IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR -POWERED

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DEEP WELL LOCATED AT

BRGY. PATOC DAGAMI, LEYTE

An Undergraduate Capstone

Presented to

The Faculty of College of Engineering

Eastern Visayas State University

Tacloban City

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

By:

Chu, Giankarlo Roven G.

Morastil, Eugine Reynan A.

Tayor, Nathanael F.

Telimban, Arwin C.

May 2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirement to the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Electrical Engineering this research project entitled “IMPLEMENTATION AND
EVALUATION OF SOLAR- POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
FOR DEEP WELL LOCTED AT BRGY. PATOC DAGAMI, LEYTE” device
has been prepared and submitted by the group who were recommended for oral
defense.

MARK TEOTIMO S. REYES, MEng

Adviser

Approved by the committed on Oral Examination with a grade of _____.

RITCHIE G. IBAÑEZ, REE

Chairman

JAY GABRIEL F. JIMENEZ, MEng VINYL H. OQUIÑO, Ph.D.

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Electrical Engineering. The group also passed the Oral Defense.
Date of Oral Examination:

May 30, 2022

VINYL H. OQUIÑO, Ph.D.

HEAD, Electrical Engineering Department
EVSU, Tacloban City

DIOSDADO J. LESIGUEZ, Ph.D

Dean, College of Engineering
EVSU, Tacloban City

ii
 ACCEPTANCE SHEET

This research project entitled “IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION

OF SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DEEP
WELL LOCTED AT BRGY. PATOC DAGAMI, LEYTE” device has been
prepared and presented by the group, in partial fulfillment of the requirement to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, is hereby accepted.

MARK TEOTIMO S. REYES, MEng

Adviser

Approved by the committed on Oral Examination with a grade of _____.

RITCHIE G. IBAÑEZ, REE

Chairman

JAY GABRIEL F. JIMENEZ, MEng VINYL H. OQUIÑO, Ph.D.

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Electrical Engineering.
Date of Oral Examination:

May 30, 2022

VINYL H. OQUIÑO, Ph.D.

HEAD, Electrical Engineering Department
EVSU, Tacloban City

DIOSDADO J. LESIGUEZ, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Engineering
EVSU, Tacloban City

iii
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to express their special appreciation and infinite

gratitude to individuals who extend their valuable assistance to the realization of this

study.

To Engr. Vinyl H. Oquiño, Ph.D, our research instructor, for his guidance

during this thesis, we managed to complete our study. His vision and motivation have

deeply inspired us by providing invaluable guidance throughout this research.

To our research adviser, Engr. Mark Reyes, for his unwavering support,

guidance and suggestions without his tutelage, researchers could not have had the

chance to think on this beneficial research topic.

The panel of the examinees from Eastern Visayas State University chaired by

Engr. Ritchie G. Ibañez, Engr. Jay Gabriel F. Jimenez, and Engr. Vinyl H. Oquiño,

for their technical expertise for the improvement of their piece of work.

To our respective parents, Mr. & Mrs. Rosaly C. Chu, Mr. & Mrs. Avelina A.

Morastil, Mr. & Mrs. Ruth F. Tayor, and Mr. & Mrs. Adelaida C. Telimban, for their

encouragement, guidance, spiritual, and financial support to the entire study.

Above all, to Almighty God, for His divine love, blessing, strength, and

wisdom.

-The Researchers-

Eastern Visayas State University

May 2022

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………… ii

ACCEPTANCE SHEET………………………………………………….. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………….... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………. v

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………... vii

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………….. viii

LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………... ix

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….. x

1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………. 1

Rationale…………………………………………………………… 2

Objectives of the study…………………………………………….. 4

Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………. 4

Significance of the Study…………………………………………... 5

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………….. 6

Definition of Terms……………………………………………….... 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………… 9

Related Literature and Studies……………………………………… 9

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………….. 15

Materials and Equipment…………………………………………… 15

Methods…………………………………………………………….. 17
 A. Experimental Design/Model Used ……………………………... 18

B. Procedures for the Different Processes…………………………. 18

C. Communication…………………………………………………. 18

D. Planning………………………………………………………... 19

E. Modeling………………………………………………………. 27

F. Construction……………………………………………………. 29

G. Deployment……………………………………………………. 29

H. Evaluation……………………………………………………… 30

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………….. 31

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION….. 42

Summary…………………………………………………………… 42

Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 43

Recommendation…………………………………………………… 44

BIBILIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….. 45

APPENDICIES………………………………………………………………… 47

CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………………. 58
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Body Fabrication of Water Filtration System Material Cost…… 16

2 Design of Solar Power System Material Cost……………………. 17

3 Bacteriological, Physical and Chemical Data of Water………….. 31

4 Load Computation………………………………………………... 37

6 Solar Panel Ratings………………………………………………. 42

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Deep well located in Brgy. Patoc l, Dagami, Leyte……………… 3

