GRT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY TIRUTTANI - 631209

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

Degree : B.E

Year / Sem : III / V

Course : Mechanical Engineering

Subject Code : ME8513

Subject : METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY

1
 ME6513 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY
0 0 3 2
Objective:
To familiar with different measurement equipments and use of this industry for quality
inspection

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS /EXERCISES

1. Calibration of Vernier / Micrometer; static characteristic study. Measurement
of Components like V block etc.,.
2. Calibration of Internal micrometer and bore gauge; static characteristic study.
Measurement of components.
3. Calibration of Dial Gauge; static characteristic study; Use of dial gauge as measuring
device and comparator.
4. Calibration of Gear Tooth Vernier; static characteristics study; Measurement of gear
tooth thickness.
5. Calibration of LVDT and characteristic study; Use of LVDT as electronic comparator
6. Measurement/checking of Taper Angle using Bevel Protractor / Sine bar / Tool
Makers Microscope.
7. Measurement of straightness and flatness using autocollimator.
8. Measurement/checking of thread parameters using tool maker„s microscope/thread gauges
9. Checking the limits of dimensional tolerances using comparators (Mechanical /
Pneumatic / Electrical).
10. Use of CMM in metrology- Tracing the profile of a component and measurement of
dimensions
11. Measurement of Force and torque.
12. Measurement of Vibration / Shock
13. Temperature measurement using thermo couples, RTD etc.

REFERENCES / MANUALS/SOFTWARE:

1. Jain, R. K., ―Engineering Metrology‖, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2007.

2. Tayal, A. K, ―Instrumentation and Mechanical Measurements‖, Galgotia Publications, New
Delhi, 2006.

2
 INDEX
Page Marks Awarded Sign
No CoE Obs Rec Viva Total
S.No Date Content (10) (20) (10) (10) 50
1. Calibration of Vernier caliper and 7
micrometer and measurement of the
given component
2. Calibration of bore gauge, inside 12
micrometer and measurement of the
component
3. Calibration of depth gauge, Vernier 18
height gauge and measurement of the
component
4. Calibration of dial gauge and 23
measurement of component
5. Calibration of LVDT and compare 26
and check the dimensional tolerance
using LVDT or Electrical
6. Calibration of gear tooth Vernier 32
and measurement of gear tooth
thickness by using gear tooth
Vernier caliper of given component
7. Calibration of bevel protractor and 37
measure of angle of given
component by using sine bar
8. Calibration and draw the profile of 42
given component by using Profile
Projector
9. A Measuring cylinder and cone 45
dimensions using coordinate
measuring machine
10. Measurement of Flatness and 48
straightness checking by using
autocollimator
11. Measurement of force using a 51
proving ring
12. Checking Dimensions of Part Using 55
Slip Gauges
13. Tool Maker‟s Microscope 57
14. Floating Carriage Micrometer 60
(Bench Micrometer)
15. Torque Measurement 63
16. Vibration Measurement 66

3
 INSTRUMENTS LIST
S.NO NAME OF S.NO NAME OF
EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT
PORTABLE SURFACE THERMOCOUPLES &
1 18
ROUGHNESS TESTER THEROMETER
UNIVERSAL BEVEL
2 19 PROFILE PROJECTOR
PROTRACTOR
DIAL INDICATOR WITH
3 20 AIR GUAGING EQUIPMENT
MAGNETIC STAND
GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
4 21 STRAIN GUAGE APPARATUS
CALIPER
5 VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE 22 VERNIER CALLIPER
SCREW THREAD
6 23 VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
MICROMETERS
CO-ORDINATE MEASURING
7 24 OUTSIDE MICROMETER
MACHINE
8 AUTOCOLLIMAETOR 25 INSIDE MICROMETER
FLOATING CARRIAGE
9 26 DEPTH MICROMETER
MICROMETER
10 GEAR TOOTH VERNIER 27 CYLINDER BORE GUAGE

11 TOOLMAKERS MICROSCOPE 28 VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

12 TORQUE TRANSDUCER 29 SINE BAR

13 LOAD CELL 30 SLIP GUAGE

FEELER GUAGE,SCREW PITCH

14 GRANITE SURFACE PLATE 31
GUAGE , RADIUS GUAGE

15 INSPECTION BENCH CENTER 32 DIAL TEST INDICATOR

ELEVTRONIC COMPARATOR
16 33 MAGNETIC BASE
(LVDT)
PITOT TUBE & PITOT
17 34 V-BLOCK
CYLINDER

5
6
Ex.No : Date:

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER AND MICROMETER AND

MEASUREMENT OF THE GIVEN COMPONENT

AIM

To calibrate and measure the given component by using Vernier caliper and
micrometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Slip gauges, Micrometer and Vernier Caliper.

