MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS

By Aaradhya Bodade

What are the requirements to become a DevOps Engineer?

When looking to fill out DevOps roles, organizations look for a clear set of skills. The most
important of these are:

 Experience with infrastructure automation tools like Chef, Puppet, Ansible, SaltStack or
Windows PowerShell DSC.
 Fluency in web languages like Ruby, Python, PHP or Java.
 Interpersonal skills that help you communicate and collaborate across teams and roles.

If you have the above skills, then you are ready to start preparing for your DevOps interview!
If not, don’t worry – our DevOps certification training will help you master DevOps.

In order to structure the questions below, I put myself in your shoes. Most of the answers in
this blog are written from your perspective, i.e. someone who is a potential DevOps expert. I
have also segregated the questions in the following manner:

Q1. What are the fundamental differences between DevOps & Agile?

The differences between the two are listed down in the table below.

 
Features DevOps Agile
Agility in both Development &
Agility Agility in only Development
Operations
Involves processes such as CI, Involves practices such as Agile
Processes/ Practices
CD, CT, etc. Scrum, Agile Kanban, etc.
Timeliness & quality have equal
Key Focus Area Timeliness is the main priority
priority
Release Cycles/ Smaller release cycles with
Smaller release cycles
Development Sprints immediate feedback
Feedback is from self
Source of Feedback Feedback is from customers
(Monitoring tools)
Scope of Work Agility & need for Automation Agility only
Q2. What is the need for DevOps?

According to me, this answer should start by explaining the general market trend. Instead of
releasing big sets of features, companies are trying to see if small features can be transported
to their customers through a series of release trains. This has many advantages like quick
feedback from customers, better quality of software etc. which in turn leads to high customer
satisfaction. To achieve this, companies are required to:

1. Increase deployment frequency

2. Lower failure rate of new releases
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3. Shortened lead time between fixes

4. Faster mean time to recovery in the event of new release crashing

DevOps fulfills all these requirements and helps in achieving seamless software delivery.
You can give examples of companies like Etsy, Google and Amazon which have
adopted DevOps to achieve levels of performance that were unthinkable even five years ago.
They are doing tens, hundreds or even thousands of code deployments per day while
delivering world-class stability, reliability and security.

If I have to test your knowledge on DevOps, you should know the difference between Agile
and DevOps. The next question is directed towards that.

Q3. How is DevOps different from Agile / SDLC?

I would advise you to go with the below explanation:

Agile is a set of values and principles about how to produce i.e. develop software. Example:
if you have some ideas and you want to turn those ideas into working software, you can use
the Agile values and principles as a way to do that. But, that software might only be working
on a developer’s laptop or in a test environment. You want a way to quickly, easily and
repeatably move that software into production infrastructure, in a safe and simple way. To do
that you need DevOps tools and techniques.

You can summarize by saying Agile software development methodology focuses on the
development of software but DevOps on the other hand is responsible for development as
well as deployment of the software in the safest and most reliable way possible. Here’s a blog
that will give you more information on the evolution of DevOps.

Now remember, you have included DevOps tools in your previous answer so be prepared to
answer some questions related to that.

Q4. Which are the top DevOps tools? Which tools have you worked on?

The most popular DevOps tools are mentioned below:

 Git : Version Control System tool

 Jenkins : Continuous Integration tool
 Selenium : Continuous Testing tool
 Puppet, Chef, Ansible : Configuration Management and Deployment tools
 Nagios : Continuous Monitoring tool
 Docker : Containerization tool

You can also mention any other tool if you want, but make sure you include the above tools
in your answer.
The second part of the answer has two possibilities:

1. If you have experience with all the above tools then you can say that I have worked on
all these tools for developing good quality software and deploying those softwares
easily, frequently, and reliably.
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By Aaradhya Bodade

2. If you have experience only with some of the above tools then mention those tools and
say that I have specialization in these tools and have an overview about the rest of the
tools.

Q5. How do all these tools work together?

Given below is a generic logical flow where everything gets automated for seamless delivery.
However, this flow may vary from organization to organization as per the requirement.

1. Developers develop the code and this source code is managed by Version Control
System tools like Git etc.
2. Developers send this code to the Git repository and any changes made in the code is
committed to this Repository.
3. Jenkins pulls this code from the repository using the Git plugin and build it using tools
like Ant or Maven.
4. Configuration management tools like puppet deploys & provisions testing environment
and then Jenkins releases this code on the test environment on which testing is done
using tools like selenium.
5. Once the code is tested, Jenkins send it for deployment on the production server (even
production server is provisioned & maintained by tools like puppet).
6. After deployment It is continuously monitored by tools like Nagios.
7. Docker containers provides testing environment to test the build features.

Q6. What are the advantages of DevOps?

For this answer, you can use your past experience and explain how DevOps helped you in
your previous job. If you don’t have any such experience, then you can mention the below
advantages.

Technical benefits:

 Continuous software delivery

 Less complex problems to fix
 Faster resolution of problems
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Business benefits:

 Faster delivery of features

 More stable operating environments
 More time available to add value (rather than fix/maintain)

Q7. Mention some of the core benefits of DevOps?

 Faster development of software and quick deliveries.

 DevOps methodology is flexible and adaptable to changes easily.
 Compared to the previous software development models, confusion about the project is
decreased due to increased product quality.
 The gap between the development team and operation team is bridged. i.e, the
communication between the teams has been increased.
 Efficiency is increased by the addition of automation of continuous integration and
continuous deployment.
 Customer satisfaction is enhanced.

Q8. What is the most important thing DevOps helps us achieve?

According to me, the most important thing that DevOps helps us achieve is to get the changes
into production as quickly as possible while minimizing risks in software quality assurance
and compliance. This is the primary objective of DevOps. Learn more in this DevOps
tutorial blog.
However, you can add many other positive effects of DevOps. For example, clearer
communication and better working relationships between teams i.e. both the Ops team and
Dev team collaborate together to deliver good quality software which in turn leads to higher
customer satisfaction.

Q9. Explain with a use case where DevOps can be used in industry/ real-life.

There are many industries that are using DevOps so you can mention any of those use cases,
you can also refer the below example:
Etsy is a peer-to-peer e-commerce website focused on handmade or vintage items and
supplies, as well as unique factory-manufactured items. Etsy struggled with slow, painful site
updates that frequently caused the site to go down. It affected sales for millions of Etsy’s
users who sold goods through online market place and risked driving them to the competitor.
With the help of a new technical management team, Etsy transitioned from its waterfall
model, which produced four-hour full-site deployments twice weekly, to a more agile
approach. Today, it has a fully automated deployment pipeline, and its continuous delivery
practices have reportedly resulted in more than 50 deployments a day with fewer disruptions.

Q10. Explain your understanding and expertise on both the software

development side and the technical operations side of an organization you
have worked with in the past.

For this answer, share your past experience and try to explain how flexible you were in your
previous job. You can refer the below example:
DevOps engineers almost always work in a 24/7 business-critical online environment. I was
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adaptable to on-call duties and was available to take up real-time, live-system responsibility. I
successfully automated processes to support continuous software deployments. I have
experience with public/private clouds, tools like Chef or Puppet, scripting and automation
with tools like Python and PHP, and a background in Agile.

Q11. What are the anti-patterns of DevOps?

A pattern is common usage usually followed. If a pattern commonly adopted by others does
not work for your organization and you continue to blindly follow it, you are essentially
adopting an anti-pattern. There are myths about DevOps. Some of them include:

 DevOps is a process
 Agile equals DevOps?
 We need a separate DevOps group
 Devops will solve all our problems
 DevOps means Developers Managing Production
 DevOps is Development-driven release management
1. DevOps is not development driven.
2. DevOps is not IT Operations driven.
 We can’t do DevOps – We’re Unique
 We can’t do DevOps – We’ve got the wrong people

Q12. Explain the different phases in DevOps methodology?

The various phases of the DevOps lifecycle are as follows:

 Plan – In this stage, all the requirements of the project and everything regarding the
project like time for each stage, cost, etc are discussed. This will help everyone in the
team to get a brief idea about the project.
 Code – The code is written over here according to the client’s requirements. Here codes
are written in the form of small codes called units.
 Build – Building of the units is done in this step.
 Test – Testing is done in this stage and if there are mistakes found it is returned for re-
build.
 Integrate – All the units of the codes are integrated into this step.
 Deploy – codeDevOpsNow is deployed in this step on the client’s environment.
 Operate – Operations are performed on the code if required.
 Monitor – Monitoring of the application is done over here in the client’s environment.

Q13. Explain your understanding and expertise on both the software

development side and the technical operations side of an organization you
have worked with in the past?

 Deployment frequency: This measures how frequently a new feature is deployed.

 Change failure rate: This is used to measure the number of failures in deployment.
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
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 Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR): The time is taken to recover from a failed

deployment.

Q14. What are the KPIs that are used for gauging the success of a DevOps
team?

KPI Means Key Performance Indicators are used to measure the performance of a DevOps
team, identify mistakes and rectify them. This helps the DevOps team to increase
productivity and which directly impacts revenue.