2 Schematic Diagram of the Framework…………………………... 6

3 Block Diagram of Solar Powered Water Purification System…… 20

4 Microcontroller Flowchart………………………………………. 21

5 Circuit Diagram of Microcontroller……………………………… 22

6 Circuit Diagram of Whole System………………………………. 23

7 Water Container Frame Model…………………………………… 27

8 Filtration System Frame Model………………………………….. 28

9 Construction of Water Container and Filtration System Frame…. 29

10 Ph level Comparison of Different Waters……………………….. 32

11 Filtration System and Electrical Components Box Frame……….. 36

 APPENDECIES

Appendix Page

i Letter to the barangay to conduct study……………………. 48

A Materials……………………………………………….…… 49

B Calculation for longer operation time…………………….… 52

C Pictures……………………………………………………... 54

D Laboratory Test…………………………………………….. 55
 ABSTRACT

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR POWERED -WATER

PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DEEP WELL LOCATED AT BRGY. PATOC
DAGAMI, LEYTE

Giankarlo Roven G. Chu

Eugine Reynan A. Morastil
Arwin C. Telimban
Nathanael F. Tayor

Water is a basic human necessity. It is a vital natural resource that we utilize

for drinking and has a variety of other functions in our daily lives. In-house
contamination of drinking water is a persistent problem in the remote areas where
households have no access to clean water for drinking and sanitation, hence, only
sourcing their water from deep wells, which they, then, purify using a makeshift filter
made from containers, funnel, sand, and charcoal. To address this problem,
researchers conducted a study that aims to develop an automated solar- powered water
purification system to purify the water in a particular deep well to make it a potable
alkaline drinking water.
This study is strategically located at Brgy. Patoc, Dagami, Leyte, wherein
drinking water has the possibility of not having been potable. The researchers use
experimental design. Collection of water sample is done from the direct source, which
is the deep well moreover, it has undergone through laboratory testing, and
considering that the data collected are not potable, the water filtration system is
applied. During principal operation, the water will undergo seven stages of alkaline
filtration system which will filter out unwanted bacteria and particles for it to be
potable enough for the residents. As expected, researchers arrived at these positive
results: (1) using a digital pH level tester, the filtered-out water was tested to 8.46 pH
which passes the pH level of alkalinity; (2) The filtered-out water passed the lab test
of its bacteriology, turbidity, color, and odor which was conducted in Eastern Visayas
Regional Medical Center; (3) The whole system is very helpful and efficient as it
gives safe drinking water to the residents of Brgy. Patoc, Dagami.

Keywords: potable, purification, alkaline, deep well, automated

 CHAPTER I

Water is a basic human necessity. Every individual on the planet requires at

least 20 to 50 litres of clean, safe water every day for drinking, cooking, and simply

for staying clean. Similarly, water is a vital natural resource that we utilize for

drinking and for a variety of functions in our daily lives. It is critical for your health to

drink adequate water on a daily basis [1]. Dehydration, which can cause sluggish

thinking, mood swing, overheating, constipation, and kidney stones, can all be

avoided by drinking plenty of water across the world; thus, safe drinking water is

required for human health.

Despite its abundant and diverse water resources, the Philippines continues to

face major issues with water quality, accessibility, water scarcity, and temporal

distribution. Drinking water contamination is still an issue in rural regions, where

deep wells, common faucets, and, occasionally, water directly from streams or springs

are the only sources of water that do not go through adequate treatment before

consumption. To address this issue, a significant amount of research must be

undertaken in order to develop reliable new techniques of purifying water at lower

costs and with less energy, while minimizing the use of chemicals and environmental

damage.

This study aims to develop an automated solar-powered water purification

system to purify the water in a particular deep well to make it a potable alkaline

drinking water. The results of this study will help people, particularly those in the

research locale, in purifying their water and allowing them to have access to a safe

and potable water source.

1
RATIONALE

Adequate supply of safe drinking water is universally recognized as a basic

human need and right. Alongside food and air, water is a necessity for human beings.

It is a basic human requirement for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. As

regards the water volume on earth, less than 3% is freshwater and the remaining is salt

water and is undrinkable. Lack of access to safe drinking water is a growing public

health concern around the world. Consequently, waterborne illnesses have emerged.

Inadequate access to clean water and sanitation is one of the most persistent issues

plaguing people all over the world. Water scarcity is anticipated to become more

widespread in the next decades, especially in areas that are currently regarded to be

water rich.

In terms of water quantity and quality, countries differ. Some countries are

well-equipped, while others struggle to locate water sources. The Philippines is one of

the countries that has been blessed with an abundance of high-quality water. Despite

this, many Filipinos do not have access to readily available water in their daily lives.

With a population that is rising at a rate of 2% per year, access to water will become

even more difficult in the coming years.

In-house contamination of drinking-water is a persistent problem in remote

areas. A number of 1.6 million people die every year due to diarrhoea because of

contaminated drinking water. In developing countries, most households are still

deprived of running water; hence, drinking water must be collected at source, which is

often located many hundreds of meters away from home and transported to the

household where it is stored until consumption. Water is the major constituent of the

2
human body. It is the main constituent of cells, tissues and organs and is vital for life.

Therefore, we need to pay attention to what we drink throughout the day to ensure

that we are meeting our daily water needs, as not doing so may have negative health

effects.

In the Philippines, specifically in Dumaran, a town in Palawan, 80.14% of the

household have no access to clean water for drinking and sanitation despite being

surrounded by vast body of water. Households source their water from deep wells,

which they, then, purify using a makeshift filter made from containers, funnel, sand,

and charcoal.

This study is strategically located at Brgy. Patoc, Dagami, Leyte, wherein

drinking water has the possibility of not having been potable. The study aims at

developing an automated solar- powered water purification system to purify the water

in a particular deep well to make it a potable alkaline drinking water. Municipality of

Dagami has a source of purified water but not all places can accumulate the benefit of

it. Some places of Dagami are not connected to the main pipe of the purified water

supply in which people living on that area have to buy a purified water amounting

P30.00 per container not to mention the travel expenses back and forth. Compared to

3
this system, there is an unlimited source of water supply and a device that can purify

water.

Figure 1. Deep well located in Brgy. Patoc l, Dagami, Leyte (Photo taken
last April 3, 2022 at 8:49 am near the house of the residents of the area)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this study is to develop an alternative water supply

by creating a solar powered automated deep well water purification system.