PROCEDURE

Calibration

1. With the help of slip gauges as standard, calibrate the gauges.

2. Plot a graph of (i) Standard Input vs Output and
(ii) Standard Input vs Error.
3. Observe the characteristics like error, least count, sensitivity etc.,

Measurement

1. Place the work piece and the gauge appropriately and carry out the measurement of
the job.
2. Prepare a report of the measurement and indicate the characteristics of the work
pieces.

7
CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER:
S.NO Slip gauge in Main Vernier Output value Actual value in Error in
mm Scale Scale in mm mm mm
Division Division
(MSD) (VSD)
1

10

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNIER CALIPER:

Parameter Formula used Result

Range -

Span -
-
Error
-
Compensation factor

Least count value of 1Main Scale Division

No of Vernier Scale Division
change in Output
Sensitivity change in Input

8
 MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:

S.no Position of component Main Scale Vernier Scale Vernier Output Actual
Reading in Reading in Scale value in value in
mm Divisions Reading mm mm
in mm
1
2

3
4

5
6
7

8
9
10

CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER:
S.No Slip Gauge Main Scale Pitch Scale Output value in mm Error in mm
Division in Division in
mm mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

9
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROMETER:
Parameter Formula used Result
Range -

Span -

Error -

-
Compensation factor
Value of 1 Pitch Scale Reading
Least count Number of Pitch Scale Division
Change in Output
Sensitivity Change in Input

MEASUREMENTS OF COMPONENT:
Position of Out put
Head Scale Pitch Scale Pitch Scale Actual value mm
component value
Division in mm Division in Division *
mm Least Count
(PSD*LC)

10
RESULT:
Vernier caliper
Error of the instrument :
Least count :
Sensitivity :
Accuracy :
Micrometer
Error of the instrument :
Least count :
Sensitivity :
Accuracy :

11
11
Ex.No : Date:

CALIBRATION OF BORE GAUGE, INSIDE MICROMETER AND

MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT

AIM

To calibrate the Bore Gauge and Inside Micrometer and also to measure the given
component.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Vernier Caliper, Inside Micrometer, Bore gauge, Slip gauges, Component.

PROCEDURE

Calibration

1. Note down the range of instrument and the plunger displacement of the Bore Gauge.
2. Use a standard Vernier caliper as standard length and calibrate the gauges.
3. Note down the readings and plot the calibration graph.
4. Find the Least count, Error, Sensitivity of the instrument etc.,

Measurement

1. Insert the gauge into the given cylindrical work piece and carry out measurement at
different plane and at different position.
2. Draw a circularity graph and give a report of the circularity and taper of work pieces.
3. Give a report of the measurement.

12
CALIBRATION OF THE BORE GAUGE & INSIDE MICROMETER
Name of the Output values in mm
S. Standard Input Error in
instrument
No values Average mm
in mm I. II. III. values
1
2
3
BORE GAUGE

4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
INSIDE MICROMETER

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

13
CHARACTERISTICS OF BORE GAUGE

Range :

Span :

Error : % Error

Compensation factor :

Least count =

CHARACTERISTICS OF INSIDE MICROMETER:

Range :

Span :

Error of the instrument :

Compensation factor :

Least count :

Sensitivity :

14
 MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:

Instrument Observed Compensation Actual Reading

S.No Plane Position
used Reading in mm Factor in mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MODEL CALCULATION FOR BORE GAUGE:

Measured value = Main Scale Reading + (Vernier Scale Coincide * Least

Count)
MSR + (VSC*LC)
Correct value = Measured Value + Zero Correction

MODEL CALCULATION FOR INSIDE MICROMETER:

Measure value = Main Scale Reading + (Pitch Scale Reading * Least

Count)
MSR + (PSR*LC)

Correct value = Measured Value + Zero Correction

15
 BORE GAUGE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:

Output value
Input I II Average value Error in
S.no value
Div Rad Div Rad Div Rad mm
In mm
1
2

10

RESULT:
Least count of the Instrument:
Error :
Sensitivity :
Attach the analysis report :

16
VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

17
Ex.No : Date:

CALIBRATION OF DEPTH GAUGE, VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE AND

MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT

AIM

To calibrate the venire height gauge and depth gauge and to measure the given
component.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Venire Height Gauge, Depth Gauge, Slip Gauge.

