Progress in Organic Coating-Paper
Progress in Organic Coating-Paper
Progress in Organic Coating-Paper
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Coatings are the prevailing, practical and preferred way to safeguard metals from corrosion. Graphene based
Corrosion protection organic polymer coatings are extensively used as corrosion fortification aids in this era. This short review
Epoxy highlights the importance of diverse features of such engineered coatings. Graphene has engrossed momentous
Functionalization
responsiveness in many industrial fields due to its superior anti-corrosion and barrier properties. The current
Graphene
Metal coating
review honestly debated the recent works and reports on epoxy/graphene coatings for metal protection from
extensive corrosion and oxidation. The various methodologies to acquire stable-homogenous graphene/epoxy
dispersion, covalent functionalization of graphene, doping of graphene with other nanofillers and their effect on
corrosion protection of epoxy/graphene coatings along with detailed corrosion protection mechanism are dis
cussed. This review also outlines the integration of potentially relevant multifunctionalities in epoxy/graphene
coatings for self-healing, antifouling, self-cleaning and corrosion protection with suitable examples.
Abbreviations: A-GO, APTES modified Graphene oxide; APTES, 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane; ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials; ATMP, ami
notrimethylphosphonic acid; BIIR, Bromobutyl rubber; BLc, blank epoxy resin; BTA, Benzotriazole; CNT, Carbon Nano Tube; CVD, Chemical Vapour Deposition; DA,
dopamine; DGEBA, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; EGDE, epoxy monomer ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; EIS, Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy; EP, epoxy;
EPN, epoxy Polydimethy Siloxane neat coatings; EPG, epoxy Polydimethy Siloxane graphene oxide composite coatings; FESEM, Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy; FG, fluoro graphene FGc, fluorographene coatings; GLGO γ-(2,3-glycidoxy), propyltrimethoxysilane functionalized silica nano- particles grafted lysine-
modified graphene oxide hybrid; GNP, Graphene Nano platelets; GOE, epoxy monomer ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether functionalised graphene oxide; GOH, 1-
hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid functionalised graphene oxide; GPTMS, glycidoxy propyl triethoxy silane; G-GO, GPTMS modified graphene oxide; GO,
Graphene oxide; GOc, GO/epoxy coatings; GO-SiO2, graphene oxide silica hybrid; GP0.05, Polypyrrole doped graphene oxide epoxy coatings; GO-PPy-Zn extract,
graphene oxide polypyrrole zinc hybrid reinforced epoxy coating; GO-Ti hybrid, graphene oxide titanium hybrid; HB, Hyper branched; HNT, Hallocyte nanotube;
HEDP, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid; HF, Hydrogen fluoride; Ly-GO-EP, lysine functionalised graphene oxide reinforced epoxy coating; LPPS, Low
pressure plasma spraying; M-Gel-EP, modified gelatin reinforced epoxy; MGel/GO-EP, modified gelatin modified graphene oxide reinforced epoxy; MMT, mont
morillonite; NSS, Neutral Salt Spray; PANI, Poly Aniline; PANI-DBSA, polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid; PDA, poly dopamine; PDA/PANI-GO/
WAV, polydopamine modified polyaniline-graphene oxide hybrid in water based alkyd vanish; PDMS, Polydimethy Siloxane; PAMAM, poly amidoamine dendrimer;
PBH, benzotriazole-loaded hallocyte nanotube hybrids; Ppy, polypyrrole; PS, Polystyrene; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; PU, poly Urethane; PDA@HNT, polydopamine
coated hallocyte nano tubes; NaCl, Sodium chloride; TEM, Transmission electron microscopy; rGO, reduced Graphene Oxide; TiO2-GO-f-EP, GPTMS modified TiO2-
GO/epoxy; UP, unsaturated Poly ester; WEP, water borne epoxy.
