SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

A systematic literature review (SLR)/structured article review is a research design

carried out to systematically synthesize existing research evidence in terms of
searching research articles, critical review (critical appraisal), and synthesis of
research results to answer a question.
SLR research is carried out for various purposes, including to identifying, reviewing
and interpreting all available research on interesting topical phenomena with
specific relevant research questions. The position of the systematic review
methodology in research methodology can be described as an onion slice.

Individual
Research

Un systematic research

Figure 1. Position of Systematic Literature Review Methodology in Other

Methodologies SLR is a research method that summarizes the results of primary
research to present facts that are more comprehensive and balanced. Here are

SLR research stages

1. Formulate research questions
Identification of research questions as a basis for reviewing articles can use
"PICO".

a. P = Population/Patient is the group used as the unit of analysis

b. I/E = Intervention/Exposure is a treatment that we will give to the unit of
analysis to see the effect
c. C = Comparison is a comparison as a control, there are groups that are
given treatment and there are those that are not given treatment, then they
are compared
d. O = Outcome is the result obtained from the research
Defining a Systematic Review Protocol
You can use the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews and Meta
Analyzes) method.

Stages in PRISMA to do SLR

1. Define eligibility criteria (Inclusive & Exclusive Criteria)
2. Defining information sources (Electronic Database)
3. Selection of Literature (Study Selection)
4. Collecting Data
5. Selection of data items (Extracting Data)

A. Writing Criteria Systematic literature review/Structured Article Review

1. The latest data sources used are scientific articles with a maximum limit of the
last 10 years
2. The type of study is quantitative, qualitative and mix methods study.
3. Type intervention Which reviewed is the connection or
influence or the comparison or difference between the independent
and dependent variables
4. The measurement results in a scientific search are the relationship or influence
or comparison or difference between the independent and dependent variables
5. The type of journal used is Original Research Articles with conditions
a. Published international journal articles in a reputable journal:
i. Scopus(http://www.scimagojr.com/)
ii. DOAJ(directory of open access journal) (https://doaj.org/)
iii. Thomson Reuters(http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/mjl/)
iv. Elsevier(https://www.elsevier.com/)
v. Springer(http://www.springer.com/gp/)
vi. Wiley online library(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/)
vii. Taylor and Francis(https://taylorandfrancis.com/)
viii. ProQuest (http://www.proquest.com/)
ix. Science Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com)
x. Web of Science(http://www.webofknowledge.com)
xi. CHINAHL (http://www.cinahl.com)
xii. PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
 xiii. Research Gate(https://www.researchgate.net)
xiv. Sage (https://journals.sagepub.com)
xv. Medline databases(http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/home/)
xvi. Google Scholar impact factor (scholar.google.com)
xvii. Garuda Dikti Portal (http://id.portalgaruda.org)

Minimum published articles in reputable international journals

Articles that will be reviewed are 10 – 50 articles with the provision that the main articles
must consist of reputable journals (as mentioned in point a) and or international journals
can be added
 SYSTEMATIC WRITING SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW/ STRUCTURED
ARTICLE REVIEW

The systematics of writing this Final Project consists of an initial section, a body section
and a final section. The following is an example of the systematics of writing the results
of a Systematic literature review/Structured Article Review in a final project manuscript
using the Systematic literature review/Structured Article Review method:

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Background Systematic literature reviews/Structured Article Reviews reveal
students' curiosity about interesting phenomena/symptoms to study by showing the
significance of research for the development of scientific knowledge. Questions
that will be tried to be answered through a systematic literature review / structured
article review must be clearly stated. Therefore, the author needs to briefly and
systematically discuss the relevant literature review from previous research and
argue that the research proposed is very necessary. In writing the research
background, the following matters need to be considered:
a. There symptoms of the problem to be studied.
b. The relevance and intensity of the influence of the problem under
study on aspects of pharmaceutical science with all the consequences
it causes.
c. Appropriateness of the methodological approach used
d. An overview of the usefulness of the results of Systematic literature
reviews/Structured Article Reviews
1.2 Formulation of the problem
The formulation of the problem should be arranged briefly, concisely, and clearly,
and is usually stated in the form of a question sentence. The formulation of the
problem should be tested empirically, in the sense that it allows data to be collected
to answer the questions asked.
1.3 Research purposes
This section sets out the objectives to be achieved through the research process.
Research objectives must be clear and firm. Research objectives can be divided
into (1) General Objectives and (2) Specific Objectives
1. General purpose
The general objective is the overall research objective to be achieved
through research
2. Special purpose
Specific objectives are the elaboration or phasing of general objectives, their
nature
more operational and specific can be seen in the conceptual framework. If
all specific objectives are achieved, then the general research objectives
are also fulfilled. Operational words in specific objectives are measuring,
explaining, identifying, analyzing, comparing, proving and assessing
(evaluating). Specific objectives are written according to the conceptual
framework.