Calibration

1. With the help of slip gauges as standard, calibrate the gauges .

2. Plot a graph of (i) Standard Input vs Output and
(ii) Standard Input vs Error
3. Observe the characteristics like error, least count, sensitivity, etc.,

Measurement

1. Place the work piece and the gauge appropriately and carry out the measurement of
the job.
2. Prepare a report of the measurement and indicate the characteristics of the work
pieces.

18
CALIBRATION OF DEPTH GAUGE
S. Name of Input value Output value in mm Error in
No instrument in mm Average mm
I II III
value
1
2
3
4
DEPTH GAUGE

5
6
7
8
9
10

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER

S. Input value Output value in mm Error in
No in mm I II III Average value mm
11
12
VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

19
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPTH GAUGE:
Range :
Span :

Least count :

Sensitivity :

Error :
CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:
Range :
Span :

Least count :

Sensitivity :

Error :
MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:

Position Main Scale Pitch Scale Observed Reading =Main Scale Correct Reading
Reading Reading Reading +(Pitch Scale Reading =Observed Reading
(MSR) in mm (PSR) in *Least Count) in mm +Zero Correction
Divisions in mm

20
 MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:
Parameter Main Scale Vernier Scale Observed Reading =Main Scale Corrected
Reading Reading Reading +(Pitch Scale Reading Reading
measured
in mm *Least Count) in mm =Observed
in Divisions
Reading +Zero
Correction
in mm

RESULT
Depth gauge
Least count of the Instrument:
Error :
Sensitivity :
Vernier Height gauge
Least count of the Instrument:
Error :
Sensitivity :

21
DIAL GAUGE

22
Ex.No : Date:

CALIBRATION OF DIAL GAUGE AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENT

AIM

To calibrate the dial gauge using slip gauge and to measure the given components
using dial gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

V - Block, Dial gauge with stand, Work piece, Slip gauges.

PROCEDURE

Calibration

1. The dial gauge is fitted to the stand to match the range of calibration of the dial
gauge.

2. Adjust the dial gauge reading to zero with respect to reference plane.

3. Insert the selected length standard (slip gauge) between the reference surface and the
dial gauge plunger .

4. Repeat step 3 for the incremental increaser standard input.

5. Note down output values for the each of standard inputs.

6. Calculate error in Dial Gauge.

7. Plot a graph of (i). Standard input vs Output and (ii). Standard input vs Error

8. Calculate sensitivity of the instrument.

Measurement

1. Without disturbing the calibration setup insert the work piece to be measured between
the reference surface and the Dial Gauge plunger.

2. Set a datum point or line.

3. Observe the Dial Gauge reading by moving the work piece to the edges for
measurement.

23
 4. Note down the reading of all the measurement.

5. Calculate compensating factor based on the error in the instrument.

6. Give a report of the work piece.

CALIBRATION OF DIAL GAUGE

S.No STD Dimension Reading From Dial Gauge Average
in Error in
mm R1 in mm R2 in mm R3 in mm mm deg mm

10

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAL GAUGE

Range : mm
Span : mm
Least Count : mm
Linearity : Output / Input =
% Linearity : %
Error/Bias : mm
Compensation Factor : mm
Sensitivity :

24
 MEASUREMENT OF SPECIMEN
S.No Actual Readings in
Parameter Observed Readings in mm Compensating
mm
measured factor in mm
1

10

MODEL GRAPH

Output Error

Standard Input Standard Input

RESULT
Error of the instrument:
Sensitivity :
Lest count :

25
Ex.No : Date:

CALIBRATION OF LVDT AND COMPARE AND CHECK THE DIMENSIONAL

TOLERANCE USING LVDT OR ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR

AIM

To calibrate the LVDT and to measure the incremental input.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

LVDT, Micrometer, Slip gauge.

DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

Calibration

1. Note down the range and span of LVDT .

2. Chose suitable slip gauges to make enough number of readings for calibration.
3. Set the LVDT such that when the plunger is at the middle, indicating zero output.
4. Calibrate the LVDT on both side of plunger movement from its mean position.
5. Plot a graph of (i) Standard Input vs Output and
(ii) Standard Input vs Error

26
 6. Calculate the error, least count, sensitivity, etc.,
Measurement
1. Insert the work piece to be measured, between the reference plane and LVDT plunger
without disturbing the calibration setup.
2. Note down the indicated readings or the difference between the standard value and the
indicated reading if used as a comparator.
3. Make enough number of readings if used as a comparator and classify the items
indicated as accepted or rejected and produced a statistical report.
4. If it‟s a measurement of a job, then produce a report of measurement.