The specific objectives are listed below:

1. To conduct laboratory test and determine the coliform and alkaline content present

in the deep well;

2. To provide a clean and safe drinking water from deep well using different stages

of purification filters;

3. To design of small-scale solar- powered deep well automated water purification

system;

4. To analyze data collected from the given results of the purification system; and

5. To have an alkaline potable water output from the purification system.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study’s limits will be its location where the sample should only be

acquired at the vicinity of Brgy. Patoc, Dagami, Leyte. Initial test should also be taken

to determine possible contaminants of the deep well in terms of potability. Bacterial

characterization will also be tested like coliform counts and PH levels for its

alkalinity. Collection of water sample will be from the direct source, which is the deep

4
well, and considering that the data collected is not potable, the water filtration system

is applied. During principal operation, the water will undergo seven stages of alkaline

filtration system which will filter out unwanted bacteria and particles for it to be

potable enough for the residents. This study focuses on creating an efficient solar-

powered water purification system that can generate enough power needed for the

electrical components of the system. To finish the study, the researchers will have to

evaluate and consider the specific requirement needed for the study to be

accomplished. The final output of this project is a solar- powered water purification

system that aims to provide a safe and drinkable alkaline water for the residents.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is to help and contribute to the residents of the

said barangay by creating an automated solar- powered water purification system with

an alkaline- based output which will help the residents have a source of safe drinkable

water.

 Residents- The direct recipients of this study are the residents living the area,

where they can get a safe drinkable alkaline water.

 Future Business Owners- Adapting to near source of water deep wells, this

system can be beneficial to their source of income as another source of water.

 Government- The study can be beneficial for projects that can be useful to

different barangays in Dagami, Leyte.

 Future Researchers- The outcome of this study will help aspiring researchers

who aim to support and continue conducting future studies on this topic.

5
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT: PROCESS: OUTPUT:

-Obtaining deep -Design of -Automated water
well water sample prototype purification system
-Solar Power -Manufacturing of -Alkaline water
prototype

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Framework

Electricity is a necessity for everyone, rural places like Dagami may have a

source of power, but most of the residents living in the area are financially

unprivileged, thus, renewable energy as an alternative source can be used. This

section of the study is focused on the different methods and procedures employed in

the construction of the prototype as shown in Figure 2. The concept for this study is

divided into three (3) parts namely: (1) Input, (2) Process, and (3) Output. In Input,

obtaining of water sample from deep well will be done. Next is the Process, and this

involves the design of the experiment and manufacturing of the prototype. Lastly is

the testing phase of the prototype, wherein automated system is applied, also the

expected output is alkaline water.

6
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Arduino - is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user

community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and

microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can

sense and control objects in the physical and digital world

 Automation - refers to automated solutions for software processes, without using

manual process of the system; It is the use of various control systems for operating

equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat-treating

ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships,

aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human.

 Microcontroller - A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated

circuit. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a

system on a chip; an SoC may include microcontroller as one of its components.

 Battery - is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external

connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones,

among others; When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is

the cathode, and its negative terminal is the anode.

 Relay - is switch that opens and closes circuits electromechanically or

electronically; Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing

contacts in another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is

normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized.

7
 When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the

relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the contacts

will change their state.

 Solar Panel - A solar panel, or solar module, is one component of a photovoltaic

system. They are constructed out of a series of photovoltaic cells arranged into a

panel. They come in a variety of rectangular shapes and are installed in

combination to generate electricity.

 Bacteria - are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in millions, in every

environment, both inside and outside other organisms. Some bacteria are harmful,

but most serve a useful purpose. They support many forms of life, both plant and

animal, and they are used in industrial and medicinal processes.

 Brgy. Patoc Dagami, Leyte - The location where the study was conducted

 Coliform - Coliform bacteria are organisms that are present in the environment

and in the feces of all warm – blooded animals and humans.

 Deep well – the main source of water of the study, is a sunken wellbore (borehole)

extending more than 25 feet underground used to extract water, crude oil or other

natural resources; Deep wells require stronger pumps than shallow wells.

 Filtration system- used to filter out or clean the water from the deep well

 PH level - the measurement of water level if it is acidic/basic water

 Potability - Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from surface and

ground sources and is treated to levels that that meet state and federal standards

for consumption. Water from natural sources is treated for microorganisms,

bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses, and fecal matter.

8
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusions,

methodologies, among others. Those that were included in this chapter help in

familiarizing with information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature and Studies

Water is a chemical compound that is composed of two elements- hydrogen

and oxygen. On that compound, two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are

present. Water has consisted of three phases: the liquid phase, solid phase, and the gas

phase. The term “water” generally refers to the liquid state of water. The solid phase

is referred to as ice, whereas the gas phase is called a steam. Water can also produce a

supercritical fluid under specific conditions. The International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uses oxidane as an alternative name for water which is

used only in the world of chemistry as the mononuclear parent hydride to name

derivatives of water.

Water is essential in our day-to-day life and plays a vital role in the body. One

of the six common nutrients is water. A person’s body is composed of around 60%

water and can live up to three to five days without the presence of the fluid. Waste

disposal from the body, maintaining body temperature, and transportation of nutrients

are some of the important roles of water in the human body. Moreover, plain water is

best for hydrating the human body.

9
 Water and water sources are essentials in providing constant and

sufficient food supply and fruitful environment for all living things [6]. Water

connects and sustains all of the planet’s ecosystems. Water’s key functions are to

promote plant growth, to give a permanent home or breeding site for many

amphibians, insects, and other water-born animals, and to provide the nutrients and

minerals needed to maintain physical existence. In addition, people require water to

survive since it is nature’s most crucial nutrient.

According to estimates published in the Philippine Water Resources Report

for 2003 by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), the industrial

demand for groundwater in 1988 was estimated to be around 2.229 billion cubic

meters and had increased to 3.769 billion cubic meters by the end of 2001

(Raymundo, 2015). Using these figures as a guide, Ground water demand for 2008

would be 5.0 billion cubic meters and 6.372 billion cubic meters, respectively, based

on an annual average growth rate of 4.123 percent by the year 2014. Ground water is

subsurface water that is present in subterranean aquifers and can be collected by deep

well drilling techniques.

A well is a hole bored into the ground to gain access to underground water.