1.4 Benefits of research

This section shows the usefulness or importance of research, especially for the
development of knowledge including benefits for institutions (Academic Benefits)
or the implementation of development in a broad sense including use by the
community (Practical Benefits). In other words, the description in the research
benefits sub-chapter contains reasons for the feasibility of the problem under study.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review contains a systematic description of the relevant basic theory,
which will be used as a framework for research, facts and results of previous studies
that come from the latest literature. In addition, it explains the latest theories,
propositions, concepts or approaches that are related to the research being conducted.
Theories and facts used should be taken from primary sources and include the name
of the source. The procedure for writing literature (citation) must comply with the
provisions of the guidelines used, namely:
 1. Paraphrase (expresssomeone else's idea in one's own words).

2. Summarizing (expressing one's idea concisely in the author's own words).

3. Making quotations (writing exactly/exactly the ideas of others based on what

they wrote/presented).

4. Copy(reproduce diagrams, tables or other graphics).

The literature review also included theoretical mapping/supporting research/research
authenticity. Some research related to the topic of the Final Project, whether published
or not, needs to be described in this sub-chapter. Writing theoretical mapping begins
with a prologue, followed by tables, then accompanied by a summary. The table must
at least denote: research title and research, research objectives, research design,
samples and sampling techniques, variables, instruments and research results. After
that, it is necessary to explain the advantages and disadvantages of existing research
as briefly as possible and the novelty of the research to be carried out compared to
existing research.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The method for writing research results is based on a systematic literature

review/Structured article review consisting of several components, among others
3.1. Research design
The type of research used is descriptive research using the Systematic Literature
Review/Structured Article Review method
3.2 Data source
The data used is secondary data. Secondary data is data obtained not from direct
observation. The data was obtained from the results of research that had been carried
out by previous researchers. Secondary data sources are primary or original books
and reports contained in scientific publication articles or journals (printed and/or non-
printed obtained online).
3.3 Population, Sample
3.3.1 Population
The population is the entire research subject, where the subject has met the criteria
set by the researcher. In SLR research, the population is national and international
journals related to research titles.
3.3.2 Sample
The sample is part of the population whose characteristics are to be studied. In the
SLR research, the samples were 10-50 national and international research articles
related to the research title.
3.3.3 Selection Criteria (Inclusion and Exclusion)
The provisions of the literature used consist of national and international journals with
a maximum publication year of the last 10 years. In this selection criteria, write the type
of research article (review articles, research articles) and research articles that can be
accessed in full (full text).
1. Inclusion criteria are general characteristics of the literature used
2. Exclusion criteria are characteristics of the literature that do not meet the
inclusion criteria so that they must be excluded from the study for various
reasons

3.4 Literature Collection Procedure

This section contains a description of the methods and procedures for collecting
literature in detail. Literature search can be done by
a. Consists of at least 1 database, with the following options (explained by the criteria
for writing the Final Project point a)
b. Publication of 10-50 articles (described in the research inclusion criteria) with a
span of the last 10 years consisting of international journals and or added to
national journals
c. Search for articles using keywords that match the variables. Example: Research
question "Is there an influence between the knowledge and accuracy of the
community in managing leftover drugs, spoiled drugs and expired drugs?"
Keywords: knowledge, accuracy, managing drugs
In conducting a Systematic literature review / Structured Article Review, in principle,
we want to do the best possible search (sensitivity) to get articles that are relevant to
the research question. But at the same time, we also don't want to be confused with
too many search results which will take time to select (specificity).
Here are some tips for improving article search optimization in the Google
Scholar database
a. Use the advanced search option (in the Google Scholar menu) to search in a
specific "field" or to limit results by year range. This option won't work optimally
but can help limit the number of results.
b. Use double quotes to searchseveral words next to each other in a specified
order (in a single sentence or phrase), for example, "Use of ibuprofen" or
"reduction of tooth pain in pediatric patients". Otherwise, Google Scholar will
automatically combine many of these words with "AND" (AND) to make the
search less specific.
c. Include alternative terms or synonyms using ÓR” (OR). In some cases, Google
Scholar does not automatically enter synonyms for the keywords used in your
search. Using “OR” (OR), the search will return more articles, for example “fever
OR paracetamol OR ibuprofen”. In addition to "OR", for the same purpose can
also use the symbol "|" (pipe line), for example, “fever | paracetamol
| ibuprofen” to find articles containing the keywords fever, paracetamol and
ibuprofen.
d. Using the "-" symbol to exclude articles with unwanted terms, for example
searching articles about the effects of mercury on cosmetics and wanting to
exclude articles about Freddy Mercury (because they are irrelevant), you can
use: "Mercury –freddy".