CALIBRATION OF LVDT
Basic size: Increment/Decrement =

S.NO STD Input Output Output Error

mm µm micron value in mm (µm)
1

10

Average error = µm
Compensation factor = µm

27
CHARATERISTICS OF ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR:

Range =

Least Count =

Compensation factor =

Sensitivity = Change in output signal

Change in input signal

Accuracy = output-input
Input

CHECKING OF COMPONENT: Compensation factor = µm

Compensation
Readings Displayed/ Attribute outcome Actual Value
Piece Factor
in micron in micron

28
 TABULATION

Setting. No Slip gauge size(mm) Indicated diff in Remarks

microns

Lot 1

Lot 2

Lot 3

Lot 4

29
MODEL CALCULATION:
Error =

Compensation factor =

Least Count =

Sensitivity = Change in output signal

Change in input signal
Accuracy = output-input
Input
Error =

MODEL GRAPH:

Output Error

Standard Input Standard Input

RESULT:
Error of the instrument :
Least count :
Sensitivity :
Accuracy :

30
GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALIPER

31
Ex.No : Date:
CALIBRATION OF GEAR TOOTH VERNIER AND MEASUREMENT OF GEAR
TOOTH THICKNESS BY GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALIPER
AIM

To calibrate the gear tooth Vernier and to measure the thickness of gear tooth.

APPRATUS REQUIRED

Gear tooth Vernier and slip gauge.

PROCEDURE

Calibration

1. Note down the range of the Vernier scale in X and Y axis.

2. Select suitable slip gauges and calibrate X and Y axis independently.

3. Produce a calibration report and draw necessary graph.

4. Note down the error in the instrument if any.

Measurement

1. Calibrate the instrument using slip gauge.

2. Find outside diameter of given gear using Vernier caliper and count number of tooth in
gear.

3. Calculate pitch scale circle diameter of given gear using formula

Pitch diameter (D) = N*OD/ (N+2) mm

Where,
OD = outer diameter of gear.
N = number of teeth
Module (m) = D/N mm

Addendum = (Nm/2) [1+ (2/N)-Cos (90/N)]

32
4. Find out tooth thickness in mm

Tooth thickness = N*m *sin (90/N)mm

5. Set variable side of calculated addendum of job place side on top gear tooth to be
measured.

6. Repeat it for variable tooth and find average tooth thickness of given gear.

7. Thickness of the tooth = 2.70mm

CALIBRATION OF THE GEAR TOOTH VERNIER :
Sno STD Output value in mm Average Error in
Axis Input output in mm
I II II mm
in mm
1

2
X
3

6
Y
7

33
CHARATERISCTICS OF GEAR TOOTH VERNIER:
Parameter Formula Result
Range -

Span -
Least count Distance moved
(no. of Pitch Scale Divisions)

Sensitivity Change in output

Change in input

Model Graph:

E
O R
U R
P O
U R
T

INPUT
INPUT

MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:

Tooth No Main Scale Vernier Scale Observed Corrected
Reading in mm Reading in mm Reading in Reading in
mm mm

34
OBSERVATION:
Number of teeth on gear =
Outer diameter =

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the thickness of tooth was found out and compared with practical value.

35
BEVEL PROTRACTOR

36
 Ex.No : Date:
CALIBRATION OF BEVEL PROTRACTOR AND MEASURE OF ANGLE OF
GIVEN COMPONENT BY USING SINE BAR
AIM:
To measure the angle of the given work-piece using Bevel protractor.
To measure taper angle of given work piece by sine bar.

To set the given sine bar to the given angle.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Bevel protractor
 Work-piece.
 Rollers and pins
 Shafts
 Sine Bar
 Slip gauge
 Workpiece

DESCRIPTION:

The equipment consists of a Vernier protractor with a movable measuring blade and
a reference blade. The blades are adjustable for both angle and length and are readily applied
to a variety of measuring applications.

The main scale is graduated in degrees of arc. The Vernier scale has 12
divisions each side of the centre zero. These are marked 0-60 minutes of arc, so that
each division equals 1/12 of 60,that is 5 minutes of arc. These 12 divisions occupy the
same space as 23 degrees on the main scale. Therefore each division of the Vernier is equal
to 1/12 of 23or 1 11/12. Since 2 divisions on the main scale equals 2 degrees of arc, the
difference between 2 divisions on the main scale and one division on the Vernier scale is
2- 1 11/12= 1/12= 5 minutes of arc. The accuracy of measurement will largely depend
upon the skill of the user.