Water is extracted from the ground using a pipe and a pump, with a screen filtering

away undesired particles that could clog the pipe. Wells exist in a variety of shapes

and sizes, depending on the type of material into which they are drilled and the

amount of water they pump out. If a well is not properly constructed or if poisonous

elements are released into the well, it can rapidly become contaminated. Toxic

materials spilled or deposited near a well can leak into the aquifer, contaminating the

groundwater pumped from that well. Contaminated drinking water wells are very

10
harmful. Wells can be examined to see what chemicals, diseases, and other pollutants

are present and in what quantities they are there.

A study entitled Prevalence of Microbiological and Chemical Contaminants in

Private Drinking Water Wells in Maryland, USA shows that more than 118 well water

in USA were used as sample and analysed their microbiological and chemical

contaminants. To sum up the data they collected, even at least one federal health-based

drinking water requirement was not met by 43.2 percent of the wells examined. In 25.4

percent, 15.3 percent, 5.1 percent, and 3.4 percent of examined wells, total coliforms,

fecal coliforms, enterococci, and Escherichia coli were found, respectively.

Approximately 26%, 3.4 percent, and 1% of wells, respectively, failed to fulfil pH,

nitrate-N, and total dissolved solids criteria.

Water purification is the undertaking of removing unwanted chemicals,

biological contaminants, suspended solid particles and gases from contaminated

water. The purpose of this procedure is to create water that is suitable for a certain

use. The majority of water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but

it can also be prepared to fulfil the needs of medicinal, pharmaceutical, chemical, and

industrial applications. The purification of water can lower the concentration of

suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi, as well as a variety

of dissolved and particulate material produced from the surfaces that water may have

come into touch with after falling as rain.

Moreover, water purification process contains several methods which include

(1) Physical processes, such as filtration, sedimentation, or distillation ;(2) biological

processes, such as sand filters, active carbon;(3) and chemical processes, such as

flocculation, chlorination, and the use of UV radiation, are all utilized in the water

11
purification process. With regard to the physical processes, filtration is the separation

of solid particle from the fluids, by using a porous media (filter) to trap the solid

particles while allowing the fluid to pass through; on the other hand, sedimentation

relies on gravity to cause particulates to create a deposit at the bottom of a tube

carrying contaminated water, while the distillation is the process of converting a

liquid (water) to a vapor phase, which is based on the difference in the volatility of the

chemicals. In biological processes, the sand filters retain the contaminants from the

filtered water, while the activated carbon enhances the adsorption properties. In the

third process, which is the chemical procedure, it uses flocculation – that destabilizes

the contaminants present in the water. Moreover, water chlorination eliminates

microbes and prevents the growth of waterborne bacteria while the utilization of UV

light is to disinfect the contaminated water.

In a water purification system, it requires a regular maintenance to ensure that

its each stage is still working properly. The principal object that filters or purifies the

water usually has a finite life cycle that is determined by time, water volume,

contaminant level, and other factors. Since water purification contains several stages

that contains filters, all filters in the system and the Reverse Osmosis must be

replaced on a regular basis and well checked.

In addition, filtration system can be clogged if it was not properly maintained.

Each filters contain scheduled guidelines for that filter type to maintain how long the

filters should last. A water filter cartridge’s lifespan might be measured in months or

gallons, and it will have an expiration date. Remember to inspect the condition of the

O-rings while changing the filter cartridge in your filtration system to ensure there are

no leaks or drips coming from this location.

12
 One study used five different water filter samples to test which of these

samples are efficient. Based on the data they have gathered, the two samples were

favoured by the consumers due to its cheap price and easy to install- the brand A that

uses RO system which can filter up to 99.99% of bacteria and suspended particles in

the water. However, the disadvantage of this system is that it eliminates the good

minerals and bacteria which we need in our body. The second sample, which is

equally efficient, is the brand B that uses nano positive technology filter media to

produce alkaline drinking water. This system is a water-stripping technique that

removes almost all harmful matter and hazardous suspended matter in the water,

leaving only the beneficial bacteria and minerals salts that the body need.

In all five dimensions of water security, Thailand faces water supply

challenges. Drinking water for residential use is one of the aspects of water supply

difficulties, particularly in rural locations. Thailand's Electricity Generating Authority

(EGAT) was founded more than 30 years ago. The construction of a mine and 13

steam power plant units has resulted in air and water pollution, as well as negative

health consequences on the surrounding community. In the upper zone of Ban Dong

Sub-District within the Mea Moh District in Lampang Province, Northern Thailand, a

project entitled 'System And Mechanism Development By Participation Of

Community Near-By Mae Moh Plant In Water Supply Provision For Agriculture And

Consumption' was developed with the goal of providing safe, high-quality drinking

water to rural areas. The major goals were to evaluate the existing state of water

problems for consumers in terms of quality and quantity, establish methods for

supplying drinking water through community engagement, and build a suitable model

for long-term water management. It focused on four important points: Villagers are

currently facing not just water shortages, but also water quality issues. The initiative

13
was initiated with the goal of forming locally -led working groups with a focus on

capacity building through adult and youth education, improved public policies, and

more public engagement. The main outcome was the development of local capacities

and knowledge transfer between villages in order to solve local problems through

innovative and cost-effective solutions, such as the use of a slow sand filtering system

for drinking water, rainwater harvesting systems to address water scarcity, and village

water supply system maintenance.

According to the World Health Organization, one out of every ten Filipinos

currently lacks access to better water sources, although the government is trying to

provide universal water coverage by 2028. Water quality in the Philippines has

deteriorated over time, particularly in heavily populated areas and places with

industrial and agricultural activities. As a result of these developments, it is becoming

increasingly difficult for urban communities to obtain adequate clean and safe water

for daily usage. According to the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, 94 percent of

Filipino families have improved water supplies, however, around 77 percent of these

families do not use further water treatment methods to ensure the safety of their water

sources. Water replenishing stations/bottled water/sachet water, piped into house, and

tube well/borehole are the main three water sources in the Philippines. While it is a

triumph that the vast majority of the population has increased access to water,

individuals rely on commercial sources for their water, which can account for a

significant portion of the ordinary Filipino's monthly pay. Clean water might be more

expensive for individuals who cannot afford it because of this arrangement. In order

to afford bottled water, some families must make difficult choices about other

requirements they must forego.

