parliament in 1644 entitled, Aeropagitica where
he offered a strong argument against the licensing order of 14 June 1643. He
challenged the use of censorship on the grounds that man is provided with reason
and talent to choose between good and evil. To him, the press was seen as an
extension of man's ability to think and express his thought. Individuals could only
choose between truth and falsehoods if they had access to both. He also affirmed
that free and human government (good governance) results only from free writing and
free speaking. (See Ahmed, http://cjims.fims.uwo.ca/issues/01- 01/ahmed.pdf).
Milton was not alone in this fight for human freedom. Philosophers like John Locke,
Thomas J efferson (1804), John Stuart Mill (1859) and many others also put forward
strong arguments in favour of human liberty. This argument ushered in the era of
libertarianism.

In this type of society, human rights are protected and people are allowed to air
their views on the issues of the day. The role of the press in ensuring that the
government rules justly to earn people's legitimacy is given emphasis. It is in
recognition of this that, the Americans in the First Amendment of their
Constitution, submitted that,... "The congress shall make no law abridging the
freedom of the speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances". (Pember,
2003-2004 edition).
This was re-echoed by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999)
under section 39 (I) where it read:
"Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold
opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference.
The foregoing makes the press very relevant in governance. That is, under
democracy, the press is charged with some responsibilities of carrying the people
along. Onyishi (1996: 135) alluded to this when he submitted that "the success or
failure of our practice of democratic governance will, to a large extent, depend on
how well the mass media carry out its functions as the midwifeofdemocracy."

The essence of democracy or government according to Aristotle is to provide for

good life. Good life here connotes happiness, equality, freedom and fair play. That
is, whatever decision the leaders take must be in line with achieving happiness for
the led. This is a major canon good governance.

Good governance warrants constant communication and feedback with the led to know
what the people want and how they feel with a particular policy thereby making them
participants in decision making rather than mere recipients of policies. The
efficacy or otherwise of this communication, either supports or withdraws
legitimacy from the government in power. At the centre of this communication are
the mass media.
It is in the light ofthis that Ekpu (1998) enjoins members of the Fourth Estate of
the Realm to be objective, fair, accurate and observe ethical standards so as not
to mislead either the government or the people.

OPERATIONALISATION

A better understanding of the subject-matter of our discourse can be achieved by

the explication of some terms that will appear repeatedly in it. Some of these
terms include democracy, good governance and mass media.

Democracy: This was derived

from the Greek words-'Demos' which
means "people" and 'Kratos', which means rule. Etymologically, democracy means
people's "rule". This is why democracy has popularly been defined as government of
the people, for the people, by the people. According to Nwankwo(1992:27),
"democracy is a system which gives periodic opportunities for the masses to choose
their leaders". He went further to say again that, "democracy is a government
elected by the majority of the electorate". This means that a situation where
rigging, killing and thuggery are used to foist somebody on the people is not
democracy.
Ward (1972:21) rather described what democracy entails. He said that democracy is a
habit of mind and unless the citizens have good virtues, their state cannot. If
democratic spirit of fairness, justice and wisdom are not widely present among the
citizens, political institution of democracy is a sham. Writing about democracy,
Onyishi (1996: 135), notes it as follows:
• By political democracy I refer to that system of politics in which sovereignty is
vested in the people rather than in a small clique or an oligarchy: where rule of
law, majority rule and constitutionalism are the basic guiding principles.

• Good Governance: In order to understand this term better, let us first understand
what governance is all about especially now that it features increasingly in
development literatures. Governance describes the process of decision-making and
process by which decisions are implemented (see
http:jen.wikipedia.orgjwikijGoodgovernance). Governance establishes the link
between the leader and the led in their quest to achieve a better life for the
majority of the citizens. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiative
for change (1994) sees governance as mechanisms, processes and institutions,
through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal
right, meet their obligations and mediate their differences.
Good governance therefore means ways of initiating and implementing policies that
are aimed at advancing and bettering the lot of the greater majority of the people.
It is in this vein that UNDP initiative for change (1994) characterised good
governance thus:
Good governance is among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable.
It is also effective and equitable. And it promotes the rule of law. Also, good
governance ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on
broad consensus in the society and that the voice of the poorest and the most
vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development
resources (http://magnet.UNDP.org/policy/ chapter1. htm). This definition contains
some salient points, which serve as the characteristics of good governance.