* Corresponding author at: School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
E-mail address: sabuthomas@mgu.ac.in (S. Thomas).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106571
Received 2 August 2021; Received in revised form 15 October 2021; Accepted 15 October 2021
Available online 8 November 2021
0300-9440/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
J.S. George et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 162 (2022) 106571
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J.S. George et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 162 (2022) 106571
Fig. 1. Statistics of the number of published papers on epoxy coatings in the last 20 years [Source: PubMed database].
functionalization of the substrate in a conversion bath ceramic protec and thermosetting polymers are used as protective coatings. Corrosion
tive barrier on metal surface. Better corrosion protection of the fabri inhibition of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) was reported by Alaoui et al.
cated coatings was due to the synergistic effect of both conversion layer [35]. PVA can be used as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor for carbon
and TiO2 coating. On the other hand, hybrid inorganic materials are steel and the corrosion inhibition properties were exponentially
frequently employed as a best route to impart excellent corrosion pro increased by increasing the concentration of PVA. Garcia et al. [7] re
tection by combining the properties of individual nanostructures. For ported the corrosion protection of poly urethane films. Diniz et al. [36]
instance, Cheraghi et al. [31] introduced TiO2–NiO hybrid nanocoating compared the anticorrosive efficiency of poly urethane (PU) and epoxy
on stainless steel substrate via sol gel process followed by dip coating coatings containing polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic
and heat treatment. They found that composite coatings contain 80% acid (PANI-DBSA). Studies revels that the epoxy-based coatings exhibit
TiO2–20%NiO exhibited better corrosion resistance. Anatase and nickel better protection efficiency than PU based coatings.
titanate phases are in a uniform surface hence the corrosion current
density reduced from 186.7 nA⋅cm− 2 (bare steel) to 34.21 nA⋅cm− 2. Yu
et al. [32] also investigated the effect of CuO/SiO2 and NiO/SiO2 hybrid 2.4. Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings
coatings for corrosion protection in Al alloy. On comparing the protec
tive nature of NiO/SiO2 and CuO/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings, NiO/ Organic–inorganic hybrid materials defined as a class of multi
SiO2 coatings demonstrated exceptional protection to Al alloy. component compounds having at least one of their organic or inorganic
In the current scenario, several strategies have been explored to components in the submicron level mostly in the nanometric size
introduce hierarchical structures on the surface of the inorganic coat domain [37]. The properties of this system do not simply results from
ings. Recently, Xiang et al. [33] fabricated nature inspired slippery zinc the synergistic action of the both the components but also from the
phosphate coatings with homogenous pores of 250 mm diameter. Zinc hybrid interface [38]. The use of organic inorganic hybrid materials
phosphate coatings exhibited an exact honeycomb like heirarchial attracted a great deal of interest in the field of protective coatings. [1].
structures. Homogeneous porous structure hinders the transport of Application of these organic-inorganic coatings ensures a long term
corrodents into the metal surface. protection [39]. New functional coatings can be achieved by adjusting
the proportion and nature of interaction between the two phases [10]. In
recent years, combining the properties of organic polymer and inorganic
2.3. Organic (polymeric) coatings materials resulted in extensive research in hybrid organic-inorganic
coatings for corrosion protection.
Organic coatings have been widely used to protect metallic bodies Ramezanzadeh and his co-workers [40] studied the corrosion pro
from corrosion [34]. Recent research on polymer coatings has shown its tection performance of polyurethanes (PU) containing modified nano-
potential application as corrosion protection systems. They can form a Fe2O3. Nanoparticles tend to form aggregates due to higher surface en
thin layer over the metal surface, which act as a barrier to protect the ergy and specific surface area, starts to behave like larger sized particles
metal from the external environment. Here the barrier function is ach within the matrix, thereby reducing the efficiency of coating. But the
ieved by blocking the entrance of moisture and other corrosive agents surface modification of nanoparticles increases the interaction between
into the substrate. Organic coatings inhibit the charge transfer from the filler and matrix. PU composites containing modified Fe2O3 shows better
metal surface to the environment. The current research community is corrosion protection and lower adhesion loss than composites with un
focused on the development of anticorrosive polymeric coatings due to modified one. The EIS measurements of the prepared composite in acidic
its simplicity, efficiency, low cost, and ease of availability [15]. A medium gave evidence of its excellent corrosion protection. Najibzad
desirable coating should provide chemical resistance, adhesion, flexi et al. [41] reported the corrosion resistance performance of rare earth
bility, impact resistance, low moisture permeability, ease of application, element praseodymium (Pr) doped PANI based silane coatings for Mg
affordability and durability. The polymeric coating increases the me alloys. Pure silane coatings have been degraded in a very faster rate than
chanical flexibility and toughness of the coatings. Both thermoplastics Pr-PANI coating in the salt spray test. Self-healing properties shown by
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Fig. 2. SEM images of a) SiO2, b and c) SiO2/MoS2 core shells c and d)TEM images of core shell, f) HR TEM images of MoS2 [55].