There are many KPIs which one can track in a DevOps team. Following are some of them:

 Change Failure rates: This is used to measure the number of failures in deployments.

 Meantime to recovery (MTTR): The time is taken to recover from a failed
deployment.
 Lead time: This helps to measure the time taken to deploy on the production
environment.
 Deployment frequency: This measures how frequently a new feature is deployed.
 Change volume: This is used to measure how much code is changed from the existing
code.
 Cycle time: This is used to measure total application development time.
 Customer Ticket: This helps us to measure the number of errors detected by the end-
user.
 Availability: This is used to determine the downtime of the application.
 Defect escape rate: This helps us to measure the number of issues that are needed to be
detected as early as possible.
 Time of detection: This helps you understand whether your response time and
application monitoring processes are functioning correctly.

Q15. Why has DevOps become famous?

As we know before DevOps there are two other software development models:

 Waterfall model
 Agile model

In the waterfall model, we have limitations of one-way working and lack of communication
with customers. This was overcome in Agile by including the communication between the
customer and the company by taking feedback. But in this model, another issue is faced
regarding communication between the Development team and operations team due to which
there is a delay in the speed of production. This is where DevOps is introduced. It bridges the
gap between the development team and the operation team by including the automation
feature. Due to this, the speed of production is increased. By including automation, testing is
integrated into the development stage. Which resulted in finding the bugs at the very initial
stage which increased the speed and efficiency.

Q16. How does AWS contribute to DevOps?

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

AWS [Amazon Web Services ] is one of the famous cloud providers. In AWS DevOps is
provided with some benefits:

 Flexible Resources: AWS provides all the DevOps resources which are flexible to use.
 Scaling: we can create several instances on AWS with a lot of storage and computation
power.
 Automation: Automation is provided by AWS like CI/CD
 Security: AWS provides security when we create an instance like IAM

DevOps Interview | How To Crack A DevOps Engineer

Interview | DevOps Training | Edureka

This Edureka “DevOps Interview” video will firstly address the required skills a DevOps
Engineer is supposed to have. Moving on, we will understand how one must prepare for
his/her DevOps Interview.
Q17. Name three important DevOps KPIs

1. Lead time for changes: It measures the time taken from committing a change to code
repository to the time it becomes available in production.
2. Deployment frequency: It measures the number of times changes are deployed to
production in a given period of time.
3. Mean time to recover (MTTR): It measures the average time taken to recover from a
service disruption or failure.

Q18. What are some technical and business benefits of DevOps work culture?

DevOps work culture brings many technical and business benefits, including:

Technical Benefits:
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

1. Faster time to market: DevOps enables faster release cycles and reduces the time it
takes to go from development to deployment.
2. Improved software quality: DevOps emphasizes collaboration between development
and operations teams, resulting in better-quality software.
3. Increased reliability and scalability: DevOps automates processes, reduces human
error, and allows for better resource allocation, resulting in increased reliability and
scalability.

Business Benefits:

1. Increased efficiency and cost savings: DevOps enables organizations to release

software faster and with fewer errors, leading to increased efficiency and cost savings.
2. Improved customer satisfaction: DevOps helps organizations to quickly address
customer issues and provide new features, leading to improved customer satisfaction.
3. Increased competitiveness: DevOps enables organizations to move faster and more
efficiently than their competitors, giving them a competitive advantage.

Q19. What are the core operations of DevOps in terms of development and
infrastructure?

The core operations of DevOps in terms of development and infrastructure are:

1. Continuous Integration (CI): Automated integration of code changes into a single

build and test process.
2. Continuous Deployment (CD): Automated release of code changes into production,
following successful testing.
3. Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Managing and provisioning infrastructure using code,
rather than manual configuration.
4. Configuration Management: Automating and managing the configuration of systems
and applications.
5. Monitoring and Logging: Monitoring the performance and availability of systems and
applications, and logging relevant events and data.
6. Security: Incorporating security into the development process and ensuring the secure
deployment and operation of systems and applications.
7. Collaboration: Facilitating collaboration between development and operations teams,
and promoting a culture of shared responsibility for the delivery and operation of
systems and applications.

Q20. Can one consider DevOps as an Agile methodology?

DevOps is not considered an Agile methodology, but it can be used in conjunction with Agile
practices to improve the software development process. Agile methodology focuses on
delivering small increments of working software frequently, while DevOps focuses on
improving collaboration and communication between development and operations teams to
increase efficiency and reduce the time it takes to release software to production. DevOps can
be seen as a complementary approach to Agile, as it can help Agile teams to better achieve
their goals of delivering software quickly and reliably.
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

DevOps Interview Questions – Version Control System

(VCS) Interview Questions
Now let’s look at some interview questions on VCS. 

Q1. What is Version control?

This is probably the easiest question you will face in the interview. My suggestion is to first
give a definition of Version control. It is a system that records changes to a file or set of files
over time so that you can recall specific versions later. Version control systems consist of a
central shared repository where teammates can commit changes to a file or set of file. Then
you can mention the uses of version control.

Version control allows you to:

 Revert files back to a previous state.

 Revert the entire project back to a previous state.
 Compare changes over time.
 See who last modified something that might be causing a problem.
 Who introduced an issue and when.

Q2. What are the benefits of using version control?

I will suggest you to include the following advantages of version control:

1. With Version Control System (VCS), all the team members are allowed to work freely
on any file at any time. VCS will later allow you to merge all the changes into a
common version.
2. All the past versions and variants are neatly packed up inside the VCS. When you need
it, you can request any version at any time and you’ll have a snapshot of the complete
project right at hand.
3. Every time you save a new version of your project, your VCS requires you to provide a
short description of what was changed. Additionally, you can see what exactly was
changed in the file’s content. This allows you to know who has made what change in the
project.
4. A distributed VCS like Git allows all the team members to have complete history of the
project so if there is a breakdown in the central server you can use any of your
teammate’s local Git repository.

Q3. Describe branching strategies you have used.

This question is asked to test your branching experience so tell them about how you have
used branching in your previous job and what purpose does it serves, you can refer the below
points:

 Feature branching
A feature branch model keeps all of the changes for a particular feature inside of a
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branch. When the feature is fully tested and validated by automated tests, the branch is
then merged into master.
 Task branching
In this model each task is implemented on its own branch with the task key included in
the branch name. It is easy to see which code implements which task, just look for the
task key in the branch name.
 Release branching
Once the develop branch has acquired enough features for a release, you can clone that
branch to form a Release branch. Creating this branch starts the next release cycle, so no
new features can be added after this point, only bug fixes, documentation generation,
and other release-oriented tasks should go in this branch. Once it is ready to ship, the
release gets merged into master and tagged with a version number. In addition, it should
be merged back into develop branch, which may have progressed since the release was
initiated.

In the end tell them that branching strategies varies from one organization to another, so I
know basic branching operations like delete, merge, checking out a branch etc.

Q4. Which VCS tool you are comfortable with?

You can just mention the VCS tool that you have worked on like this: “I have worked on Git
and one major advantage it has over other VCS tools like SVN is that it is a distributed
version control system.”
Distributed VCS tools do not necessarily rely on a central server to store all the versions of a
project’s files. Instead, every developer “clones” a copy of a repository and has the full
history of the project on their own hard drive.

Q5. What is Git?

I will suggest that you attempt this question by first explaining about the architecture of git as
shown in the below diagram. You can refer to the explanation given below:

 Git is a Distributed Version Control system (DVCS). It can track changes to a file and
allows you to revert back to any particular change.
 Its distributed architecture provides many advantages over other Version Control
Systems (VCS) like SVN one major advantage is that it does not rely on a central server
to store all the versions of a project’s files. Instead, every developer “clones” a copy of a
repository I have shown in the diagram below with “Local repository” and has the full
history of the project on his hard drive so that when there is a server outage, all you need
for recovery is one of your teammate’s local Git repository.
 There is a central cloud repository as well where developers can commit changes and
share it with other teammates as you can see in the diagram where all collaborators are
commiting changes “Remote repository”.
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Q6. Explain some basic Git commands?

Below are some basic Git commands:

Q7. In Git how do you revert a commit that has already been pushed and
made public?

There can be two answers to this question so make sure that you include both because any of
the below options can be used depending on the situation:

 Remove or fix the bad file in a new commit and push it to the remote repository. This is
the most natural way to fix an error. Once you have made necessary changes to the file,
commit it to the remote repository for that I will use
git commit -m “commit message”
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 Create a new commit that undoes all changes that were made in the bad commit.to do
this I will use a command
git revert <name of bad commit>

Q8. How do you squash last N commits into a single commit?

There are two options to squash last N commits into a single commit. Include both of the
below mentioned options in your answer:

 If you want to write the new commit message from scratch use the following command
git reset –soft HEAD~N &&
git commit
 If you want to start editing the new commit message with a concatenation of the existing
commit messages then you need to extract those messages and pass them to Git commit
for that I will use
git reset –soft HEAD~N &&
git commit –edit -m”$(git log –format=%B –reverse .HEAD@{N})”

Q9. What is Git bisect? How can you use it to determine the source of a
(regression) bug?