They include mass participation, transparency, consensus building, responsiveness,

accountability to the electorate, effective and efficient administration, and above
all respect for the rule of law. If all these are present in a particular
government, they will definitely lead to human development. This must have informed
Kofi Annan's submission that "good governance is perhaps the single most important
factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development".
Mass media: Mass media reer to all the avenues through which information can be
passed from one person to numerous, scattered and heterogeneous audiences. They can
also mean vehicles through which messages , information, ideas, knowledge and
culture are transferred from one person/place to a large audience. The audience is
so large that it cannot be assembled in a place at a time. According to Nwosu
(1996:11) mass media are a "technical' communication concept which refers to the
devices employed by anyone involved in a mass mediated communication situation for
moving messages across distance or time".
Mass media are those organs of mass communication, which include television, radio,
newspaper, magazine, books, internet, etc. They can be broadly categorized into
print and broadcast (electronic)media.

MEDIA AND POLITICS IN NIGERIA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

There is no way one can discuss Nigerian politics without recognizing the role the
media have played in politics. Press in Nigeria dats back to 1859 by Rev. Henry
Townsend when Rev. Henry Townsend published Iwe Irohin in Abeokuta in Yoruba
language. The paper was basically published for the propagation of gospel. Astime
went on, it was used to carry advertisements and announcements. On June 6, 1863,
Robert Campbel1 launched the Anglo-African.
According to Omu (1978) in Dimpka (1997:20), "the goal of the newspaper was to
exploit the growing interest in western education and enlightenment in Lagos in the
1860s by providing cheap and accessible material which could educate, inform and
entertain its readers". Indigenous press began when Kitoyi Ajasa started The
Nigerian Pioneer in 1914. Ernest Ikoli started The African Messenger 1919. In
addition, Herbert Macaulay founded Lagos Daily News. These papers and others
criticized and attacked the obnoxious policies colonial government. Precisely in
1926, Adeyemo, Alakija, R.V. Osborne, L.A. Archer and Richard Barrow launched
Daily Times with Ernest Ikoli as the editor. Few years later (1932), Dutse
Aliestablished WeeklyCornet. Nnamdi Azikiwe launched The West African Pilot with
the motto "show the light and the people will find the way"in 1937.

In 1948, Zik fought the colonial government over newspaper Ordinance which made
compulsory payment of cash as a security deposit before publishing a newspaper. He
also utilized the power of the press to arouse the interests and political
consciousness in Nigerians and other Africans to fight for independence. The 1960
independence marked the end of the nationalist press but before this could take a
place the military had struck in. The press came out again to fight and return of
power to the civilians.
This is what led General Buhari administration to promulgate public officers
(protection against false accusation) Decree No. 4 1984. This Decree on July 4,
1984 landed two journalists, Tunde Thompson and Nduka Irabor in jail for one year.
General Babangida promulgated Newswatch (Proscription and Prohibition from
Circulation) Decree No6 of 1987; and Decree No 45 (Newspaper Registration Decree),
which introduced stringent registration guidelines for newspapers and magazines.
The aim was to whittle down the number of print media organizations in the country.

Abacha on his own did not promulgate any anti press Decree, but he used a phantom
coup to jail Chris Mbah ofTell Magazine, Chris Anyanwu publisher of the Sunday
magazine, Charles Obi of the defunct Weekend Classique and Kunle Ajibade of the
News (Tell Sept. 20, 2004: 19). Their arrest and detention between 1995 and 1998
was based on reports published in their papers which Abacha saw as a challenge to
his self-succession bid.
This myriad of Decrees and repressive measures was a testimony to show that the
military was uncomfortable with the press. The pressure from the press and other
civil organizations helped in sending the military back to the barracks in 1999.