these coatings is due to the release of Pr3+ and convert to Pr4+ as of epoxy resins are as coatings, owing to its unique characteristics [46].
insoluble hydroxides around the scratch. Similarly, Rajkumar and Vedhi Epoxy-based coatings are frequently used on the account of their
[42] incorporated silica nanoparticles into acrylic resin and examined excellent combination of properties like anticorrosive nature, chemical
their corrosion prevention in mild steel. Incorporation of silica nano resistance, superior fatigue strength properties and excellent adhesion to
particles remarkably enhances the corrosion inhibition and the corro various substrates [47]. Because of these incredible properties of epoxy
sion inhibition efficiency silica nanoparticles were found to be 77% in resin is widely used as anticorrosive coatings for marine articulates such
3.5% NaCl. Likewise, Yu et al. [43] studied the p-phenylenediamine as in ship hull. Corrosion rate on these structures depends on the water
modified GO reinforced Polystyrene (PS) coatings for corrosion protec salinity, chloride content, water temperature and current environment
tion. Dispersion of GO in PS was enhanced due to the presence of ter on which it is exposed also [46] [48]. Epoxy based corrosion resistant
minal vinyl groups on GO. The barrier properties of the PS was increased coatings was extensively studied in the recent years and the number of
by adding 2 wt% of GO. In addition to the aforementioned thermoplastic papers published per year in the last 20 years on epoxy-based coatings is
coatings, thermosetting polymers like phenol formaldehyde resins, ep represented in Fig. 1, according to PubMed database. As shown in Fig. 1,
oxies and polyesters are also used for obtaining corrosion protection. number of published research papers per year continues to increase,
Salehon et al. [44] prepared Unsaturated Polyester/clay composites by especially after 2017, there is a rapid increase in the number of research
in situ polymerization method. Electrochemical corrosion resistance papers published on epoxy-based corrosion resistant coatings.
studies and Tafel polarization studies reveal that the inclusion of clay DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) is the most widely used
particles significantly enhances the corrosion resistance. Neat UP resin epoxy resin, synthesized by the reaction between bisphenol A and
exhibits a corrosion current value of (Icorr) 0.1125 nA/cm2 corre epichlorohydrin [49]. Significant amount curing agent/hardeners are
spondingly nanocomposites with 5 wt% of clay (UP 5) shows very low added to epoxy resin to form a three-dimensional cross-linked network
Icorr value of 0.0067 nA/cm2 among all other compositions in alkaline [50] [51]. Sometimes catalysts were added in small amount to epoxy/
environment, which is attributed due to the good dispersion of nano hardener to system to accelerate the curing reaction. Insufficient amount
layers of nanoclay particles in the polymer matrix, increases the diffu of curing agent will results in the presence of unreacted functional
sion pathways of corrosive agents. groups in the cured system hence the expected set of properties will not
be exhibited by the cured system [52]. Therefore, the exact amount
curing agent required for curing should be estimated by the curing
2.5. Epoxies as a coating material chemistry of the system. Upon the addition of curing agent, viscosity of
the system increases drastically. As the curing reaction proceeds, mo
Epoxy resins are a class of thermosetting polymers having a unique lecular weight of the epoxy prepolymers starts to increase, results to
combination of excellent properties [45]. One of the largest applications
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Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of a) mixing GNPs into epoxy resin using ultrasonication and b) mixing GNPs into hardener using ultrasonication [88].
3.2. Dispersion of graphene and graphene oxide in organic anticorrosion considered. Among the reported methods, widely used method is the
coatings dispersion of graphene using an organic solvent followed by the com
plete removal of solvent from the system before curing, which is prac
Graphene nanosheet shows poor dispersibility in polymer matrix due tically not simple and cause various difficulties in large scale production
to its insolubility in the matrix, owing to higher van der Waal forces and [86]. Due to strong van der Waal forces of attraction between the sheets,
ℼ-ℼ stacking between the sheets [79] [80]. The week bonding strength graphene dispersion in solvents has a high tendency to restack over a
between the graphene and polymer matrix is due to the low surface period of time even after ultrasonication too. Therefore the direct
activity of graphene. The surface of pristine graphene lacks active dispersion of graphene in epoxy resin/in harder by ultrasonication,
functional group, hence surface modification or functionalization is mechanical mixing, and shear mixing can solve these drawbacks [87].