I will suggest you to first give a small definition of Git bisect, Git bisect is used to find the
commit that introduced a bug by using binary search. Command for Git bisect is
git bisect <subcommand> <options>
Now since you have mentioned the command above, explain what this command will do,
This command uses a binary search algorithm to find which commit in your project’s history
introduced a bug. You use it by first telling it a “bad” commit that is known to contain the
bug, and a “good” commit that is known to be before the bug was introduced. Then Git bisect
picks a commit between those two endpoints and asks you whether the selected commit is
“good” or “bad”. It continues narrowing down the range until it finds the exact commit that
introduced the change.

Q10. What is Git rebase and how can it be used to resolve conflicts in a
feature branch before merge?

According to me, you should start by saying git rebase is a command which will merge
another branch into the branch where you are currently working, and move all of the local
commits that are ahead of the rebased branch to the top of the history on that branch.
Now once you have defined Git rebase time for an example to show how it can be used to
resolve conflicts in a feature branch before merge, if a feature branch was created from
master, and since then the master branch has received new commits, Git rebase can be used to
move the feature branch to the tip of master.
The command effectively will replay the changes made in the feature branch at the tip of
master, allowing conflicts to be resolved in the process. When done with care, this will allow
the feature branch to be merged into master with relative ease and sometimes as a simple fast-
forward operation.

Q11. How do you configure a Git repository to run code sanity checking tools
right before making commits, and preventing them if the test fails?
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
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I will suggest you to first give a small introduction to sanity checking, A sanity or smoke test
determines whether it is possible and reasonable to continue testing.
Now explain how to achieve this, this can be done with a simple script related to the pre-
commit hook of the repository. The pre-commit hook is triggered right before a commit is
made, even before you are required to enter a commit message. In this script one can run
other tools, such as linters and perform sanity checks on the changes being committed into
the repository.
Finally give an example, you can refer the below script:

1#!/bin/sh
2files=$(git diff --cached --name-only --diff-filter=ACM | grep '.go$')
3if [ -z files ]; then
4exit 0
5fi
6unfmtd=$(gofmt -l $files)
7if [ -z unfmtd ]; then
8exit 0
9fi
10echo “Some .go files are not fmt’d”
11exit 1</p>
12<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>

This script checks to see if any .go file that is about to be committed needs to be passed
through the standard Go source code formatting tool gofmt. By exiting with a non-zero status,
the script effectively prevents the commit from being applied to the repository.

Q12. How do you find a list of files that has changed in a particular commit?

For this answer instead of just telling the command, explain what exactly this command will
do so you can say that, To get a list files that has changed in a particular commit use
command
git diff-tree -r {hash}
Given the commit hash, this will list all the files that were changed or added in that commit.
The -r flag makes the command list individual files, rather than collapsing them into root
directory names only.
You can also include the below mention point although it is totally optional but will help in
impressing the interviewer.
The output will also include some extra information, which can be easily suppressed by
including two flags:
git diff-tree –no-commit-id –name-only -r {hash}
Here –no-commit-id will suppress the commit hashes from appearing in the output, and –
name-only will only print the file names, instead of their paths.

Q13. How do you setup a script to run every time a repository receives new
commits through push?

There are three ways to configure a script to run every time a repository receives new
commits through push, one needs to define either a pre-receive, update, or a post-receive
hook depending on when exactly the script needs to be triggered.
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 Pre-receive hook in the destination repository is invoked when commits are pushed to it.
Any script bound to this hook will be executed before any references are updated. This
is a useful hook to run scripts that help enforce development policies.
 Update hook works in a similar manner to pre-receive hook, and is also triggered before
any updates are actually made. However, the update hook is called once for every
commit that has been pushed to the destination repository.
 Finally, post-receive hook in the repository is invoked after the updates have been
accepted into the destination repository. This is an ideal place to configure simple
deployment scripts, invoke some continuous integration systems, dispatch notification
emails to repository maintainers, etc.

Hooks are local to every Git repository and are not versioned. Scripts can either be created
within the hooks directory inside the “.git” directory, or they can be created elsewhere and
links to those scripts can be placed within the directory.

Q14. How will you know in Git if a branch has already been merged into
master?

I will suggest you to include both the below mentioned commands:

git branch –merged lists the branches that have been merged into the current branch.
git branch –no-merged lists the branches that have not been merged.

Q15. Explain the difference between a centralized and distributed version

control system (VCS).?

Centralized Version Control Distributed Version control

In this, all the developers will be having a
In this, we will not be having a copy of the
copy of the main repository on their local
main repository on the local repository.
repository
There is a need for the internet for accessing There is no need for the internet for accessing
the main repository data because we will not the main repository data because we will be
be having another copy of the server on the having another copy of the server on the local
local repository repository.
If the main server crashes then there will be a If there is a crash on the main server there
problem in accessing the server for the will be no problem faced regarding the
developers. availability of the server.
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By Aaradhya Bodade

Q16. What is the difference between Git Merge and Git Rebase?

Here, both are merging mechanisms but the difference between the Git Merge and Git Rebase
is, in Git Merge logs will be showing the complete history of commits.

However, when one does Git Rebase, the logs are rearranged. The rearrangement is done to
make the logs look linear and simple to understand. This is also a drawback since other team
members will not understand how the different commits were merged into one another.

Q17. Explain the difference between git fetch and git pull?

Git Pull Git Fetch

DevOps is used to update the working
Git fetch gets new data from a remote
directory with the latest changes from the
repository to the local repository
remote server.
Git pull is used to get the data to the local Git fetch is only used to get the data to the
repository and the data is merged in the local repository but the data is not merged in
working repository the working repository
Command – git pull origin Command – git fetch origin
Q18. Can you explain the “Shift left to reduce failure” concept in DevOps?

Shift left is a concept used in DevOps for a better level of security, performance, etc. Let us
get in detail with an example, if we see all the phases in DevOps we can say that security is
tested before the step of deployment. By using the left shift method we can include the
security in the development phase which is on the left.[will be shown in the diagram] not
only in development we can integrate with all phases like before development and in the
testing phase too. This probably increases the level of security by finding the errors in the
very initial stages.
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Q19. Can you give me some examples of version control systems that are in use today?

Yes, here are some examples of version control systems that are in use today:

 Git
 Subversion (SVN)
 Mercurial
 Microsoft Team Foundation Server (TFS)
 Apache Cassandra
 Bitbucket
 GitHub
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q20. How would you go about creating a branch for an existing project?

To create a branch in an existing project using Git, follow these steps:

1. Navigate to the root directory of the project in your terminal/command line.

2. Run the command git checkout -b <branch_name> to create a new branch with the
name <branch_name>.
3. Once the branch is created, you can make changes to the code, stage and commit them
as you would normally.
4. To switch to a different branch, run the command git checkout <branch_name>.
5. To merge changes from one branch to another, use the command git merge
<branch_name>.

Note: Before creating a branch, it is recommended to sync your local repository with the
remote repository to ensure you are working on the latest version of the project.

DevOps Certification Training Course

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Q21. What are tags and how are they used?

Tags are labels or keywords that describe the content of a web page or a blog post. They are
used in HTML or XML code to categorize the content and make it easier for search engines
and users to find relevant information.

For example, a blog post about cooking may have tags such as “recipe,” “food,” “cooking,”
and “dinner.” This allows users to search for and find similar posts based on those tags.

In addition, tags can also be used to format and style text, such as headings, links, and
images. The use of tags helps to organize and structure the content, making it easier for both
users and search engines to understand.

DevOps Interview Questions – Continuous Integration

Interview Questions 
Now, let’s look at Continuous Integration interview questions:

Q1. What is meant by Continuous Integration?

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

I will advise you to begin this answer by giving a small definition of Continuous Integration
(CI). It is a development practice that requires developers to integrate code into a shared
repository several times a day. Each check-in is then verified by an automated build, allowing
teams to detect problems early.
I suggest that you explain how you have implemented it in your previous job. You can refer
the below given example:

In the diagram shown above:

1. Developers check out code into their private workspaces.

2. When they are done with it they commit the changes to the shared repository (Version
Control Repository).
3. The CI server monitors the repository and checks out changes when they occur.
4. The CI server then pulls these changes and builds the system and also runs unit and
integration tests.
5. The CI server will now inform the team of the successful build.
6. If the build or tests fails, the CI server will alert the team.
7. The team will try to fix the issue at the earliest opportunity.
8. This process keeps on repeating.

Q2. Why do you need a Continuous Integration of Dev & Testing?

For this answer, you should focus on the need of Continuous Integration. My suggestion
would be to mention the below explanation in your answer:
Continuous Integration of Dev and Testing improves the quality of software, and reduces the
time taken to deliver it, by replacing the traditional practice of testing after completing all
development. It allows Dev team to easily detect and locate problems early because
developers need to integrate code into a shared repository several times a day (more
frequently). Each check-in is then automatically tested.

Q3. What are the success factors for Continuous Integration?