14
 Chapter III

Materials and Method

This chapter introduces the methods used in the study, the materials and

equipment in constructing the framework and the system with experimental design,

procedures of different processes, communication, planning, modeling, construction,

deployment, and evaluation.

Materials and Equipment

A. Equipment

1. Multi-meter – This instrument was used to check and test the output voltages of

solar panel, battery, and inverter.

2. Computer – This equipment was used to design the system using different

software. Arduino IDE, PROTEUS, and AutoCAD were installed in this

equipment. While Arduino IDE software was accessed online, using the internet

connectivity on this equipment is a must.

3. EZ-9909 – This equipment was used to partially test the water quality to ensure

that it was safe to drink. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, and

salinity can all be measured using this equipment.

B. Material & Cost

15
 The materials used in the system are divided into two parts which are shown in

QUANTIT COST TOTAL

No. MATERIALS
Y PER PCS COST
Frame (Drum storage &
1 2 ₱ 8,000
Filtration system)
2 4 ½ PVC pipe ₱ 75 ₱ 300

3 2 4” PVC pipe ₱ 320 ₱ 640

4 1 Coupling ₱ 57 ₱ 57

5 4 ½ elbow ₱ 20 ₱80

6 12m Flexible tube ₱ 12 ₱ 98

7 1 Female drum elbow adaptor ₱ 110

8 2 Solvent ₱ 55 ₱ 110

9 3 Teflon tape ₱ 45 ₱ 135

10 1 Paint ₱ ₱ 100

11 1 Tie wire ₱ 70
7 Stages Alkaline Water
12 1 ₱ 9,240
Filtration System
13 1 200 L Storage Drum ₱ 1,500

14 Laboratory Test ₱ 1,534

TOTAL COST ₱ 21,974

the tables below. The cost of this capstone project study is stated in the table below

with a total of ₱ 34,534.

Table 1. Body Fabrication of Water Filtration System Material Cost

This is the cost of materials used for the fabrication of the system of the water

filtration system.

16
 Table 2. Design of Solar Power System Material Cost

QUANTI COST TOTAL

No. MATERIALS
TY PER PCS COST
This
100 W Monocrystalline Solar
is the 1 1 ₱ 3,600
PV Panel (BOSCA)
cost 2 1 12V Battery ₱ 6,000
of 3 1 200W, 12V DC Water Pump ₱ 1,500
4 1 200 W Automobile Inverter ₱ 619
5 5m THHN wire ₱ 31/m ₱ 155
6 1 Electrical tape ₱ 75 ₱ 75
7 1 Arduino Uno ₱ 300
8 20m Electronic wire ₱6 ₱ 120
9 1 PCB ₱ 55
10 1 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor ₱ 100
11 5mm LED ₱ 10
TOTAL COST ₱ 12,534
materials used for the design of the solar power system and other electrical components used.

Methods

The method used, process, planning, design, building, deployment, and

evaluation will all be discussed in this section of Chapter 3. It is the most essential

part of the chapter since it illustrates every detail of the water purification’s system

development.
17
A. Experimental Design/Model Used

The research design used by the researchers is experimental design. Collection

of water sample will be done and will undergo laboratory testing. In this study,

experimental design is done in the research locale of this study, specifically at Brgy.

Patoc Dagami, Leyte, where the deep well is located. Comparison of the data gathered

will also be done to meet the specific objectives of the study.

B. Procedures for the Different Processes

Researchers will follow a systematic procedure:

 Identification of the problem

 Observation and Data Gathering

 Preparation of the materials

 Designing solar-powered water purification system

 Construction of solar- powered water purification system

 Testing the quality of the deep well source and filtered water

 Data presentations and discussion of the results

C. Communication

To enable the researchers to complete the projects, the works are divided. The

researchers are exchanging ideas and plans via video calls and face-to-face meetings.

This also helps the researchers in improving their ability to collaborate and

communicate with one another. The researchers are having a student-adviser

consultation once a week until the end of the project. They are also seeking advice

18
from the Faculty members of Electrical Engineering department as to how to design

the system. The researchers will not be able to complete the project without the

professional knowledge of the advisers and faculty. The project is conducted outside

the school, the researchers are in contact with officials in Barangay Patoc, Dagami

about conducting research in their barangay. The study will not be carried out unless

the school and barangay sign a permission letter.

D. Planning

After the school and barangay have signed the permission letter, the

researchers can begin planning their research in Barangay Patoc. The researchers

intend to test their design using various software such as Arduino IDE, Proteus, and

CAD software before executing their real plan in the real world. The researchers can

virtually see and change their design using this application. If their plan works in

virtual reality, and the adviser approves it, the researchers will begin their work in real

life. The researchers should first test the deep well to see if it is safe to drink. If not,

the study should be carried out.

D.1. System Block Diagram

19
 Figure 3. Block Diagram of Solar- Powered Water Purification System

The block diagram of the study was shown in figure 3. This block diagram

will be used to develop the solar- powered water purification system for deep well.

The main focus of the study is to convert non-drinkable water from deep well into an

alkaline by filtration. The water pump is directly connected to the battery and a 220V

inverter powers the UV lights in the filtration system. To automate the system, an

Arduino Uno microcontroller, ultrasonic sonic, and 5V relay were used to create a

water level sensor that controls the water pump. As the water pump fills the storage

and passes through the filtration system, the non-drinkable water is converted to

drinkable alkaline water.