3.5 Data Quality Analysis

This section contains a description of the means or methods used in assessing the
quality of the literature to be used. One method that can be used: Duffy's Research
Appraisal Checklist Approach. The published database of all searched databases is
then filtered to find eligibility and relevance based on title, abstract and inclusion
criteria. The flow of article selection is displayed in chart form and then presented in
tabular form using one of the
the critical appraisal journal method is the RCAC PICO method (Population,
Intervention, Compare/intervention, Outcome).

1. P stands for Patient, Population, Problem

These words represent patients, populations and issues raised in written
scientific work
2. I for intervention, Prognostic Factor or Exposure
This word represents interventions, prognostic factors or exposures
that will be raised in scientific work
3. C is for Comparison or Intervention (if any or needed)
This word represents the comparison or intervention that you want to
compare with the intervention in the scientific work that will be written
4. O for the outcome to be measured or to be achieved
This word represents the target of what is to be achieved from a study, for
example the influence or improvement of a certain condition or disease
3.6 Data Synthesis
Data synthesis aims to group similar extracted data according to the results measured
to answer the research objectives. Research journals that match the inclusion criteria
and exclusion criteria are then collected and a summary of the journal is made
including the name of the researcher, year of publication of the journal, research title,
method and summary or findings. The summary of the research journal is entered into
the table sorted alphabetically and the year of publication of the journal.

3.7 Research schedule

The research schedule addresses the stages of the research, the details of the
activities at each stage, the time needed to carry out each stage. The research
schedule can be presented in the form of a table or description.

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS

This section contains literature that is relevant to the research objectives. Presentation
of literature results in writing the Final Project includes a summary
the results of each selected article are in tabular form, then below the table it is
necessary to explain the meaning of the table and its trends in paragraph form. The
results do not need to be discussed "how & why", just explain "what". In this section
the researcher needs to present and analyze the meaning of the research findings that
have been stated in the results and link them to the research questions/hypotheses.
This is usually done by comparing the findings to whether they contradict or not with
previously existing theories.
This section is the most important part of the research. Part of this shows the level of
mastery of researchers on the development of science, paradigms, concepts and
theories, which are combined with research results. The discussion includes how &
why at least consisting of facts, theories and opinions from researchers.
1. Facts based on research results: need to explain why and how (no repeating
the numbers that have been analyzed in the results section)
2. Theory: Research results are linked to relevant theories (whether
corroborating or contradicting)
3. Opinion: is the opinion/view of the researcher on the comparison of existing
facts and theories including the limitations of the research conducted
This chapter contains the results of research and discussion which are integrated in
nature but can be broken down into separate sub-chapters consisting of:
1.1 Data Synthesis Results
The result of data synthesis is the part that presents the results of the literature search.
As far as possible, the literature obtained is presented in the form of a list (table) and
synthesized using a narrative method by grouping similar extracted data according to
the results measured to answer the objective.
Example :
Research Title : Public Awareness in Disposing of Remaining Drugs, Damaged Drugs
and Expired Drugs
Research Objectives: Knowing the level of knowledge, accuracy and attitudes of the
community in disposing of leftover drugs, spoiled drugs and expired drugs
Results or findings in a literature search can be made in tabular form as follows
(example in the form of 5 research results)
 Researcher, Research Title Research Research Research
Year, Country design Subjects result
Kristina, SA, et A Surveys on cross-sectional People living 85% of
al.2018. Medicine observational in Sleman, respondents
Indonesia Disposal study Bantul and throw away
Practice among DIY are aged drugs in
Households in 18 the rest of his
Yogyakarta years and over house returns
the medicine to
the Pharmacy.
Role required