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Here you have to mention the requirements for Continuous Integration. You could include the
following points in your answer:

 Maintain a code repository

 Automate the build
 Make the build self-testing
 Everyone commits to the baseline every day
 Every commit (to baseline) should be built
 Keep the build fast
 Test in a clone of the production environment
 Make it easy to get the latest deliverables
 Everyone can see the results of the latest build
 Automate deployment

Q4. Explain how you can move or copy Jenkins from one server to another?

I will approach this task by copying the jobs directory from the old server to the new one.
There are multiple ways to do that; I have mentioned them below:
You can:

 Move a job from one installation of Jenkins to another by simply copying the
corresponding job directory.
 Make a copy of an existing job by making a clone of a job directory by a different name.
 Rename an existing job by renaming a directory. Note that if you change a job name you
will need to change any other job that tries to call the renamed job.

Q5. Explain how can create a backup and copy files in Jenkins?

Answer to this question is really direct. To create a backup, all you need to do is to
periodically back up your JENKINS_HOME directory. This contains all of your build jobs
configurations, your slave node configurations, and your build history. To create a back-up of
your Jenkins setup, just copy this directory. You can also copy a job directory to clone or
replicate a job or rename the directory.

Q6. Explain how you can setup Jenkins job?

My approach to this answer will be to first mention how to create Jenkins job. Go to Jenkins
top page, select “New Job”, then choose “Build a free-style software project”.
Then you can tell the elements of this freestyle job:

 Optional SCM, such as CVS or Subversion where your source code resides.
 Optional triggers to control when Jenkins will perform builds.
 Some sort of build script that performs the build (ant, maven, shell script, batch file,
etc.) where the real work happens.
 Optional steps to collect information out of the build, such as archiving the artifacts
and/or recording javadoc and test results.
 Optional steps to notify other people/systems with the build result, such as sending e-
mails, IMs, updating issue tracker, etc..
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q7. Mention some of the useful plugins in Jenkins.

Below, I have mentioned some important Plugins:

 Maven 2 project
 Amazon EC2
 HTML publisher
 Copy artifact
 Join
 Green Balls

These Plugins, I feel are the most useful plugins. If you want to include any other Plugin that
is not mentioned above, you can add them as well. But, make sure you first mention the
above stated plugins and then add your own.

Q8. How will you secure Jenkins?

The way I secure Jenkins is mentioned below. If you have any other way of doing it, please
mention it in the comments section below:

 Ensure global security is on.

 Ensure that Jenkins is integrated with my company’s user directory with appropriate
plugin.
 Ensure that matrix/Project matrix is enabled to fine tune access.
 Automate the process of setting rights/privileges in Jenkins with custom version
controlled script.
 Limit physical access to Jenkins data/folders.
 Periodically run security audits on same.

Jenkins is one of the many popular tools that are used extensively in
DevOps. Edureka’s DevOps Certification course will provide you hands-on training with
Jenkins and high quality guidance from industry experts. Give it a look:

Q9. What is the Blue/Green Deployment Pattern?

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

This is a continuous deployment strategy that is generally used to decrease downtime. This is
used for transferring the traffic from one instance to another.

For Example, let us take a situation where we want to include a new version of code. Now we
have to replace the old version with a new version of code. The old version is considered to
be in a blue environment and the new version is considered as a green environment. we had
made some changes to the existing old version which transformed into a new version with
minimum changes.
Now to run the new version of the instance we need to transfer the traffic from the old
instance to the new instance. That means we need to transfer the traffic from the blue
environment to the green environment. The new version will be running on the green
instance. Gradually the traffic is transferred to the green instance. The blue instance will be
kept on idle and used for the rollback.

In Blue-Green deployment, the application is not deployed in the same environment. Instead,
a new server or environment is created where the new version of the application is deployed.

Once the new version of the application is deployed in a separate environment, the traffic to
the old version of the application is redirected to the new version of the application.

We follow the Blue-Green Deployment model, so that any problem which is encountered in
the production environment for the new application if detected. The traffic can be
immediately redirected to the previous Blue environment, with minimum or no impact on the
business. Following diagram shows, Blue-Green Deployment.
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q10. Explain how you can setup Jenkins job?

A pattern can be defined as an ideology on how to solve a problem. Now anti-pattern can be
defined as a method that would help us to solve the problem now but it may result in
damaging our system [i.e, it shows how not to approach a problem ].

Some of the anti-patterns we see in DevOps are:

 DevOps is a process and not a culture.

 DevOps is nothing but Agile.
 There should be a separate DevOps group.
 DevOps solves every problem.
 DevOps equates to developers running a production environment.
 DevOps follows Development-driven management
 DevOps does not focus much on development.
 As we are a unique organization, we don’t follow the masses and hence we won’t
implement DevOps.
 We don’t have the right set of people, hence we cant implement DevOps culture.

Q11. How will you approach a project that needs to implement DevOps?

First, if we want to approach a project that needs DevOps, we need to know a few concepts
like :

 Any programming language [C, C++, JAVA, Python..] concerning the project.
 Get an idea of operating systems for management purposes [like memory management,
disk management..etc].
 Get an idea about networking and security concepts.
 Get the idea about what DevOps is, what is continuous integration, continuous
development, continuous delivery, continuous deployment, monitoring, and its tools
used in various phases.[like GIT, Docker, Jenkins,…etc]
 Now after this interact with other teams and design a roadmap for the process.
 Once all teams get cleared then create a proof of concept and start according to the
project plan.
 Now the project is ready to go through the phases of DevOps Version control,
integration, testing, deployment, delivery, and monitoring.

Here’s what Shyam Verma, one of our DevOps learners had to say about our DevOps
Training course:
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q12. State difference between CI/CD vs DevOps.

CI/CD (Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment) and DevOps are related
concepts, but they are not the same thing.

CI/CD refers to the process of automating the building, testing, and deployment of software.
The goal of CI/CD is to make it easier to release new software changes and bug fixes to users
quickly and reliably.

DevOps, on the other hand, is a cultural and technical movement focused on improving
collaboration and communication between development and operations teams. DevOps
emphasizes the automation of processes and the use of technology to enable organizations to
deliver software faster and more reliably.

In summary, CI/CD is a set of practices for software development, while DevOps is a cultural
movement and set of practices aimed at improving collaboration and communication between
development and operations teams to deliver software faster and more reliably.

Q13. Explain trunk-based development.

Trunk-based development is a software development methodology that focuses on frequent,

small code changes being integrated into the main development branch (trunk) as soon as
they are ready, rather than longer development cycles with multiple branches. This approach
aims to minimize branching and merging, promoting continuous integration and testing, and
allowing for faster delivery of new features and bug fixes to users. The main principle behind
trunk-based development is to keep the trunk in a stable and releasable state at all times,
allowing developers to work efficiently and reducing the risk of conflicts and integration
issues.

Q14. Explain some common practices of CI/CD.

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment/Delivery (CD) are software

development practices that aim to automate and improve the software development process.
Some common CI/CD practices include:

1. Automated building and testing of code changes: Every code change is automatically

built and tested to ensure that it does not break the existing functionality.
2. Code reviews and collaboration: Teams review code changes and provide feedback
before they are merged into the main codebase.
3. Automated deployment: The process of deploying code changes to a production
environment is automated and can be triggered by a successful build and test.
4. Infrastructure as Code (IaC): The infrastructure that supports the application is
managed as code and versioned, allowing for easier and more consistent deployment.
5. Continuous monitoring and logging: The application is continuously monitored for
performance and errors, and logs are automatically collected and analyzed.
6. Rollback capabilities: The ability to quickly and easily roll back to a previous version
of the application in case of failure.
7. Security scans: Security scans are performed on the code and infrastructure to identify
vulnerabilities and security risks.

By implementing these practices, organizations can speed up the development process,

improve the quality of their software, and quickly respond to changes in the market or
customer needs.

DevOps Interview Questions – Continuous Testing Interview Questions 

Now let’s move on to the Continuous Testing questions.

Q1. What is Continuous Testing?

I will advise you to follow the below mentioned explanation:

Continuous Testing is the process of executing automated tests as part of the software
delivery pipeline to obtain immediate feedback on the business risks associated with in the
latest build. In this way, each build is tested continuously, allowing Development teams to
get fast feedback so that they can prevent those problems from progressing to the next stage
of Software delivery life-cycle. This dramatically speeds up a developer’s workflow as
there’s no need to manually rebuild the project and re-run all tests after making changes.

Q2. What is Automation Testing?

Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating the manual process to test
the application/system under test. Automation testing involves use of separate testing tools
which lets you create test scripts which can be executed repeatedly and doesn’t require any
manual intervention.

Q3. What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

I have listed down some advantages of automation testing. Include these in your answer and
you can add your own experience of how Continuous Testing helped your previous company:

 Supports execution of repeated test cases

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

 Aids in testing a large test matrix

 Enables parallel execution
 Encourages unattended execution
 Improves accuracy thereby reducing human generated errors
 Saves time and money

Q4. How to automate Testing in DevOps lifecycle?