20
 START

Initialize

No

Yes

Relay On

Water Pump On

No
Water level
≤ 20 cm

Relay Off

Pump Off

END

Figure 4. Microcontroller Flowchart

21
 Figure 4 shows the detailed flow chart of an automated water pump in the

system. The sensor used is an Ultra Sonic Sensor which is mounted at the top of the

tank. Assuming if the water tank level is at 60 cm or less than when the system is

switched ON, the relay will turn ON, and the submersible pump automatically fills the

water tank until it reaches to 20 cm from the sensor. Once it reaches 20 cm, the relay

will turn OFF, as well as the submersible pump.

D.2. Schematic Diagram

Figure 5. Circuit Diagram of Microcontroller

The schematic diagram for making the water pump automatically turns on when the

water level is low, and is turned off when the water level is at a certain level is shown in
22
Figure 5. In section 1, the ultrasonic sensor measures the depth of the water. The trigPin is

connected to Digital I/O pin 8, and the echoPin is connected to Digital I/O pin 7. For the

section 2, it controls the water pump to make it automatic. The input of relay module is

connected to Digital I/O pin 6. As for the section 3, it is the light indicator that indicates

whether the water pump is on and off.

Figure 6. Wiring Diagram of Whole System

Figure 6 shows the system wiring diagram. It is recommended that the battery

be connected first to the solar charge controller so that it can receive its operating

power from the battery. When the solar charge controller receives power from the

battery, it adjusts the system's voltage and current requirements, and then, the solar

panel can be connected to the charge controller to charge the battery without

overcharging. The inverter is directly connected to the load side of the solar charge

23
controller. In this project, the water level sensor is an Arduino-based and it is

powered directly from the solar charge controller's 5V USB output.

Meanwhile, the water pump is connected to series with the relay's normally

open contact, the circuit breaker, and the 12V battery. When the water level falls

below the certain level, the relay is energized, and the open contact of the relay closes,

turning on the water pump. When the water level is high, the water pump turns off

automatically.

Off-Grid Solar PV Calculation

A. Load Computation

The first step in designing an off-grid solar PV system is to list the appliances

along with their nominal voltage, current, wattage, operation time per day and kWh

per day. Add each appliance's daily energy consumption to get the total kWh per day

that the appliances must be delivered.

B. Battery Sizing

Lead Acid Deep Cycle batteries are recommended for use in solar PV systems

because they are specifically designed to discharge and charge day after day for years.

The formula in equation 1 will be used to calculate the battery capacity required to

power the system. In equation 2, it will be used to determine total battery needed

based on the available battery rating in the market.

Total Kilowatt−hour per day x Days of Autonomy

Battery Capacity= eq. 1
( Battery loss x DOD x nominal battery voltage )

Battery Capacity ( Ah)

No . of Battery needed = eq. 2
Chosen Battery (Ah)

24
where:

Battery Capacity (Ah) = Capacity Rating of the Battery in Ampere-hour (Ah)

Total Kilowatt-hour per day = Total Energy Consumption per day(kWh/day) used by

appliances

Battery Loss = 80% or 0.8

Lead Acid Depth of Discharge (DOD) = 50% or 0.5

Nominal Battery Voltage = 12V

Days of Autonomy = 1 day

No. of Battery needed (pcs.) = The total number of batteries

Chosen Battery (Ah) = The battery available in the market

C. Solar PV Module Sizing

The total watts-hour of the battery should be determined before sizing PV

modules. Half of the battery capacity will be used to avoid complete discharge of the

system, whereby only 50% of Depth of Discharge is recommended for Lead Acid

Deep Cycle Battery. The formula in equation 3 will be used to size the solar panel

rating. In equation 4, it is used to calculate the total number of solar panels required

based on the market's available solar panel.

Battery Capacity ( Wh ) x 0.5

Solar Panel Capacity= eq. 3
sun peak hours

Solar Panel Capacity

No . of Solar Panel Needed= eq. 4
Chosen Solar Panel

where:

Solar Panel Capacity = Rating of the Solar Panel in Watts

Battery Capacity (Wh) = Nominal Battery Voltage * Battery Ampere-hour

Sun peak hours = 4 hrs.

25
No. of Solar Panel Needed (pcs.) = The total number of solar panels

Chosen Solar Panel = The Solar Panel available in the market

D. Inverter Sizing

Inverter sizing is determined by the total wattage of AC powered devices used

in the project. The inverter's input rating should never be less than the total wattage of

the appliances. The nominal voltage of the inverter and the battery must be the same.

For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount

of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger

than total Watts of appliances. The formula in equation 5 is used to determine the size

of the inverter.

Inverter Rating=PT + PT x 30 % eq. 5

where:

Inverter Rating = The rating of the inverter in watts

PT =The watts of all AC powered appliances

E. Solar Charge Controller

The solar charge controller is typically rated in ampere and voltage capacities.

Choose a solar charge controller that matches the voltage of your PV array and

batteries, and then, determine which type is best for your application. Make sure the

solar charge controller can handle the current generated by the solar panel. In

standard practice in sizing, the solar charge controller is to take short circuit current

(Isc) of the PV and multiply it by 1.3 (eq. 6).

Solar charge controller rating=( I sc ) x 1.3 eq. 6

26
 where:

Solar charge controller rating = The rating of the solar charge controller in ampere

I sc = Total short circuit of solar panel

F. Calculation of Return of Investment (ROI)

Profit=CV −COI eq. 7
Profit
ROI= x 100 % eq. 8
COI

where:
COI = Cost of Investment
CV = Cost Value of the Product
Profit = Financial Gain
ROI = Return of Investment

E. Modeling

27
 Figure 7. Water Container Frame Model

Figure 8. Filtration System Frame Model

The storage will be placed in a high-elevated area so that water can flow

through water filtration systems at the conduit’s end, which is the faucet. The design

of the water tank frame and water filtration is shown in Figures 7 and 8- for the water

tank frame ,75 in. height, and 30in. by 30in. by square. Meanwhile, for the Filtration

system, its roof is 50 in. by 45 in. in square, while its foundation is 59 in. in height, 26

28
in length, and 18 in. in width. The whole electrical and filtration system is installed

inside a box.

