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AAPS Introductions in the Pharmaceutical

Sciences
Founding Editor
Robin Zavod, Chicago College of Pharmacy Midwestern University, Downers
Grove, IL, USA

Series Editor
Claudio Salomon, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
The AAPS Introductions in the Pharmaceutical Sciences book series is designed to
support pharmaceutical scientists at the point of knowledge transition. Springer and
the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) have partnered again
to produce a second series that juxtaposes the AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical
Sciences series. Whether shifting between positions, business models, research
project objectives, or at a crossroad in professional development, scientists need to
retool to meet the needs of the new scientific challenges ahead of them. These
educational pivot points require the learner to develop new vocabulary in order to
effectively communicate across disciplines, appreciate historical evolution within
the knowledge area with the aim of appreciating the current limitations and potential
for growth, learn new skills and evaluation metrics so that project planning and
subsequent evolution are evidence-based, as well as to simply “dust the rust off”
content learned in previous educational or employment settings, or utilized during
former scientific explorations. The Introductions book series will meet these needs
and serve as a quick and easy-to-digest resource for contemporary science.
Márcia C. Breitkreitz • Hector C. Goicoechea
Editors

Introduction to Quality by
Design in Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing and Analytical
Development
Editors
Márcia C. Breitkreitz Hector C. Goicoechea
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y
and Chemometrics (LABFARQUI), Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química
Institute of Chemistry Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias
University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Biológicas
Campinas, SP, Brazil Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad
Universitaria, Santa Fe
Santa Fe, Argentina
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
y Técnicas (CONICET)
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos
Aires, Argentina

Jointly published with American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists


ISSN 2522-834X ISSN 2522-8358 (electronic)
AAPS Introductions in the Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISBN 978-3-031-31504-6 ISBN 978-3-031-31505-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31505-3

© American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2023


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This book was inspired by the demand of modern pharmaceutical development to


incorporate quality into their products, processes and methods in the early stages of
development. This is the goal of Quality by Design and Analytical Quality by
Design approaches, in which Design of Experiments plays a central role, together
with the risk assessment. At this moment we are facing a paradigm change regarding
quality – from final product testing to building the quality into the products. As any
paradigm change, it requires studying, training and learning from examples. There-
fore, solid materials are needed for the present and future generations and this is the
major goal of this book: to organize in a single volume the most important topics,
including both theory and examples, on QbD and AQbD, with special attention to
our favorite part: DOE. We can say this material is the result of our passion for
applied research and the use of DOE to fully understand the systems we study. Over
the years we have become enthusiastics about it and therefore we are really glad to
contribute to the spread of this magnificent tool within a modern applied scenario.
Another important aspect we would like to highlight is the so-needed bound of
Academia, Industry and Pharmacopeias we have reached when building the content
of this book. More than ever, the academic knowledge is very welcome into the
industrial scenario in order to promote quality to products and methods. Pharmaco-
peias play an important role in providing guidance to this process.
We do hope this book helps the readers to walk towards the understanding of the
importance of QbD, AQbD and the implementation of DOE in routine for product
and method development. We hope you enjoy reading as much as we enjoyed
organizing it.

Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Márcia C. Breitkreitz


Santa Fe, Santa Fé, Argentina Hector C. Goicoechea

v
Acknowledgments

To Prof. Roy Edward Bruns for the careful revision of the text, for his willingness to
teach DOE and for being an inspiring example to all of us.
To all the authors who, in spite of their hectic routine of work, went on board with
us on this knowledge endeavour and contributed to the final result of this book.

vii
Contents

Part 1 Quality by Design (QbD)


1 Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) Overview
and Major Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ana Vanessa Dutra Silva and Márcia C. Breitkreitz
2 Fundamentals of Design of Experiments and Optimization:
Designs for Factor Screening and Data Analysis in
Pre-Response Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Fabricio A. Chiappini, Carla M. Teglia, Silvana M. Azcarate,
and Hector C. Goicoechea
3 Fundamentals of Design of Experiments and Optimization:
Experimental Designs in Response Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . 47
Silvana M. Azcarate, Carla M. Teglia, Fabricio A. Chiappini,
and Hector C. Goicoechea
4 Fundamentals of Design of Experiments and Optimization:
Data Modeling in Response Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Fabricio A. Chiappini, Silvana M. Azcarate, Carla M. Teglia,
and Hector C. Goicoechea
5 Quality by Design in Pharmaceutical Product and
Process Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Marília Medeiros and Márcia C. Breitkreitz
6 A Quality by Design Update on Nano-drug
Delivery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Darío Leonardi, María Celina Lamas,
and Claudio Javier Salomon

ix
x Contents

7 Control Strategies of Solid Dosage Forms by PAT Tools . . . . . . . . . 141


Pierre-Yves Sacré, Charlotte De Bleye, Philippe Hubert,
and Eric Ziemons

Part 2 Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD)


8 Analytical Quality by Design Fundamentals and
Compendial and Regulatory Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Amanda Guiraldelli Mahr, Felipe Rebello Lourenço,
Phil Borman, Jane Weitzel, and Jean-Marc Roussel
9 Analytical Target Profile (ATP) and Method Operable
Design Region (MODR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Amanda Guiraldelli Mahr, Felipe Rebello Lourenço,
Phil Borman, Jane Weitzel, and Jean-Marc Roussel
10 Quality by Design Applications to Development of
Analytical Methods for Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals . . . . . . 223
Yamile Soledad Caro, María Silvia Cámara,
and María Mercedes De Zan
11 Design of Experiments Applied to the Extraction
of Active Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Ieda Spacino Scarminio and Roy Edward Bruns

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

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