Today the democratic government in Nigeria is neither friendly nor repressive.

However, it's retention of some of these draconian laws portrays it of being anti
press.

THE ROLE OF THE PRESS IN DEMOCRACY

The press is an integral part of democracy and for it to remain relevant, there are
some cardinal roles it must play which include. Provision Of Information:
The saying that information is power is true in a democratic government. People
need political, economic, social and cultural information about what happens within
and beyond their immediate environment in order to take informed and wise
decisions. The press performs this onerous function. It gathers and transfers
information originating from the government to the people and carries people's
yearnings and aspirations back to the policy makers, creating a two-way
communication or interaction between the leader and the led. The idea is to make
governance a participatory affair.

We all know that politicians speak with water in their mouth. They make vague
statements and some times play to the gallery instead of addressing the problems of
the society. In the process of performing its watchdog role the press tries to
counter the politicians subterfuge by providing adequate information on the
business of governance in a polity. As we all know, Information and its
interpretation create a society knowledgeable enough to respond and react
accordingly to the goings-on in the polity. The wisest society is the most informed
society.

The press monitors and checkmates the state administrators against excesses and
violation of the social contract and reports findings to the people. It is in line
with this that Agoka Lawani as reported by Onyedika (2006:41) said observed
correctly that "...journalists through objective reporting could be catalysts of
positive change in the nation's democracy".

Public Opinion Polling Function:

Representative democracy is participatory and requires that all shades of opinion

should be recognized and respected. This is because the leader and the people have
equal stake in the polity since decisions taken by the leader affects the people.
For this, the people usually voice out their views when needed either to uphold or
jettison a particular programme or policy.This is public opinion.

Explaining what this public opinion means, McBride et al (1981:196) noted inter
alia: The concept of public opinion has developed in step with the idea that powers
of government should be based on the consent of the governed and hence with the
idea of democracy ... public opinion is considered to be that of the people outside
the decision-making process, external to the power centres, and differs from that
of people who because of their specific position, knowledge and skills are
responsible for decisions.
To neglect this is a democratic aberration. The business of modern governance
emphasises the need to make the governed a major plank of societal advancement.
Echoing this need, Onyishi (p.136) averred this:
It should also be noted that
political power is a relationship between the influencer and the influencee. Both
are affected in varying degrees by this relationship. Because of this, there is the
notion of consent in the exercise of power. For the relationship to be successful,
there must be the consent of the influencee that is to say, those over who power is
exercised.

This relationship or interaction is provided by communication. The leader tells the

people (through the mass media) what his programmes are; the media then sample and
categorize the analysis of people's opinion.
Often, this public opinion is built and shaped by the press. This is
done by telling the people what to think about.

The workability of democracy depends on how much the press objectively sample and
convey people's opinion to the government. "The safety of the people in modern
society depends upon, the free and untrammeled expression of enlightened public
opinion ... through an objective press" (Nnamani, 2003).

The press should' not neglect this role, as it is the index for measuring good
governance. Most of the revolutions that have taken place in the world were due to
blatant disregard for public opinion by the government in concert with a muzzled
press. ~ Political Mobilisation And Education Nigeria has not had a smooth
political terrain since after independence in 1960, be it military or civilian. The
military is autocratic and high handed while the civilian maintains the culture of
winner-takes all.

More nauseating in Nigerian democracy to many is the democratic aberration of

elections rigging, political corruption, embezzlement of public funds,
assassinations, maiming and other politically motivated vices. These have made a
good number (more than two-thirds) of Nigerians apolitical. But the business of
politics is too sensitive to be left in the hands offew and corrupt politicians.
This then means that the media should conscien tise and sensitize the Nigerian
people to build a new political culture and orientation devoid of the negative
elements mentioned above. Mobilization transforms the perception, orientation and
views ofthe society According to Moemeka (1991:22), mobilization is a process which
begins with a radical change in the political orientation of the people. "The
ultimate result of this change is the formation of new social relations".
On the same token, Sarglia Uysius noted, "No nation is ever built without an
inspiring institution straddling and commanding the order of relations ..." (See
Nnamani, 2003). The press constitute the institution for social change and
political orientation which serves as the central nervous system of democracy.
Mobilization means making people politically conscious through subtle strategies of
the mass media.