F. Construction

Figure 9. Construction of Water Container and Filtration System Frame

The construction of the framework shows that the deep well is in the left side;

inside it is the submersible pump, then, the water coming from the pump goes into the

next frame which holds the water container; lastly, the frame from the right side is the

one that holds the solar panels, and the box which contains the water filtration system

as well as the electrical components is shown in Figure 9.

29
G. Deployment

After the construction of the solar- powered water purification system, it is

deployed in Barangay Patoc to begin with the testing of the device. The researchers

should obtain valid proof from DOH that the water is safe to drink before sharing it to

the public. The researchers should provide a water quality tester to test the water

quality. Barangay personnel or someone close with the researchers should be present

during the system’s deployment to teach them how to use the device. Since the

researchers are students, they will only assign one person to operate and evaluate the

system.

H. Evaluation

The researchers examined the following after fabricating a prototype:

a. Record the duration when filling up the water tank, the time to charge to the

battery, and the time use when using the system.

b. Record data sample gathered from laboratory test and on-site testing.

c. Evaluate the gathered data.

30
 CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussion

This chapter contains detailed presentation and discussion of data analysis and

the results of this study. The findings are presented under following categories based

on the specific objectives.

THE CONDUCT OF LABORATORY TEST AND DETERMINING THE

COLIFORM AND ALKALINE CONTENT PRESENT IN THE DEEP WELL

Table 3. Bacteriological, Physical and Chemical Data of Water

BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAM OF WATER

PARAMETERS BEFORE AFTER
Total Coliforms >8.0 <1.1
Fecal Coliforms >8.0 <1.1
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EXAM OF WATER
PARAMETERS AFTER UNDERGIOING
FILTRATION SYSTEM
Color nil (0)
Turbidity nil (0)
Odor no objectionable odor
Alkalinity 54 mg/L
pH level comparison of different waters
Tap water 8.06
Purified water 7.04
Water from deep well 6.96
Water from deep well undergoing 8.46
the filtration process
Nature’s spring alkaline water 8.94

31
 The test for water samples has been collected from the deep well. Laboratory

results show for its bacteriological examination of water that its total coliforms and

fecal coliforms are greater than 8.0. Due to this, it failed according to the Philippine

National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW), and for its pH level, it has a 6.9,

which is a common level for normal water.

Tap Water Purified Water Filtered Water

Deep Well Water N.S. Alkaline Water

Figure 10. pH level Comparison of Different Waters

After the installation of the filtration system, another set of water samples has

been conducted, and results show that its total coliform and fecal coliform have been

32
reduced to less than 1.1, which met the standard set by Philippine National Standards

for Drinkable Water (PNDSW). Physical and Chemical tests were also done; Physical

parameters like color, turbidity and odor passed the test showing zero color and

turbidity and has no objectionable color. For its Chemical content, Alkalinity’s test

results surface 54 mg/L; this result is acceptable for potability. pH levels of different

water samples were also tested for comparison. Tap water has 8.06 pH level, purified

water has 7.04, water from deep well has 6.96, and the water from deep well that

undergoes through the filtration system has a pH level of 8.46. Lastly, water from

Nature’s spring alkaline water has a pH level of 8.94.

PROVIDING A CLEAN AND SAFE DRINKING WATER FROM DEEP

WELL USING DIFFERENT STAGES OF PURIFICATION FILTERS

Seven Stage Filtration System

1. Progressive PP cotton filter

 It is designed to capture and remove sand, silt, dirt, and rust from water; removing

these particulates from water, a sediment filter can protect a water treatment system

such as UV water sterilizer. It acts as barrier against particulates and grit that can

foul your water filter system and clog household plumbing. Meanwhile, the

importance of sediment filter for well water can be as follows: (1) Sediment filter

protects plumbing and appliances; (2) Sediment filter improves UV filtration

effectiveness. After the melt-brown process, the pore size of the PP cotton filter

element is 1-5 microns to remove residual sediment, rust, sand, suspended matter,

algae, bloodworms, impurities, etc. in the water.

2. Precision CTO Compressed Carbon Rod Filter Element

33
 It removes tastes, odors, and contaminants through adsorption; the contaminants

are attracted to the surface of the activated carbon held to it. It acts as a catalyst to

change of the chemical composition of some contaminants. The activated carbon is

ideal for removing chlorine, organic chemicals such as pesticides, THMS like

chloroform, and many VOCs that are components of gasoline, solvents, and

industrial cleaners.

 It deeply absorbs the different colors, odors, residual chlorine, and organic

substances in the water that are harmful to the human body. Long-life compressed

activated carbon and mesh structure with high dirt holding capacity make the filter

a dual function of filtration performance.

3. Alkaline Balls Filter Cartridge ALKA-100

 The Alkaline filter gives back minerals such as ionized calcium, magnesium,

sodium, potassium ion, which were taken away while purifying the water. It

produces perfectly pH-balanced alkaline water, and helps minimize the fluctuations

of your body’s pH. Moreover, it turns acidic drinking water into alkali calcium ion

water.

4. UF hollow Ultrafiltration Membrane Filter Element

 It serves as a barrier to separate harmful bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants

from clean water. Suspended particles that are too large to pass through the

membrane stick to the outer membrane surface, allowing only fresh water and

dissolved minerals to pass through. It can effectively remove various suspended

particles, colloids, bacteria, and macromolecular organics in the water.

 The hollow fiber tube wall is full of micropores, which are used to interpret the

molecular weighs expression of the material, and the molecular weight can reach

34
 several thousand to several hundred thousand. It can effectively remove various

suspended particles, colloids, bacteria, and macromolecular organisms.