37
PROCEDURE:

ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING BEVEL PROTRACTOR:

1. The given work piece is cleaned before taking measurement.

2. The fixed blade of the bevel protractor is made to coincide with the reference
surface of work piece.
3. Move the movable blade of protractor to coincide with outer surface.
4. The angle between the blades is taken from protractor main scale and Vernier
scale reading.

Checking of angle between centre lines of holes:

1. A pin, which must be of good fit, is inserted in each hole (for which the angular
spacing is to check) and rollers are placed in positions as shown.

2. The dimension M over the rollers is measured and from this, together with the

diameters of the pins ,rollers and shaft, the angle can be measured.

M–d

Sin  = ---------------

D+d

P+d

Sin  = ---------------

D+ d

 = 2(-)

38
 Where,

M- Distance between the outer edges of the Rollers

P- Diameter of the Pins

d- Diameter of the Rollers

D- Diameter of the Shaft

TABULATION:

ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING BEVEL PROTRACTOR:

WORKPIECE NAME OF DESIGN VALUE OBTAINED DIFFERENCE IN

ANGLE IN DEGREES DEGREES
VALUE IN DEGREES

I a)

b)

c)

d)

II a)

b)

c)

d)

III a)

b)

c)

d)

39
 CHECKING OF ANGLE BETWEEN CENTRE LINES OF HOLES:

S.NO Diameter of the Diameter of the Diameter of the Distance between the outer edges
Pins (P) Rollers(d) Shaft(D) of the Rollers(M)

Conclusion:

Thus using the bevel protractor, all the angles of the given-machined plate are found out
and compared with design values and errors are noted.

And the angle between the centre lines of holes is measured.

40
Profile Projector

41
 Ex.No: Date:

CALIBRATION AND DRAW THE PROFILE OF THE GIVEN COMPONENT BY

USING PROFILE PROJECTOR
AIM

1) To calibrate profile projector.

2) To check the dimensions of small size components using a profile projector.
3) To draw the profile of the given job.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Profile Projector
2) Small Screws/Small Gears
DESCRIPTION

The profile projector is basically an optical instrument/comparator which makes use

of the enlarged image principle. The purpose of optical projector is to compare the shape or
profile of a relatively small engineering component with an accurate standard or drawing. It
throws an enlarged image of the component onto a screen. The magnification of the system
will be equal to the size of the object image in screen divided by size of the component. The
available magnified are 10x, 20x & 50x.

CALIBRATION PROCEDURE:

1) The least count of the micrometer in the profile projector is noted down.
2) A standard input (slip gauge) is projected onto the screen and the screen reading is
noted.
3) The error is calculated from the standard input & the output readings are calculated.
4) Then while taking the reading of job, the error is suitably compensated.

42
 CALIBRATION:

Micrometer Readings Template Reading

Std Input
S.NO. Actual Remarks
(mm) Initial Final Net Screen
Reading
(mm) (mm) (mm) Reading
(Screen
Reading /
Magnificati
on Factor)

CALIBRATION REPORT OF PROFILE PROJECTOR:

Characteristics Quality

Sensitivity

Least count at template

Error

Magnification factor

43
 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE:

1) Initially clean the work piece and the table.

2) The fan is switched on and the episcope is turned on.
3) The height of the table is adjustable, so that the clear image of the work piece is seen
on the screen.
4) Then using the micrometer provided for X-direction & other one for Y-direction,
image of the object could be positioned & matched with a template location on the
screen. The worktable is moved with a template location on the screen. The worktable
is moved with the help of micrometer. The readings of the micrometer & that of the
screen are noted.
5) Then by imposing a graph sheet on the screen the profile is plotted for further
reference.
TABULATION:

Micrometer
Template Reading(mm)
Parameter Readings(mm)
S.NO. under Test Remarks
Initial Final Net Magnifi Actual
Screen
cation Reading
Reading
Factor (Screen
M.F Reading/
Magnificati
on Factor)

RESULT

Thus, the profile projector is calibrated & the various parameters of a given watch
stud are measured.