The strategies are aimed at making everybody involved in rebuilding the society.
That is why the Imo State Chapter of MAMSER (1988:11) defines mobilization to thus:
A process of awakening the consciousness of people as to the resources at their
disposal and also motivating them to utilize the resources a collectively for an
overall improvement of their living condition ... it is a re-orientation and
organization exercise which instill discipline, raise awareness and thereby unfold
creature, productive and innovative available natural resources into goods and
services.
For this mobilization to bear a sustainable fruit, it has to be backed with
political education. If the people are not well educated about the meaning and
reasons for some political occurrences, they will be very reluctant to imbibe a new
political culture.
The media, for this purpose should design educative programmes.

This can take the form of phone-in programmes where experts field questions from
the public and journalists. For this education to be far reaching and broad based,
there should be rural media system and telephony where vernacular is used to re-
educate. It is a known fact that our media are city-based perhaps because of the
level of enlightenment and business in the city leaving the rural dwellers to their
fate.

CONSTRAINTS OF THE PRESS IN DEMOCRACY

~ Ownership Restraints:
Whether government owned or privately owned, the media are highly affected by the
interests, decisions and influence of the owner.

The proprietor's interest informs the editorial policy ofthe media outlet because
he who pays the piper dictates the tune. It is on this token that Dan Agbese, of
Newswatch Magazine, contends that no publication, no matter how independent it may
claim to be, can escape serving certain vested interests maybe knowingly or
unknowingly.

These interests may be commercial, political, communal, tribal or even religious.

The result is that the gathering and dissemination of news is secondary to certain
other interests (seeDimkpa, p. 18-19).
That means that media owners dictate (through editorial policy) what reporters
cover. That is why government media are seen singing praises about government
programmes whether they are laudable or not. Udeajah (2004: 158) expressed this
perspective when he said that government-owned media, like NTA and FRCN were merely
information houses for government activities and policies where news focus was to
have government favourably mentioned.

The story is the same in the private owned media where the media are used to pursue
private gains of the owner, which in most cases are political. That is why most
politicians float newspapers and radio stations, which become weak months after
their election or failure at the polls. Example is Minaj Radio, Liberty Newspaper,
etc.
Under this condition, it becomes largely difficult for the press to play pure
democratic roles mentioned above to ensure good governance. This is because the
media have to follow the precepts and philosophy of the editorial policy, which may
be at variance with such role.
~ Legal Constraints: Thomas Jefferson, the third American president said that he
preferred press without a government to government without a press. In Nigeria, the
reverse is the case. Our leaders hate the media's probing eyes and investigative
inclination. For this, they try to muzzle the press with some legal and extra legal
instruments.
One of these control mechanisms that weigh the media down in their discharge of
democratic function is law on sedition. This law considers it an offence to
criticise the government or a public office holder whether the criticism is based
on truth or falsehood.

In Nigeria, leaders see themselves as the government and as such condone no

criticism. So if a reporter give information that will stimulate the citizenry to
ask basic questions as to why a government is corrupt, such reporter will be
charged for sedition. A typical example is the case of Gbenga Aruleba and Rotimi
Durojaiye who were arraigned before an Abuja High Court together with their
employers, African Independent Television (AIT) and Daily Independent Newspaper
limited for writing stories and presenting the new presidential jet as a fairly
used(Tokumbo) plane. The State Security Service (SSS)insisted that the stories were
intended to bring the person of the president into derision.(See Adekeye, 2006:21)

Another law that vitiates the effective role of the media in democracy is Official
Secret Act. This law makes it difficult for the press to have access to information
and documents about the government and its policies. It also forbids the public
office holders to divulge information to the media especially junior workers
without authorisation no matter how trivial the thing might be. This has made it
imperative that when the media want to find out something about a government
establishment, they have to put it in writing and submit for appraisal. This gives
rise to in doctoring offacts.