often necessary to perform prior to the application [81]. Usually, re Kilic et al. [88] studied the effect of dispersion technique on the final
searchers incorporated Graphene oxide (GO) or reduced Graphene properties of epoxy/graphene composites. The composites were pre
Oxide (rGO) in functional coatings due to the presence of reactive pared by sonication or sonication in combination with high shear mix
functional groups on it. Improvements in mechanical and other prop ing. They have prepared epoxy/graphene and hardner/graphene
erties are directly related to the quality of dispersion of nanoparticles in dispersion. Most of the previous reports prefer the preparation of epoxy/
the polymer matrix. Till date various mixing protocols have been graphene dispersion rather than hardener/graphene dispersion as given
adapted by researchers to obtain a stable dispersion of graphene in in Fig. 4a and b.
various polymer matrix. Obtaining a stable and uniform dispersion of They have found that the dispersion of graphene nanoparticles in
these materials are quite essential in anticorrosive coatings [82] [83]. A resin shows overall better properties than dispersion in hardener and the
number of parameters have to be considered for obtaining a good combination of high shear mixing and ultrasonication results in better
dispersion of nanoparticle. The total free energy of any colloidal system dispersion of nanoparticles. Similarly, Tang et al. [89] prepared epoxy/
is depends on both interfacial tension and interfacial energy, the theo rGO composites by a two-step process, in the first step, rGO were
retical surface area of a monolayer graphene is around 2590 m2 g− 1, dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonication followed by mechanical ball
consequently the conditions are limited under which it can be dispersed milling. Ball milling can create a large shear force on graphene, the
using polar aprotic solvents typically by sonication. collision of small zirconia balls in the ball milling process can fragment
Obtaining and maintaining a stable dispersion needs an energy the sheets and inhibits its agglomeration. On comparing the dispersion
barrier to aggregation. This can be typically achieved by either elec level with the previous results dispersion of rGO does not change after
trostatic or steric repulsion. If the energy barrier is sufficiently high then ball milling process, however the size of aggregate particles became very
Brownian motion will maintain the dispersion, this is achieved by sol small compared to other mixing protocols. Amirova [90] followed an
vent selection and covalent/non-covalent functionalization of graphene aqueous transfer method for the preparation of epoxy/GO composites.
[84]. The dispersibility of graphene and its derivates are inversely Here they have transferred the GO sheets from water phase to epoxy
proportional to its properties and it follows a trend of graphene oxide > resin skillfully. Better improvements in the mechanical properties have
reduced graphene oxide > graphene. Chemical functionalization of been achieved at 0.03 wt% of GO owing to its homogeneous dispersion
these structures improves the dispersibility but it has a negative impact and strong interfacial interaction between epoxy and GO.
towards the final property since it creates some defects into the structure One of the main factors which affects the dispersion of graphene is
[85]. the viscosity of the epoxy resin. Pourhashem et al. [78] used low vis
Coming to the preparation of epoxy/GO composites, various cosity polyamide curing agent for high viscosity epoxy resin and found
dispersion methods of graphene within the epoxy matrix have been that GO dispersed uniformly in the harder rather than in the high
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J.S. George et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 162 (2022) 106571
viscosity resin. Moreover, the large surface area and surface energy of
graphene and GO results in great tendency to form agglomerate within
the matrix. Modification of graphene reduces the surface energy and
thereby achieves sufficient compatibility and dispersion within the
polymer matrix. So far, a variety of graphene-based coatings were pre
pared and applied to various substrates to protect them from corrosion.
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Fig. 7. Impedance values versus immersion time for neat epoxy and different
wt% of hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched polyamide functionalised GO after
850 h immersion in saline water [98].
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Fig. 11. a) Images of the steel substrates coated with WEP, GOH/WEP, GOE/WEP and GOEH/WEP coatings after NSS tests, b) adhesion strength of the coatings by
pull of test [102].
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Fig. 12. Synthesis route for the preparation of GO-Al2O3 hybrid [122].