I have mentioned a generic flow below which you can refer to:
In DevOps, developers are required to commit all the changes made in the source code to a
shared repository. Continuous Integration tools like Jenkins will pull the code from this
shared repository every time a change is made in the code and deploy it for Continuous
Testing that is done by tools like Selenium as shown in the below diagram.
In this way, any change in the code is continuously tested unlike the traditional approach.

Q5. Why is Continuous Testing important for DevOps?

You can answer this question by saying, “Continuous Testing allows any change made in the
code to be tested immediately. This avoids the problems created by having “big-bang” testing
left to the end of the cycle such as release delays and quality issues. In this way, Continuous
Testing facilitates more frequent and good quality releases.”

Q6. What are the key elements of Continuous Testing tools?

Key elements of Continuous Testing are:

 Risk Assessment: It Covers risk mitigation tasks, technical debt, quality assessment and
test coverage optimization to ensure the build is ready to progress toward next stage.
 Policy Analysis: It ensures all processes align with the organization’s evolving business
and compliance demands are met.
 Requirements Traceability: It ensures true requirements are met and rework is not
required. An object assessment is used to identify which requirements are at risk,
working as expected or require further validation.
 Advanced Analysis: It uses automation in areas such as static code analysis, change
impact analysis and scope assessment/prioritization to prevent defects in the first place
and accomplishing more within each iteration.
 Test Optimization: It ensures tests yield accurate outcomes and provide actionable
findings. Aspects include Test Data Management, Test Optimization Management and
Test Maintenance
 Service Virtualization: It ensures access to real-world testing environments. Service
visualization enables access to the virtual form of the required testing stages, cutting the
waste time to test environment setup and availability.

Q7. Which Testing tool are you comfortable with and what are the benefits of
that tool?
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Here mention the testing tool that you have worked with and accordingly frame your answer.
I have mentioned an example below:
I have worked on Selenium to ensure high quality and more frequent releases.

Some advantages of Selenium are:

 It is free and open source

 It has a large user base and helping communities
 It has cross Browser compatibility (Firefox, chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.)
 It has great platform compatibility (Windows, Mac OS, Linux etc.)
 It supports multiple programming languages (Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Pearl etc.)
 It has fresh and regular repository developments
 It supports distributed testing

Q8. What are the Testing types supported by Selenium?

Selenium supports two types of testing:

Regression Testing: It is the act of retesting a product around an area where a bug was fixed.
Functional Testing: It refers to the testing of software features (functional points)
individually.

Q9. What is Selenium IDE?

My suggestion is to start this answer by defining Selenium IDE. It is an integrated

development environment for Selenium scripts. It is implemented as a Firefox extension, and
allows you to record, edit, and debug tests. Selenium IDE includes the entire Selenium Core,
allowing you to easily and quickly record and play back tests in the actual environment that
they will run in.
Now include some advantages in your answer. With autocomplete support and the ability to
move commands around quickly, Selenium IDE is the ideal environment for creating
Selenium tests no matter what style of tests you prefer.

Q10. What is the difference between Assert and Verify commands in

Selenium?

I have mentioned differences between Assert and Verify commands below:

 Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. Let’s say we assert
whether the given element is present on the web page or not. If the condition is true,
then the program control will execute the next test step. But, if the condition is false, the
execution would stop and no further test would be executed.
 Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false. Irrespective of
the condition being true or false, the program execution doesn’t halts i.e. any failure
during verification would not stop the execution and all the test steps would be
executed.

Q11. How to launch Browser using WebDriver?

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

The following syntax can be used to launch Browser:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

Q12. When should I use Selenium Grid?

For this answer, my suggestion would be to give a small definition of Selenium Grid. It can
be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers
concurrently to achieve distributed test execution. This allows testing under different
environments and saving execution time remarkably.

Learn Automation testing and other DevOps concepts in live instructor-led online classes in
our DevOps Certification course.

Q13. Can you differentiate between continuous testing and automation

testing?

Continuous Testing Automation Testing

Continuous Testing is a process that involves Automation testing is a process tool that
executing all the automated test cases as a involves testing the code repetitively without
part of the software delivery pipeline manual intervention.
This process mainly focuses on business This process mainly focuses on a bug-free
risks. environment.
It’s comparatively slow than automation It’s comparatively faster than continuous
testing testing.
DevOps Interview Questions – Configuration
Management Interview Questions 
Now let’s check how much you know about Configuration Management.

Q1. What are the goals of Configuration management processes?

The purpose of Configuration Management (CM) is to ensure the integrity of a product or

system throughout its life-cycle by making the development or deployment process
controllable and repeatable, therefore creating a higher quality product or system. The CM
process allows orderly management of system information and system changes for purposes
such as to:

 Revise capability,
 Improve performance,
 Reliability or maintainability,
 Extend life,
 Reduce cost,
 Reduce risk and
 Liability, or correct defects.
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q2. What is the difference between Asset Management and Configuration

Management?

Given below are few differences between Asset Management and Configuration
Management:

Q3. What is the difference between an Asset and a Configuration Item?

According to me, you should first explain Asset. It has a financial value along with a
depreciation rate attached to it. IT assets are just a sub-set of it. Anything and everything that
has a cost and the organization uses it for its asset value calculation and related benefits in tax
calculation falls under Asset Management, and such item is called an asset.
Configuration Item on the other hand may or may not have financial values assigned to it. It
will not have any depreciation linked to it. Thus, its life would not be dependent on its
financial value but will depend on the time till that item becomes obsolete for the
organization.

Now you can give an example that can showcase the similarity and differences between both:
1) Similarity:
Server – It is both an asset as well as a CI.
2) Difference:
Building – It is an asset but not a CI.
Document – It is a CI but not an asset

Q4. What do you understand by “Infrastructure as code”? How does it fit into
the DevOps methodology? What purpose does it achieve?

Infrastructure as Code (IAC) is a type of IT infrastructure that operations teams can use to
automatically manage and provision through code, rather than using a manual process.
Companies for faster deployments treat infrastructure like software: as code that can be
managed with the DevOps tools and processes. These tools let you make infrastructure
changes more easily, rapidly, safely and reliably.

Q5. Which among Puppet, Chef, SaltStack and Ansible is the best
Configuration Management (CM) tool? Why?

This depends on the organization’s need so mention few points on all those tools:
Puppet is the oldest and most mature CM tool. Puppet is a Ruby-based Configuration
Management tool, but while it has some free features, much of what makes Puppet great is
only available in the paid version. Organizations that don’t need a lot of extras will find
Puppet useful, but those needing more customization will probably need to upgrade to the
paid version.
Chef is written in Ruby, so it can be customized by those who know the language. It also
includes free features, plus it can be upgraded from open source to enterprise-level if
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

necessary. On top of that, it’s a very flexible product.

Ansible is a very secure option since it uses Secure Shell. It’s a simple tool to use, but it does
offer a number of other services in addition to configuration management. It’s very easy to
learn, so it’s perfect for those who don’t have a dedicated IT staff but still need a
configuration management tool.
SaltStack is python based open source CM tool made for larger businesses, but its learning
curve is fairly low.

Q6. What is Puppet?

I will advise you to first give a small definition of Puppet. It is a Configuration Management
tool which is used to automate administration tasks.
Now you should describe its architecture and how Puppet manages its Agents. Puppet has a
Master-Slave architecture in which the Slave has to first send a Certificate signing request to
Master and Master has to sign that Certificate in order to establish a secure connection
between Puppet Master and Puppet Slave as shown on the diagram below. Puppet Slave
sends request to Puppet Master and Puppet Master then pushes configuration on Slave.
Refer the diagram below that explains the above description.

Q7. Before a client can authenticate with the Puppet Master, its certs need to
be signed and accepted. How will you automate this task?

The easiest way is to enable auto-signing in puppet.conf.

Do mention that this is a security risk. If you still want to do this:

 Firewall your puppet master – restrict port tcp/8140 to only networks that you trust.
 Create puppet masters for each ‘trust zone’, and only include the trusted nodes in that
Puppet masters manifest.
 Never use a full wildcard such as *.

Q8. Describe the most significant gain you made from automating a process
through Puppet.

For this answer, I will suggest you to explain you past experience with Puppet. you can refer
the below example:
I automated the configuration and deployment of Linux and Windows machines using
Puppet. In addition to shortening the processing time from one week to 10 minutes, I used the
roles and profiles pattern and documented the purpose of each module in README to ensure
that others could update the module using Git. The modules I wrote are still being used, but
they’ve been improved by my teammates and members of the community

Q9. Which open source or community tools do you use to make Puppet more
powerful?
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Over here, you need to mention the tools and how you have used those tools to make Puppet
more powerful. Below is one example for your reference:
Changes and requests are ticketed through Jira and we manage requests through an internal
process. Then, we use Git and Puppet’s Code Manager app to manage Puppet code in
accordance with best practices. Additionally, we run all of our Puppet changes through our
continuous integration pipeline in Jenkins using the beaker testing framework.

Q10. What are Puppet Manifests?