44
Ex.No: Date:
A MEASURING CYLINDER AND CONE DIMENSIONS COORDINATE
MEASURING MACHINE
AIM:
 To study the functions of different parts of CMM.
 To study the conventions used for Machine Coordinate System and Work piece
Coordinate System.
 To calibrate the probe tip at three different angles.
 To check different dimensional attributes like circularity, cylindricity, flatness, run out,
etc and the corresponding tolerance values
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1.CMM unit
2.Job
DESCRIPTION & PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT:

Co-ordinate Measuring Machine with its parts

45
 It is used for geometrical feature measurement. The typical "bridge" CMM is
composed of three axes, X, Y and Z. These axes are orthogonal to each other in a typical
three dimensional coordinate system. Each axis has a scale system or encoder that indicates
the translation of the axes. The machine will read the input points from the touch probe by
touching the required location, as directed by the operator or programmer. The machine then
uses the X,Y,Z coordinates of each of these points to determine size and position of the job.
Then the measurands (e.g. length, diameter, angle, flatness, straightness etc.) can be
determined by those points. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is also a device used in
manufacturing and assembly processes to test a part or assembly against the design intent. By
precisely recording the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the target, points are generated which can
then be analyzed via regression algorithms for the construction of features. These points are
collected by using a probe that is positioned manually by an operator CMMs can be
programmed to repeatedly measure identical parts; thus a CMM is a specialized form of
industrial robot. In CMM there are mainly two major parts. There are structural system and
probing system. Machine structure, bridge, bearings for moving the bridge, granite table
to support the work piece, vibration isolation system and are included in the structural
systems. Air bearings are the chosen method for ensuring friction free travel. Compressed air
is forced through a series of very small holes in a flat bearing surface to provide a
smooth but controlled air cushion on which the CMM can move in a frictionless manner.
In probing system one touch trigger probe is attached to the Z-axis quill of the bridge.
When probe is rotated about X-axis it is then called as angle A, and when the probe is rotated
about Z-axis, then it is called as angle B.
PROCEDURE:
Job : Artefact supplied by TESA
1. Define plane, line and origin in manual mode.
2. Measure:
(a)Hole diameter, circularity of the Hole and Height,
(b) Cone angle and Diameter of the Cone
(c)Round slot
(d) Measurement of all the holes in polar array in manual mode
(e) Probe calibration is important while creating a new Part Program

46
 AVG VALUE
FEATURE DIMENSION 1 2 3
mm
Diameter
Cylinder
Circularity
Height
Cone Diameter
Cone angle
Sphere Diameter

REPORT SHOULD CONTAIN:

a. A neat sketch of CMM with proper mentioning of the machine and probe axes.
b. Calibration procedure of probe tip at angles: A B , A B and A B__ and show results.
c. Comment on variation of the standard deviation errors (if any) in previous results.
d. Check dimensional attributes and tolerances for the job provided.
e. Comment on why a sphere has been chosen for the tip.
f. What is the material for probe tip and why is it chosen?
g. Why is it better to use a bigger diameter tip for measurement?
h. What is the principle of slide-guide mechanism for all the three machine axes?

PRECAUTIONS:
! Never touch the granite base on the machine for accuracy issues.
! Do not touch the Axis slides, probe head/tip, and the guides.

47
Ex.No : 11 (a) Date:
MEASUREMENT OF FLATNESS AND STRAIGHTNESS CHECKING BY USING
AUTOCOLLIMATOR
AIM

To check the flatness and straightness of the given component using autocollimator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Auto collimator
2) Work piece /object to be tested
DESCRIPTION

An optical system of an auto collimator consists of a light source, condensers, semi-

reflectors, target wire, collimating lens and reflector apart from microscope eyepiece. A
target wire takes place of the light source into the focal plane of the collimator lenses. Both
the target wire and the reflected image are seen through a microscope eyepiece.

The eyepiece incorporates a scale graduated in 0.05mm interval and a pair of parallel
setting wires which can be adjusted. Movements of wires are effected through a micrometer,
one rotation of the drum equals to one scale division movement of the wires.

The instrument is designed to be rotated through 90 degrees about its longitudinal axis
so that the angles in both horizontal & vertical planes are measured.

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PROCEDURE:
1) Keep the auto collimator on the reference surface.
2) Place the reflector on the surface to be tested, such that the reflected beam of light
goes back to the collimating lens.
3) The position of auto collimator is adjusted until the two target wires set in focal plane
of instrument are each covered.
4) Any horizontal tilt in the surface under test leads to vertical target wire to move to the
right.

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 5) The angular tilt 20 of the reflector is obtained by taking into account the distance (d)
between wires.
d=2Fdθ

Where, F=Focal length of collimating lens.

TABULATION:

Mirror distance Micrometer reading(mm) Angle

Average(mm)
(mm) A B C Tanθ=y/x

RESULT:

The values are analyzed and necessary modification of the surface may be
recommended based on the accuracy required on flatness. If the values observed from the
micrometer are varying linearly then straightness/flatness can be judged.