Macropores in the organic coatings will not provide a long-term corro 4. Mechanism of corrosion protection and practical problems
sion resistance; therefore, incorporation of nanoparticles will block such associated with graphene-based coatings
pores and results in long-term corrosion resistance. Various studies
found that the loading of inorganic nanoparticles into the GO sheets Graphene films are the thinnest material in the universe with
reduces aggregation and results in good dispersion. Fig. 16 represents excellent corrosion resistance; hence these nanosheets are utilized as
the scheme utilized for the preparation of hybrid filler. corrosion inhibiting fillers in organic coatings in order to get the syn
Go sheets are agglomerated in the SEM image due to strong van der ergistic corrosion inhibition and enhanced mechanical properties [137].
Waals forces of attraction. Corrosion protection performance of an organic coating most often
Similarly, nano Ti particles also in severe aggregated state; uniform depend on its barrier properties and the maintenance of adhesion be
dispersion of these individual fillers in the polymer matrix is a serious tween the coating substrate under the environment. The corrosion
issue. However, the Figure 17 c, d and f represent SEM images of the initiation in a polymer coated metal is due to the penetration of water
hybrids at different ratios, at 1:1 ratio Ti particles are aggregated on GO molecules, ions and oxygen into the interface [138] [139]. Diffusion of
sheets and at 2:1 (GO-Ti) ratio nano Ti particles are uniformly distrib these species probably follows the small pores or paths within the
uted on GO sheets but at 3:1 ratio Ti particles are randomly distributed polymer matrix. However, severe corrosion process start at the local
on GO sheets and probability of finding a particle at a given area is very defects within the coating, this can be generated during the fabrication
less, hence 2:1 is the appropriate ratio. Corrosion resistance studies of or during the working of the coated material, such as that happened by
the composites revels that GO-Ti/EP composites, especially 2:1 ratio stone shipping or by scratching. These defect leads to a direct contact
shows excellent corrosion resistance than other compositions due to the between the bare metal and corrosive agent, subsequently, detachment
synergistic effect of GO and Ti. of coated material from the metal surface happens [140].
Corrosion current in most of the papers represented as corrosion The primary mechanism for corrosion protection using organic
current density because this current density is an interfacial property. coatings is barrier protection. The cracks and micropores in the organic
Corrosion current density directly related to the penetration rate of the coatings formed by the solvent evaporation on the curing process
metal. This Icorr is a kinetic parameter obtained from the Tafel plot, attenuate the barrier protection performance of these coatings [141].
smaller the corrosion current density value indicates a slow corrosion The corrosion process on a coated metal consists of several stages. In the
rate of the coating. initial stage, electrolyte/the corroding agents penetrate into the coating
Table 2 represents the comparison study of corrosion current density via inherent micro-pores in it but they do not reach the surface of the
of some reports. By comparing the values of corrosion current density, metal. As the reaction proceeds with time and accomplished by the
PGT/WEP coating composition shows higher corrosion resistance, this accumulation of corrosive products either on the metal surface or metal-
enhanced corrosion resistance of the systems can be ascribed by the coating interface. The corrosion process in steel involves several oxi
strong interfacial interaction between GO and epoxy resin. Modification dations and reduction reaction as shown in the below equations.
of GO with PDA helps to disperse uniformly in the matrix and creates a As a result of these redox reactions, pH locally raises, hence the
dense barrier layer for corrosive ions. As well as TiO2/GO hybrids fill the chemical and physical bonding between the metal substrate and epoxy
voids, cracks and other pinholes/interstitial sites in the system. coating results in the delamination of the coating. It is clear that oxygen
and water molecules are the key corrosion initiators in steel and they can
easily penetrate through the several micropores present in the epoxy
coating. The addition of graphene-based fillers into these organic coat
ings prevents this penetration and thereby offers excellent anticorrosion
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Fig. 13. SEM images of coatings before and after soaking pure epoxy (a &a′ ), 2 wt% GO/epoxy (b &b′ ), 2 wt% silica/epoxy (c&c′ ) and 2 wt% SiO2/GO/epoxy
(d&d′ ) [123].
behaviour. Zhou et al. [142] reported the corrosion inhibition of zinc- electrical conductivity between steel and zinc particles thereby increases
rich epoxy/rGO coatings as shown in Fig. 18. It is clear that the inclu the cathodic protection.
sion of rGO sheets provided some additional advantage such as Coming to Fig. 19 corrosive agents can easily reach the metal surface
enhanced electrical conductivity of rGO sheets, thereby enhances the very rapidly without any delay in the epoxy resin. Higher the aspect
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Fig. 14. Digital photographs of the GO-Ppy coatings after salt spray test [126].