It is a very important question so make sure you go in the correct flow. According to me, you
should first define Manifests. Every node (or Puppet Agent) has got its configuration details
in Puppet Master, written in the native Puppet language. These details are written in the
language which Puppet can understand and are termed as Manifests. They are composed of
Puppet code and their filenames use the .pp extension.
Now give an exampl. You can write a manifest in Puppet Master that creates a file and
installs apache on all Puppet Agents (Slaves) connected to the Puppet Master.

Q11. What is Puppet Module and How it is different from Puppet Manifest?

For this answer, you can go with the below mentioned explanation:
A Puppet Module is a collection of Manifests and data (such as facts, files, and templates),
and they have a specific directory structure. Modules are useful for organizing your Puppet
code, because they allow you to split your code into multiple Manifests. It is considered best
practice to use Modules to organize almost all of your Puppet Manifests.
Puppet programs are called Manifests which are composed of Puppet code and their file
names use the .pp extension.

Q12. What is Facter in Puppet?

You are expected to answer what exactly Facter does in Puppet so according to me, you
should say, “Facter gathers basic information (facts) about Puppet Agent such as hardware
details, network settings, OS type and version, IP addresses, MAC addresses, SSH keys, and
more. These facts are then made available in Puppet Master’s Manifests as variables.”

Q13. What is Chef?

Begin this answer by defining Chef. It is a powerful automation platform that transforms
infrastructure into code. Chef is a tool for which you write scripts that are used to automate
processes. What processes? Pretty much anything related to IT.
Now you can explain the architecture of Chef, it consists of:

 Chef Server: The Chef Server is the central store of your infrastructure’s configuration
data. The Chef Server stores the data necessary to configure your nodes and provides
search, a powerful tool that allows you to dynamically drive node configuration based
on data.
 Chef Node: A Node is any host that is configured using Chef-client. Chef-client runs on
your nodes, contacting the Chef Server for the information necessary to configure the
node. Since a Node is a machine that runs the Chef-client software, nodes are sometimes
referred to as “clients”.
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

 Chef Workstation: A Chef Workstation is the host you use to modify your cookbooks
and other configuration data.

Q14. What is a resource in Chef?

My suggestion is to first define Resource. A Resource represents a piece of infrastructure and

its desired state, such as a package that should be installed, a service that should be running,
or a file that should be generated.
You should explain about the functions of Resource for that include the following points:

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Next

 Describes the desired state for a configuration item.

 Declares the steps needed to bring that item to the desired state.
 Specifies a resource type such as package, template, or service.
 Lists additional details (also known as resource properties), as necessary.
 Are grouped into recipes, which describe working configurations.

Q15. What do you mean by recipe in Chef?

For this answer, I will suggest you to use the above mentioned flow: first define Recipe. A
Recipe is a collection of Resources that describes a particular configuration or policy. A
Recipe describes everything that is required to configure part of a system.
After the definition, explain the functions of Recipes by including the following points:

 Install and configure software components.

 Manage files.
 Deploy applications.
 Execute other recipes.

Q16. How does a Cookbook differ from a Recipe in Chef?

The answer to this is pretty direct. You can simply say, “a Recipe is a collection of
Resources, and primarily configures a software package or some piece of infrastructure. A
Cookbook groups together Recipes and other information in a way that is more manageable
than having just Recipes alone.”

Q17. What happens when you don’t specify a Resource’s action in Chef?

My suggestion is to first give a direct answer: when you don’t specify a resource’s action,
Chef applies the default action.
Now explain this with an example, the below resource:
file ‘C:UsersAdministratorchef-reposettings.ini’ do
content ‘greeting=hello world’
end
is same as the below resource:
file ‘C:UsersAdministratorchef-reposettings.ini’ do
action :create
content ‘greeting=hello world’
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end
because: create is the file Resource’s default action.

Q18. What is Ansible module?

Modules are considered to be the units of work in Ansible. Each module is mostly standalone
and can be written in a standard scripting language such as Python, Perl, Ruby, bash, etc..
One of the guiding properties of modules is idempotency, which means that even if an
operation is repeated multiple times e.g. upon recovery from an outage, it will always place
the system into the same state.

Q19. What are playbooks in Ansible?

Playbooks are Ansible’s configuration, deployment, and orchestration language. They can
describe a policy you want your remote systems to enforce, or a set of steps in a general IT
process. Playbooks are designed to be human-readable and are developed in a basic text
language.
At a basic level, playbooks can be used to manage configurations of and deployments to
remote machines.

Q20. How do I see a list of all of the ansible_ variables?

Ansible by default gathers “facts” about the machines under management, and these facts can
be accessed in Playbooks and in templates. To see a list of all of the facts that are available
about a machine, you can run the “setup” module as an ad-hoc action:
Ansible -m setup hostname
This will print out a dictionary of all of the facts that are available for that particular host.

Q21. How can I set deployment order for applications?

WebLogic Server 8.1 allows you to select the load order for applications. See the Application
MBean Load Order attribute in Application. WebLogic Server deploys server-level resources
(first JDBC and then JMS) before deploying applications. Applications are deployed in this
order: connectors, then EJBs, then Web Applications. If the application is an EAR, the
individual components are loaded in the order in which they are declared in the
application.xml deployment descriptor.

Q22. Can I refresh static components of a deployed application without

having to redeploy the entire application?

Yes, you can use weblogic.Deployer to specify a component and target a server, using the
following syntax:
java weblogic.Deployer -adminurl http://admin:7001 -name appname -targets server1,server2
-deploy jsps/*.jsp

Q23. How do I turn the auto-deployment feature off?

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The auto-deployment feature checks the applications folder every three seconds to determine
whether there are any new applications or any changes to existing applications and then
dynamically deploys these changes.

The auto-deployment feature is enabled for servers that run in development mode. To disable
auto-deployment feature, use one of the following methods to place servers in production
mode:

 In the Administration Console, click the name of the domain in the left pane, then select
the Production Mode checkbox in the right pane.
 At the command line, include the following argument when starting the domain’s
Administration Server:
-Dweblogic.ProductionModeEnabled=true
 Production mode is set for all WebLogic Server instances in a given domain.

Q24. When should I use the external_stage option?

Set -external_stage using weblogic.Deployer if you want to stage the application yourself,
and prefer to copy it to its target by your own means.

Ansible and Puppet are two of the most popular configuration management tools among
DevOps engineers. 

Q25. What is the use of SSH?

Generally, SSH is used for connecting two computers and helps to work on them remotely.
SSH is mostly used by the operations team as the operations team will be dealing with
managing tasks with which they will require the admin system remotely. The developers will
also be using SSH but comparatively less than the operations team as most of the time they
will be working in the local systems. As we know, the DevOps development team and
operation team will collaborate and work together.SSH will be used when the operations
team faces any problem and needs some assistance from the development team then SSH is
used.

Q26. Can you tell me something about Memcached?

Memcached is a Free & open-source, high-performance, distributed memory object caching

system.

This is generally used in the management of memory in dynamic web applications by caching
the data in RAM. This helps to reduce the frequency of fetching from external sources. This
also helps in speeding up the dynamic web applications by alleviating database load.

Conclusion: DevOps is a culture of collaboration between the Development team and

operation team to work together to bring out an efficient and fast software product. So these
are a few top DevOps interview questions that are covered in this blog. This blog will be
helpful to prepare for a DevOps interview.
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q27. Do you know about post mortem meetings in DevOps?

By the name, we can say it is a type of meeting which is conducted at the end of the project.
In this meeting, all the teams come together and discuss the failures in the current project.
Finally, they will conclude how to avoid them and what measures need to be taken in the
future to avoid these failures.

Q28. What does CAMS stand for in DevOps?

In DevOps, CAMS stands for Culture, Automation, Measurement, and Sharing.

 Culture: Culture is like a base of DevOps. It is implementing all the operations between

the operations team and development team in a particular manner to make things
comfortable for the completion of the software production.
 Automation: Automation is one of the key features of DevOps. It is used to reduce the
time gap between the processes like testing and deployment. In the normal software
development methods, we can see only one team will be working simultaneously. But in
DevOps, we can see all the teams working together as there is an implementation of
automation. All the changes made were reflected in the other teams to work on.
 Measurement: Measurement in the CAMS model of DevOps is related to measuring
crucial factors in the software development process, which can indicate the overall
performance of the team. Measuring factors such as income, costs, revenue, mean time
between failures, etc. The most crucial aspect of Measurement is to pick the right
metrics to track. At the same time, to push the team for better performance, one also
needs to incentivize the correct metrics.
 Sharing: This Sharing Culture plays a key role in DevOps as this helps in sharing the
knowledge with other people of the team. This helps in the increase of people who know
DevOps.This culture can be increased by involving Q and A sessions with teams
regularly so that all the people will be giving their insight about the problem faced and it
can be solved quickly by which we can gain the knowledge.

Q29. Differentiate between Functional testing and Non-Functional testing.

Functional testing is a type of testing that verifies if a system meets the specified functional
requirements and works as intended. It tests the functionality of the software, including
inputs, outputs, and processes.

Non-functional testing, on the other hand, is a type of testing that evaluates the non-
functional aspects of a system, such as performance, security, reliability, scalability, and
usability. It ensures that the software is not only functional, but also meets the performance,
security, and other quality criteria required by the user.