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 EX.NO : DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF FORCE USING A PROVING RING

AIM:

To understand the elastic transducers and measure the force applied on a proven ring.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Proving ring
2) Displacement measuring and indicating device-dial gauge

DESCRIPTION:

A proving ring is a ring of known physical dimensions and mechanical properties.

When an external compressive or tensile load is applied to lugs or external bosses, the ring
change its diameter, the change being proportional to the applied force. The amount of ring
deflection is measured by means of a highly sensitive displacement measuring device. A dial
gauge/electrical strain gauge system may be used as a secondary transducer.

PROCEDURE:

1) Clamp the proving ring rigidly.

2) Ensure the secondary displacement transducer is properly aligned.
3) The axis of the dial gauge plunger and the line of forces should coincide.
4) Apply a known force at the top most point of the proving ring.
5) Increase the input force in steps and note down the corresponding reading in the dial
gauge.

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TABULATION
Load in Load in g(Defelction in Unload in g(Defelction in Deflection Deflection
Kg div) div) for for
Loading unloading
I II III I II III in mm in mm

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MODEL GRAPH:

Range :

Least Count :

Sensitivity :

Change in Output/ Change in Input :

Proving ring sensitivity :

Dial Gauge sensitivity :

Overall Sensitivity :

RESULT:
Thus the instrument behaves linearly and the linearity range depends upon the
material property of the proving ring.

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54
 CHECKING DIMENSIONS OF PART USING SLIP GAUGES
Exp NO: Date:
AIM:
To determine the thickness of the ground MS plate using slip gauges.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
• Slip gauges set
• Slip gauges accessories
• Measuring jaws
• Holders
PROCEDURE:
1. The slip gauges are cleaned by using cloth
2. The thickness of the given MS plate is determined to the nearest 0.1mm size by using
micrometer.
3. The slip gauges are selected to built up required dimension.
4. Required combination of slip gauges is built up by wringing.
5. The built up gauges is wrung with the wringing faces of the measuring jaws.
6. The jaws and the built up gauges are held in the holder.
7. The given MS plate is placed between the flat surfaces of the measuring jaws and the
thickness of the plate is measured.

RESULT:
The thickness of the given MS plate is measured by using slip gauges.
The thickness of the given MS plate is _______________ mm.

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TOOL MAKER’S MICROSCOPE

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 TOOL MAKER‟S MICROSCOPE
Exp No: Date:
AIM:
To determine the major and flank angle for the particular screw.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
• Tool maker‟s microscope
• Work piece

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main.
2. Switch on the micros scope lights.
3. Select the capacity of the lens for precision operation.
4. Place the object on the class table to get the clear image rotate the wheel provided at the light
side.
5. After getting the clear image, locate the crosswire at the initial point on the image. Now note
down the micrometer reading.
6. Move the cross wire from initial point to the finial point on the image, which is to be
measured. Note down the micrometer reading, this operation is done by using micrometer.
7. Now the different but when the initial and the finial reading i.e. distance traveled gives the
size of the object.
8. Graph can be plotted actual micrometer reading vs. % of error.

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TABULATION:
Sl. Actual Profile projector micrometer reading Error % error
No micrometer (A-D)
Initial(B) Final (c) Difference
reading in In mm
mm mm b/w B& C
mm (A)
(D)

FIND THE FLANK ANGLE

Sl.No Initial angle in Final angle in Difference b/w Average
degree (B) (A&B)
degree (A)

CALCULATION:
% error = (error/actual micrometer reading) x100

RESULT:
Thus the all dimensions of the given particular screw were measured by using tool maker‟s
microscope.
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59
 FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
(BENCH MICROMETER)
Exp No: Date:
AIM:
To measure the major diameter of screw thread using floating carriage micrometer.
PROCEDURE:
 Clear all the parts with tissue paper or soft cloth. Put the base (A) on the form elevation
table on surface plate level the machine with the help of screw (E) in such a way that the
floating top remains steady at any position without gravitational motion.
 Put floating top (O) on the carriage with two balls between the two stopper fins on one
side V groove of carriage (B) and floating top (C). Put one ball on other V groove on
other side of floating top between the stopper pins.
 Insert the micrometer(F) provided with machine in one side of the floating top nearer to
observer and tight lever(Y) and screw provided on floating top (C). Insert the „O‟
indicator (C) on the other side of the V groove on floating and tight the lever and screw.
 Now the machine is ready to take the readings.
MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION:
Major diameter measurement
The diameter of the setting master on a cylinder should be nearly same as the diameter of the
thread gauge. The advantage of using setting master is it gives similarly of contact of anvils and
radius error in measurement the setting is held between the centers. The master cylinder is then
replaced by the threaded work piece on threaded gauge and then second reading is taken.
D -Diameter of setting master.
R1 -Micrometer reading over setting master.
R2 -Micrometer reading of threaded work piece or gauge.
Then,
Major diameter D+ different between R1 and R2 the +or –is determined by relative size of
master and work piece.