~ Commercialisation Of Media:
Journalism profession to some extent is supposed to be a service orientated
profession. Nevertheless, following the commericalisaton and privatisation of the
media, emphasis has shifted from reporting daily news-worthy occurrences to
advertisement and entertainment.
This new type of publication has changed the nature of mass communication. The goal
ofthe process is no longer for audience and media to create meaning together.
Rather, it is to sell those readers to advertisers (Baran,2002:23).

This business inclination of the modern day media has diverted reporter's attention
from investigative reporting to writing stories mostly on entertainments, sex and
crimes. The anticipation is that these will create more readerships and
subsequently bring in more advertisers. Based on this, the media can no longer
claim to be a free market place ofideas as news is slanted, and many questions
remain unanswered.

~ Extra Judicial Constraints: Nigerian society has an illegal way of silencing the
press. Some ofthese ways include assassination, maiming, kidnap and other dastardly
acts. In 1986, precisely on September 19, a renowned journalist, Mr. Dele Giwa, was
murdered through a letter bomb and even up until now, the culprits have not been
brought to book. Giwa was murdered for allegedly writing a story was damaging to
government interests ( Ojewale, 2006:31). Cases like this abound where people are
killed without any trace.
This extra-legal ways could also take the form of high taxes on media material;
high registration charges, etc.

WAYS OUT OF THE LOGJAM

~ Media Should Go Public: This is a situation where most broadcast stations and
print houses go public, that is, become quoted on the floor of the Nigerian stock
exchange market. To be quoted implies being sold to the public so that the media
will not be answerable to any single individual or government or its agency.

This will ameliorate the problem of ownership influence on the policy of the media
and subsequently make reporters more determined and willing to cover and
investigate government or individuals from a detached point of view. The people
(the general public) who are always inquisitive to know the goings-on in the
government will now decide editorial policies. Really, this will offer the press
the opportunity of playing a very pro-active role in democracy and good governance.

Not only that, journalism profession will be made more competitive as media people
will be striving to make their paper or broadcast station boom so as to make their
stock in the market very attractive for people to invest in. The kind of
competition that will ensue will be akin to that of telecommunications and will as
well encourage rural media, as the city will be very small to accommodate the
outburst of stations and print houses that will emerge.

Baran (p.24) had this in mind when he wrote that, through mergers, acquisitions,
buyouts, and hostile takeovers, a very small number oflarge conglomerates are
coming to own more and more of the world's media outlets.

This domination requires scattering media presence for market and patronage.

~ Abrogation of Draconian Laws: The National Assembly should make haste to purge
our constitution of all the draconian provisions that muzzle freedom of express and
the press. Our statute books should also be cleared of laws. It should be noted
that most of these laws were made during the colonial and military era, to still
retain them now means anti-democracy.

~ Keep To Ethics: Journalists should not allow themselves to be used as an organ of

witchhunting enemies. Sometimes some faceless journalists write uninvestigated and
disparaging stories about a person. This might be to destroy the person's political
career or to satisfy his (Journalist's) boss or personal interest. It is a thing
like this that many lead to assassination of a journalist and/ or proscription of
media outlets and other extra legal treatments. It is therefore, suggested that
media practitioners should keep to ethical standards at all times.

CONCLUSION

The Press popularly referred to as the Fourth Estate of the Realm has been
reorganized as an integral part of government and society. In this perspective, the
press is seen as the fourth arm of government. The press also provides a meeting
point between the leader and the led. This is through the provision of information,
political mobilization and education, and the projection and assessment of public
opinion and many other such roles.

However, some factors have been identified as militating against media performance.
These
factors must be addressed in order to create a conducive environment for good
governance and participatory democracy.

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