In summary, functional testing focuses on the functionality of the software, while non-
functional testing focuses on the quality criteria of the software.

Q30. Define black box testing and its techniques.

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Black box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an
application without looking at its internal structures or codes. The tester is only concerned
with inputs and expected outputs and does not have any knowledge of the internal workings
of the application. The techniques used in black box testing include:

1. Functional testing: testing the functions or features of the application to ensure they are
working as specified.
2. Integration testing: testing how different components of the application work together.
3. System testing: testing the complete system to ensure it meets the specified
requirements.
4. Acceptance testing: testing to determine if the system is acceptable for delivery to the
end user.
5. Usability testing: testing to determine the ease of use of the application for end users.
6. Load testing: testing the application’s performance under various load conditions.
7. Security testing: testing the application for potential security risks or vulnerabilities.
8. Compatibility testing: testing the application’s compatibility with different hardware,
software, and operating systems.

Q31. How does automate Testing work in the DevOps lifecycle?

Automated testing in DevOps refers to the use of tools and scripts to automatically run tests
on applications, infrastructure, and services. It is integrated into the continuous delivery
pipeline and helps to ensure that new code changes do not introduce bugs or negatively
impact performance. The following is a basic overview of how automated testing works in
the DevOps lifecycle:

1. Code changes are pushed to a version control system such as Git.

2. The continuous integration (CI) system triggers a build and test process, which includes
automated tests.
3. The tests are run automatically, and results are reported back to the CI system.
4. If all tests pass, the code is automatically deployed to a staging environment for further
testing.
5. In the staging environment, additional tests may be run, including manual testing by
testers or the development team.
6. If all tests are successful, the code is then promoted to the production environment.
7. Ongoing monitoring and testing of the production environment help to catch any issues
that may arise.

The goal of automated testing in DevOps is to increase the speed and efficiency of the testing
process while also reducing the risk of bugs being introduced into the production
environment.

DevOps Interview Questions – Continuous

Monitoring Interview Questions 
Let’s test your knowledge on Continuous Monitoring.

Q1. Why is Continuous monitoring necessary?

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I will suggest you to go with the below mentioned flow:

Continuous Monitoring allows timely identification of problems or weaknesses and quick
corrective action that helps reduce expenses of an organization. Continuous monitoring
provides solution that addresses three operational disciplines known as:

 continuous audit
 continuous controls monitoring
 continuous transaction inspection

Q2. What is Nagios?

You can answer this question by first mentioning that Nagios is one of the monitoring tools.
It is used for Continuous monitoring of systems, applications, services, and business
processes etc in a DevOps culture. In the event of a failure, Nagios can alert technical staff of
the problem, allowing them to begin remediation processes before outages affect business
processes, end-users, or customers. With Nagios, you don’t have to explain why an unseen
infrastructure outage affect your organization’s bottom line.
Now once you have defined what is Nagios, you can mention the various things that you can
achieve using Nagios.
By using Nagios you can:

 Plan for infrastructure upgrades before outdated systems cause failures.

 Respond to issues at the first sign of a problem.
 Automatically fix problems when they are detected.
 Coordinate technical team responses.
 Ensure your organization’s SLAs are being met.
 Ensure IT infrastructure outages have a minimal effect on your organization’s bottom
line.
 Monitor your entire infrastructure and business processes.

This completes the answer to this question. Further details like advantages etc. can be added
as per the direction where the discussion is headed.

Q3. How does Nagios works?

I will advise you to follow the below explanation for this answer:
Nagios runs on a server, usually as a daemon or service. Nagios periodically runs plugins
residing on the same server, they contact hosts or servers on your network or on the internet.
One can view the status information using the web interface. You can also receive email or
SMS notifications if something happens.
The Nagios daemon behaves like a scheduler that runs certain scripts at certain moments. It
stores the results of those scripts and will run other scripts if these results change.

Now expect a few questions on Nagios components like Plugins, NRPE etc..

Q4. What are Plugins in Nagios?

Begin this answer by defining Plugins. They are scripts (Perl scripts, Shell scripts, etc.) that
can run from a command line to check the status of a host or service. Nagios uses the results
from Plugins to determine the current status of hosts and services on your network.
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Once you have defined Plugins, explain why we need Plugins. Nagios will execute a Plugin
whenever there is a need to check the status of a host or service. Plugin will perform the
check and then simply returns the result to Nagios. Nagios will process the results that it
receives from the Plugin and take the necessary actions.

Q5. What is NRPE (Nagios Remote Plugin Executor) in Nagios?

For this answer, give a brief definition of Plugins. The NRPE addon is designed to allow you
to execute Nagios plugins on remote Linux/Unix machines. The main reason for doing this is
to allow Nagios to monitor “local” resources (like CPU load, memory usage, etc.) on remote
machines. Since these public resources are not usually exposed to external machines, an
agent like NRPE must be installed on the remote Linux/Unix machines.

I will advise you to explain the NRPE architecture on the basis of diagram shown below. The
NRPE addon consists of two pieces:

 The check_nrpe plugin, which resides on the local monitoring machine.

 The NRPE daemon, which runs on the remote Linux/Unix machine.

There is a SSL (Secure Socket Layer) connection between monitoring host and remote host
as shown in the diagram below.

Q6. What do you mean by passive check in Nagios?

According to me, the answer should start by explaining Passive checks. They are initiated and
performed by external applications/processes and the Passive check results are submitted to
Nagios for processing.
Then explain the need for passive checks. They are useful for monitoring services that are
Asynchronous in nature and cannot be monitored effectively by polling their status on a
regularly scheduled basis. They can also be used for monitoring services that are Located
behind a firewall and cannot be checked actively from the monitoring host.

Q7. When Does Nagios Check for external commands?

Make sure that you stick to the question during your explanation so I will advise you to
follow the below mentioned flow. Nagios check for external commands under the following
conditions:

 At regular intervals specified by the command_check_interval option in the main

configuration file or,
 Immediately after event handlers are executed. This is in addition to the regular cycle of
external command checks and is done to provide immediate action if an event handler
submits commands to Nagios.

Q8. What is the difference between Active and Passive check in Nagios?

MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

For this answer, first point out the basic difference Active and Passive checks. The major
difference between Active and Passive checks is that Active checks are initiated and
performed by Nagios, while passive checks are performed by external applications.
If your interviewer is looking unconvinced with the above explanation then you can also
mention some key features of both Active and Passive checks:
Passive checks are useful for monitoring services that are:

 Asynchronous in nature and cannot be monitored effectively by polling their status on a

regularly scheduled basis.
 Located behind a firewall and cannot be checked actively from the monitoring host.

The main features of Actives checks are as follows:

 Active checks are initiated by the Nagios process.

 Active checks are run on a regularly scheduled basis.

Q9. How does Nagios help with Distributed Monitoring?

The interviewer will be expecting an answer related to the distributed architecture of Nagios.
So, I suggest that you answer it in the below mentioned format:
With Nagios you can monitor your whole enterprise by using a distributed monitoring
scheme in which local slave instances of Nagios perform monitoring tasks and report the
results back to a single master. You manage all configuration, notification, and reporting
from the master, while the slaves do all the work. This design takes advantage of Nagios’s
ability to utilize passive checks i.e. external applications or processes that send results back to
Nagios. In a distributed configuration, these external applications are other instances of
Nagios.

Q10. Explain Main Configuration file of Nagios and its location?

First mention what this main configuration file contains and its function. The main
configuration file contains a number of directives that affect how the Nagios daemon
operates. This config file is read by both the Nagios daemon and the CGIs (It specifies the
location of your main configuration file).
Now you can tell where it is present and how it is created. A sample main configuration file
is created in the base directory of the Nagios distribution when you run the configure script.
The default name of the main configuration file is nagios.cfg. It is usually placed in the etc/
subdirectory of you Nagios installation (i.e. /usr/local/nagios/etc/).

Q11. Explain how Flap Detection works in Nagios?

I will advise you to first explain Flapping first. Flapping occurs when a service or host
changes state too frequently, this causes lot of problem and recovery notifications.
Once you have defined Flapping, explain how Nagios detects Flapping. Whenever Nagios
checks the status of a host or service, it will check to see if it has started or stopped flapping.
Nagios follows the below given procedure to do that:

 Storing the results of the last 21 checks of the host or service analyzing the historical
check results and determine where state changes/transitions occur
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 Using the state transitions to determine a percent state change value (a measure of
change) for the host or service
 Comparing the percent state change value against low and high flapping thresholds

A host or service is determined to have started flapping when its percent state change first
exceeds a high flapping threshold. A host or service is determined to have stopped flapping
when its percent state goes below a low flapping threshold.

Q12. What are the three main variables that affect recursion and inheritance
in Nagios?

According to me the proper format for this answer should be:

First name the variables and then a small explanation of each of these variables:

 Name
 Use
 Register

Then give a brief explanation for each of these variables. Name is a placeholder that is used
by other objects. Use defines the “parent” object whose properties should be used. Register
can have a value of 0 (indicating its only a template) and 1 (an actual object). The register
value is never inherited.