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TABULATION:
Sl.No Standard FCM reading FCM reading Difference Actual
dimension for standard for the screw (A-B) reading
piece (A) thread(B) SD±(A-B)

RESULT:
Thus the major diameter of the screw thread is measured by using floating carriage micrometer.

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62
 TORQUE MEASUREMENT
Exp No: Date:
AIM:
The aim of the instrumentation trainer is to introduce and to calculate the instrumentation system
in a manner sufficiently complete that the students will acquire proper knowledge and the idea
about the transducers and their applications to measure mechanical and thermal quantities
include strain, force, pressure, torque, displacement, acceleration, frequency etc. the thermal
quantities include temperature and heat flow.

SPECIFICATION:
TORQUE INDICATOR
• Display range: 3 digital LED display of 200mv FSD to read upto ±1999 counts.
• Accuracy: ± 0.5% of FSD
• Resolution: ±0.01 kg-m
• Bridge excitation: 10VDC
• Calibration: Directly loading sensor at 1m arm length.
SENSOR SPECIFICATION
• Sensor: reaction torque sensor
• Type: flange mounting
• Capacity: 1kg-m
• Gauge factor: 2.01
• Safe overload: 150% of rated capacity
• Operating temp: 10-15°c
• Accuracy: 21%

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TABULATION:
Sl. Actual Indicator Error % error
No Torque(A) reading(B) (A-B) kg-m
kg-m. kg-m

Percentage of error =error / Max.load *100

CONNECTION DETAILS
Power: 3 pin mains cable is provide with the instrument connect the three pin socket to the
instrument at the rear panel and to the AC mains 230V supply.
Sensor: 5 pin connected is provided at the rear panel marked sensor. Connect one end of the
cable provided at the rear panel marked and other end to the instrument.

PROCEDURE:
 Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front
panel.
 The display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
 Allow the instrument is in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.
 Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads “00.0”.
 Apply load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weights in steps of 100gms.
 The instrument reads the load on the sensor and display through LED. Readings can be
tabulated.

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GRAPH:
Actual reading Vs Indicator reading

RESULT:
Thus the electronic instrumentation trainer was trained successfully and the corresponding
graphs were plotted.

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 VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Exp No: Date:
AIM:
To measure the vibration in terms of acceleration, velocity and displacement for different speed
conditions.
SPECIFICATION:
Accelerometer
Charge sensitivity pc/g : 35-45
Voltage sensitivity mv/g : 28-30
Capacitance p+ : 1000
Frequency range, Hz : 10-3000
Shock max : 1000
Max ambient temp °C : 60

Vibration meter
Input impedance : 6000 M OHMS
Max input signal : 800pc
Frequency range : 10Hz-1Hz
Acceleration : 0.1-199.9 m/s² peak (accuracy ±5%)
Velocity : 0.1-19.9 cm/s
Displacement : 0.01-1.99 mm
Display : 3½ digital LED display
Power supply : 230 volts, 50 H

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TABULATION
Sl.No Speed Acceleration Velocity cm/s Displacement
rpm mm
m/s²

CONNECTION DETAILS:
Power: 3 pin mains cable provided with the instrument connect the 3 pin socket to the
instrument at the real panel and to the Ac mains 230v supply.
Sensor: battery terminals are provided at the front panel to connect the sensor.

OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Check connections and switch ON the instrument by socket switch of the front panel. The
displays close to indicate the instrument is ON.
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial worm up.
3. Select the parameter line acceleration or velocity or displacement to be measured.
4. Apply dynamic force on the sensor the displays will shows the diameter.
5. By mounting the sensor on any vibrating body the acceleration, velocity and displacement of
the vibrating body can be measured.

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GRAPH
Speed Vs acceleration, velocity, displacement

RESULT:
Thus the vibration of a rotating shaft in terms of acceleration, velocity and displacement of
different speed are found out successfully and the corresponding graphs are plotted.

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