Fig. 15. Impedance spectra of various epoxy composite coatings GO-Fe3O4@poly (KH550 + DA) hybrid after soaking for different times: a) 12 h, b) 24 h, c)72 h, and
d) 144 h [127].
ratio of the added filler better the barrier property and more the tortuous corrosion protection efficiency through these defects. However, there
path for corrosive agents compared to those having lower aspect ratio. were different opinions on the protective the efficiency of graphene
Cracks and defects present in the graphene sheets are the major sheets explained by various researchers. The main challenge of using
problems associated with graphene coatings and they reduce the graphene oxide in most of the polymeric coatings is its poor
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Fig. 17. SEM images of GO (a), Nano-Ti particles (b), GO-Ti [1:1] (c), GO-Ti [2:1] (d), GO-Ti [3:1] (e) and TEM image of GO-Ti [2:1] (f) [128].
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Fig. 19. Corrosion protection mechanism of GO sheets with different aspect ratio [77].
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J.S. George et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 162 (2022) 106571
Fig. 21. Self-cleaning test of the composite at an angle ⁓8◦ using graphite as dirt a) BLc, b) GOc and c) FGc [106].
templates. Fig. 20 shows the image of the natural leaf (a) and SEM im structures of the leaf. This confirms the PDMS temple effectively repli
ages of the natural leaf and the prepared PDMS template. The cated the topologically inverse structures of the hydrophobic leaves. The
morphological analysis of the composite exhibits the similar topological corrosion protection performance of these coatings was measured and
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Fig. 23. FESEM images of the coatings before and after corrosion (a&b) bare steel, (c&d) EPN coatings, (e&f) EPG-1 coatings [167].
the Icorr values of the coatings are 0.35 and 0.10 μA/cm2 respectively for species heal cuts or wounds [157] [158] [159]. Epoxy coatings have
hydrophobic epoxy composites and neat epoxy composites. been specially designed with self-healing functionality to further assist
Yang et al. [106] discussed the self-cleaning and anticorrosion the protection of metal parts [160] [161]. Many researchers report the
properties of the epoxy/fluro graphene coatings. Lotus leaf effect was self-healing epoxy/GO based coating for corrosion protection. Moham
the inspiration behind the research on the self-cleaning polymer coat madkhani et al. [126] reported the self-healing and barrier properties of
ings. The self-cleaning property of the composite was analysed by its epoxy/GO-Zn-polypyrrole composites (Ppy). Incorporation of GO-Zn-
ability to remove the graphite powder from its surface. As shown in ppy imparts the self-healing property to the system. Also, the higher
Fig. 21, BLc represents blank epoxy resin, GOc represents GO/epoxy low impedance value |Z|0.01HZ of GO-Zn-Ppy revels its corrosion resis
coatings and FGc represents fluorographene coatings. After the self- tance. In parallel, Chen et al. [162] demonstrated the multifunctional
cleaning test of FGc with graphite and water, its surface remains same water borne epoxy coatings (WEC) using GO and polydopamine (PDA)
as the freshly prepared FGC within the 25 s.however, in the case of BLc coated hallocyte nano tubes (PDA@HNT). The prepared coating shows
and GOc surface the water droplet could neither roll off the surface or corrosion resistance and self-healing ability. The mechanism of self-
clean. Therefore, the incorporation of fluorographene in the epoxy healing was given in the Fig. 22. The local changes in the PH associ
coating enhances its self-cleaning property drastically. The corrosion ated with corrosion process results in the stripping of PDA from the
protection efficiency of the same coating was analysed in 3.5% NaCl surface of HNT, which results in the release of corrosion inhibitor ben
solution. zotriazole (BTA). Self-healing property of PBH/WEC was attributed to
the formation of BTA-Fe-BTA complex. Whereas GO@PBH/WEC coat
ings exhibit the corrosion protection via reconnecting the detached PDA
5.2. Self-healing corrosion resistant coatings polymer network by iron ion through catechol Fe3+ bonds.
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7. Future perspectives
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