Q13. What is meant by saying Nagios is Object Oriented?

Answer to this question is pretty direct. I will answer this by saying, “One of the features of
Nagios is object configuration format in that you can create object definitions that inherit
properties from other object definitions and hence the name. This simplifies and clarifies
relationships between various components.”

Q14. What is State Stalking in Nagios?

I will advise you to first give a small introduction on State Stalking. It is used for logging
purposes. When Stalking is enabled for a particular host or service, Nagios will watch that
host or service very carefully and log any changes it sees in the output of check results.
Depending on the discussion between you and interviewer you can also add, “It can be very
helpful in later analysis of the log files. Under normal circumstances, the result of a host or
service check is only logged if the host or service has changed state since it was last
checked.”

Want to get trained in monitoring tools like Nagios? Want to certified as a DevOps Engineer?
Make sure you check out our DevOps Engineer Certification Course Masters Program.

Q15. Justify the statement — Nagios is Object-Oriented?

Nagios is considered object-oriented because it uses a modular design, where elements in the
system are represented as objects with specific properties and behaviors. These objects can
interact with each other to produce a unified monitoring system. This design philosophy
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allows for easier maintenance and scalability, as well as allowing for more efficient data
management.

Q16. What is meant by Nagios backend?

A Nagios backend refers to the component of Nagios that stores and manages the data
collected by the monitoring process, such as monitoring results, configuration information,
and event history. The backend is usually implemented as a database or a data store, and is
accessed by the Nagios frontend to display the monitoring data. The backend is a crucial
component of Nagios, as it enables the persistence of monitoring data and enables historical
analysis of the monitored systems.

DevOps Interview Questions – Containerization and

Virtualization Interview Question
Let’s see how much you know about containers and VMs.

Q1. What are containers?

My suggestion is to explain the need for containerization first, containers are used to provide
consistent computing environment from a developer’s laptop to a test environment, from a
staging environment into production.
Now give a definition of containers, a container consists of an entire runtime environment: an
application, plus all its dependencies, libraries and other binaries, and configuration files
needed to run it, bundled into one package. Containerizing the application platform and its
dependencies removes the differences in OS distributions and underlying infrastructure.

Q2. What are the advantages that Containerization provides over

virtualization?

Below are the advantages of containerization over virtualization:

 Containers provide real-time provisioning and scalability but VMs provide slow
provisioning
 Containers are lightweight when compared to VMs
 VMs have limited performance when compared to containers
 Containers have better resource utilization compared to VMs

Q3. How exactly are containers (Docker in our case) different from
hypervisor virtualization (vSphere)? What are the benefits?

Given below are some differences. Make sure you include these differences in your answer:
MY DEVOPS QUESTIONS
By Aaradhya Bodade

Q4. What is Docker image?

I suggest that you go with the below mentioned flow:

Docker image is the source of Docker container. In other words, Docker images are used to
create containers. Images are created with the build command, and they’ll produce a
container when started with run. Images are stored in a Docker registry such as
registry.hub.docker.com because they can become quite large, images are designed to be
composed of layers of other images, allowing a minimal amount of data to be sent when
transferring images over the network.
Tip: Be aware of Dockerhub in order to answer questions on pre-available images.

Q5. What is Docker container?

This is a very important question so just make sure you don’t deviate from the topic. I advise
you to follow the below mentioned format:
Docker containers include the application and all of its dependencies but share the kernel
with other containers, running as isolated processes in user space on the host operating
system. Docker containers are not tied to any specific infrastructure: they run on any
computer, on any infrastructure, and in any cloud.
Now explain how to create a Docker container, Docker containers can be created by either
creating a Docker image and then running it or you can use Docker images that are present on
the Dockerhub.
Docker containers are basically runtime instances of Docker images.

Q6. What is Docker hub?

Answer to this question is pretty direct. Docker hub is a cloud-based registry service which
allows you to link to code repositories, build your images and test them, stores manually
pushed images, and links to Docker cloud so you can deploy images to your hosts. It provides
a centralized resource for container image discovery, distribution and change management,
user and team collaboration, and workflow automation throughout the development pipeline.

Q7. How is Docker different from other container technologies?

According to me, below points should be there in your answer:

Docker containers are easy to deploy in a cloud. It can get more applications running on the
same hardware than other technologies, it makes it easy for developers to quickly create,
ready-to-run containerized applications and it makes managing and deploying applications
much easier. You can even share containers with your applications.
If you have some more points to add you can do that but make sure the above the above
explanation is there in your answer.

Q8. What is Docker Swarm?

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By Aaradhya Bodade

You should start this answer by explaining Docker Swarn. It is native clustering for Docker
which turns a pool of Docker hosts into a single, virtual Docker host. Docker Swarm serves
the standard Docker API, any tool that already communicates with a Docker daemon can use
Swarm to transparently scale to multiple hosts.
I will also suggest you to include some supported tools:

 Dokku
 Docker Compose
 Docker Machine
 Jenkins

Q9. What is Dockerfile used for?

This answer according to me should begin by explaining the use of Dockerfile. Docker can
build images automatically by reading the instructions from a Dockerfile.
Now I suggest you to give a small definition of Dockerfle. A Dockerfile is a text document
that contains all the commands a user could call on the command line to assemble an image.
Using docker build users can create an automated build that executes several command-line
instructions in succession.

Now expect a few questions to test your experience with Docker.

Q10. Can I use json instead of yaml for my compose file in Docker?

You can use json instead of yaml for your compose file, to use json file with compose,
specify the filename to use for eg:
docker-compose -f docker-compose.json up

Q11. Tell us how you have used Docker in your past position?

Explain how you have used Docker to help rapid deployment. Explain how you have scripted
Docker and used Docker with other tools like Puppet, Chef or Jenkins. If you have no past
practical experience in Docker and have past experience with other tools in similar space, be
honest and explain the same. In this case, it makes sense if you can compare other tools to
Docker in terms of functionality.

Q12. How to create Docker container?

I will suggest you to give a direct answer to this. We can use Docker image to create Docker
container by using the below command:
docker run -t -i <image name> <command name>
This command will create and start container.
You should also add, If you want to check the list of all running container with status on a
host use the below command:
docker ps -a

Q13. How to stop and restart the Docker container?

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By Aaradhya Bodade

In order to stop the Docker container you can use the below command:
docker stop <container ID>
Now to restart the Docker container you can use:
docker restart <container ID>

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Q14. How far do Docker containers scale?

Large web deployments like Google and Twitter, and platform providers such as Heroku and
dotCloud all run on container technology, at a scale of hundreds of thousands or even
millions of containers running in parallel.

Q15. What platforms does Docker run on?

I will start this answer by saying Docker runs on only Linux and Cloud platforms and then I
will mention the below vendors of Linux:

 Ubuntu 12.04, 13.04 et al

 Fedora 19/20+
 RHEL 6.5+
 CentOS 6+
 Gentoo
 ArchLinux
 openSUSE 12.3+
 CRUX 3.0+

Cloud:

 Amazon EC2
 Google Compute Engine
 Microsoft Azure
 Rackspace

Note that Docker does not run on Windows or Mac.

Q16. Do I lose my data when the Docker container exits?

You can answer this by saying, no I won’t lose my data when the Docker container exits.
Any data that your application writes to disk gets preserved in its container until you
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explicitly delete the container. The file system for the container persists even after the
container halts.

Q17. Do I lose my data when the Docker container exits?

DevOps Pipeline can be defined as a set of tools and processes in which both the
development team and operations team work together. In DevOps automation, CI/CD plays
an important role. Now if we look into the flow of DevOps, First when we complete
continuous integration. Then the next step towards continuous delivery is triggered. After the
continuous delivery, the next step of continuous deployment will be triggered. The
connection of all these functions can be defined as a pipeline.

Q18. How to check for Docker Client and Docker Server version?

You can check the version of the Docker Client by running the following command in your
terminal:

Copy code
docker version
And you can check the version of the Docker Server (also known as the Docker Engine) by
running the following command:

Copy code
docker info
The output of the above command will include the Docker Engine version.

Q19. If you vaguely remember the command and you’d like to confirm it, how
will you get help on that particular command?

You can use the “man” or “–help” command to get information on a specific command in
most Unix-like systems. For example, if you’re trying to recall the syntax for the “grep”
command, you can type “man grep” or “grep –help” in the terminal. This will display the
manual page for the command, which includes usage examples and options.

Q18. Differentiate between Continuous Deployment and Continuous

Delivery?

Continuous Deployment Continuous Delivery

Deployment to production is automated Deployment to production is manual
App deployment to production can be done, App deployment to production is done
as soon as the code passes all the tests. There manually on a certain day, called “release
is no release day, in continuous Deployment day”
And, that’s it!
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By Aaradhya Bodade

I hope these DevOps interview questions help you crack your interview. If you’re searching
for a demanding and rewarding career. Whether you’ve worked in DevOps or are new to the
field, the Post Graduate Program in DevOps is what you need to learn how to succeed. From
the basic to the most advanced techniques, we cover everything.

All the best for your interview!

Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section and we will get back to you.