from
Pharmacists to
educate the
public about
how to dispose
of drugs
Whi
ch
Correct
Alnahas F., et Expired Literature A study was Community
al.2020. Medication: review conducted on awareness
German Societal, 48 articles Stilllo
Regulatory and Wh w
Ethical Aspects ichcome from relate
of a Wasted 34 countries dwith drug
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ichrelated to Which
drug disposal Correct.
awareness Nee
Wh dSocialization
ichcan was carried out
damage the on how to
environment dispose of
drugs
Whic
h
Correct
Viswasanthi. A., A Qualitative Cross sectional Patient Most of the
Et.al. study of the descriptive Wh respondents
2018. knowledge, study with ichdeclared understand the
India attitude and interviews cured importance of
practice of An drug disposal
patients dallowed to Whi
regarding the go home ch
use of expired fro Correct
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medicine at Sic
Nimra Institute kVijayawada attitu
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medicalsc regarding
iences, disposal
methods
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Stilllo
w.
 Vijayawada Guidance
needed
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ch
Correct so
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s understand
how
proper drug
disposal
Azad, AK, et al. Disposal Cross Old teenager 87% of
Malaysia. 2012 Practice for sectional 18 respondents
Unused descriptive yeara understand
Medication study with nd above using how to dispose
s among interviews drugs of drugs with
the Students (prescription) Correct
of the for 3 months buton
International ly a few
Islamic respondents
University had the
Malaysia awareness to
return drugs
that were not
used to
Pharmacy
Ayele Y., et al. Assessment of A cross- society that 72.9%
2018. Ethiopia knowledge, sectional aged the public
attitude and descriptive 18 year understands
practice study using toon how to dispose
towards the face Which save of drugs
disposal of method to medicine WhichCorrect.
unused and face interview Almost most of
expired And using a the
pharmaceutical questionnaire respondents
s among the did not
community in understand
Hararcity,Easte that drug
rn Ethiopia damaged And
expired can be
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and necessary
 socialized to
society

In order to be able to manually synthesize the various views on computational thinking

as described above, we need to read, understand and analyze properly the intentions
conveyed by the authors in the concepts they put forward. To make it easier to do that,
you can do it by taking the points or keywords used by the authors in presenting their
concepts. So on every concept that is the same or has more or less the same meaning,
we may synthesize it into 1 idea so that in reporting we don't have to repeat it.
In conducting scientific research, what we actually quote is "ideas" not repeating
everything written by writers before us. The results of the summary in the table can be
synthesized in the form of sentences such as "overall the results of the study show
that almost all respondents do not understand that leftover drugs, spoiled drugs, and
expired drugs can be returned to the pharmacy if the respondent does not understand
how to dispose of the right and necessary drugs." guidelines on how to properly
dispose of drugs so that people understand about how to properly dispose of drugs.

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION

1.1 Discussion
The discussion is not to repeat the research results which are used as literature in the
form of sentence descriptions, but to analyze the research results from the literature
obtained. Discussion means synthesizing, summarizing and comparing the results of
one study with another in accordance with the stated research objectives.
The findings or information obtained can be related to the research objectives
(implications of the results of the literature study) or compared to the theory, as
described
in the literature review section. The steps in carrying out the discussion in the
systematic literature review are as follows:

1. Look for similarities (compare)

2. Look for dissimilarities (contrast)
3. Give a view (criticize)
4. Compare (synthesize)
5. Summary

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion

The conclusion is a brief and precise statement about the results of the research and
discussion to prove the truth of the hypothesis. The conclusion is formulated in the
form of a statement in a strict and concise manner so as not to give rise to other
interpretations.

6.2 Suggestion
Suggestions made based on the experience and considerations of researchers are not
statements that appear suddenly but are a continuation of conclusions, often in the
form of suggestions that can relate to operational aspects, policies or conceptual
principles. Suggestions should be concrete, realistic, of scientific and/or practical
value, and directed.

Final Section
The final section consists of the following
1. Bibliography (see how to write bibliography in accordance with the guidelines
for writing the Final Project)
2. Attachment
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic

review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when coosing between a
systematic or csoping review approach. BM. 2018. 18(143):1-7.
2. Purssell E, McCrae N. 2020. How to Perform a Systemstic Literature Review.
Switzerland : The Springers.
3. Siswanto., 2020. Systematic review as a research method for synthesizing
research results (an introduction). Center for Research and Development of
Health Systems and Policy., Health Research and Development Agency.,
Ministry of Health