5. VF Silver Loaded Post Activated Carbon

 It is used as an adsorbent in water purification and may prevent the growth of

microbes. The silver ions are exchanged into the pores of the activated carbon to

absorb a large amount of organic matter in the activated carbon filter and play a

role in reducing the growth of bacteria and reduce the increase of nitrate content of

the effluent of the activated carbon filter.

6. ZF Microcrystalline Drilled Carbon Filter Element

 It is made of high-iodine coconut shell activated carbon after 1000 high

temperature treatment, which can effectively remove peculiar smell, color, residual

chlorine (bleaching power), and heavy metal organic substances in the water,

inhibits the growth of bacteria and microorganisms, and makes the water healthier

and more vigorous.

7. Ultraviolet Light Filter

 It is extremely effective way to combat microbial contamination in water. – this

UV light strikes and impacts the microorganisms, preventing them from further

reproducing and being unable to infect people when they utilize the water supply.

It disinfects the bacteria and viruses in your water supply; it is a safe and effective

way to purify your water without impacting the color or taste.

35
DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE SOLAR-POWERED DEEP WELL

AUTOMATED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Figure 11. Filtration System and Electrical Components Box Frame

The water purification system is solar- powered system with 6 hours operation

time of the main appliances. The test for the system is done by applying water level

sensor to the system. If the Arduino Uno is supplied by 5V DC, the ultrasonic sensor

automatically reads the distance of the water inside the drum. The water pump is

controlled by relay and ultrasonic sensor. When water is within 60 cm (0.6 m) of the

sensor, the coil of the relay is energized and the relay acts as a switch and turns on the

water pumps; when water is within 20 cm (0.2 m) of the sensor, the water pump

automatically turns off. The deep well stored in the storage drum goes through to the

36
water purification system to remove chemical substances of the water and improve the

physical quality of the water.

Off-Grid Solar PV Computation

The entire system was powered by 100 watts Solar PV. The listing of

appliances and the calculated watt-hour/day is essential when designing an off-grid

solar PV system. The reading of each appliance in terms of volt, current and wattage

were shown in the table. Calculated watt-hour per day for all the appliances is 222.2.

To obtain the system's desired battery, 1 pc. 50 Ah deep cycle lead acid battery was

used. System calculation and sizing were shown below:

A. LOAD COMPUTATIONS

Table 4. Load Computation

LIST OF APPLIANCES
Operation Watts-
Appliance Quantity Volt Current Watt
Hours/day hour/day
Arduino Uno
0.00128 0.0064 0.2
& Other 1 5VDC 24 hr./day
A W Wh./day
Components
DC
96
Submersible 1 12VDC 8A 96 W 1 hr./day
Wh./day
Pump
220VA 0.0727 96
UV Sterilizer 1 16 W 6 hr./day
C A Wh./day
5V DC 30
1 5VDC 1A 5W 6 hr./day
MOTOR Wh./day
222.2
Total energy consumption per day
Wh./day

During operating time, the total energy consumption per day of the system is 222.2
Wh./day.

37
B. BATTERY SIZING
Given:
Total Kilowatt-hour per day = 222.2 Wh./day
Battery Loss = 80% or 0.8
Lead Acid Depth of Discharge (DOD) = 50% or 0.5
Nominal Battery Voltage = 12V
Days of Autonomy = 1 day
Chosen Battery (Ah) = 50 Ah

Total Kilowatt−hour per day x Days of Autonomy

Battery Capacity=
( Battery loss x DOD x nominal battery voltage )

222.2 Wh /day x 1 day

Battery Capacity=
( 0.8 x 0.5 x 12V )

Battery Capacity=46.29 Ah

Battery Capacity ( Ah) 46.29 Ah

No . of Battery needed = No . of battery needed =
Chosen Battery ( Ah) 50 Ah

No . of battery needed =1 pc .

USE 1 – 50 AH LEAD ACID DEEP CYCLE BATTERY

C. SOLAR PV SIZING
Given:
Nominal Battery Voltage = 12 V
Battery Ampere-hour = 50 Ah
Battery Capacity (Wh.) = Nominal Battery Voltage * Battery Ampere-hour
Sun peak hours = 4 hrs.
Chosen Solar Panel = 100 W

Battery Capacity ( Wh ) x 0.5

Solar Panel Capacity=
sun peak hours
12 V x 50 Ah x 0.5
Solar Panel Capacity=
4 hrs
Solar Panel Capacity ( W )=75 W

Solar Panel Capacity

No . of Solar Panel Needed=
Chosen Solar Panel

38
 75W
No . of Solar Panel Needed=
100W
No . of Solar Panel Needed=1 pc

USE 1 – 100 W MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANEL

D. INVERTER SIZING
Given:
P1=16 W P2=5 W

PT =P1+ P 2 PT =16+5 W PT =21W Inverter Rating=PT + PT x 30 %

Inverter Rating=21W +(21 W x 30 %) Inverter Rating=27.3 W

For safety, the inverter should be considered 30% bigger size.

The inverter size should be about 50 W or greater. There is no available 50 W solar

inverter in market. The researchers choose a modified pure sine wave, an automobile

inverter with a rating of 200 W, 12V. It is cheap and enough to supply the AC

powered appliances.

E. SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER SIZING

Solar Panel Specification:

Table 5. Solar Panel Ratings

ZCM6-36P-100W (ZOCEN)
Rated Maximum Power ( P M ¿ 100 W
Voltage at Pmax (V mp ) 17.6 W
Current at Pmax ( I mp ¿ 5.69 A
Open-Circuit Voltage (V oc ) 21.4 V
Short-Circuit Current ( I sc) 6.25 A

Solar charge controller rating=( I sc ) x 1.3

Solar charge controller rating=6.25 A x 1.3Solar charge controller rating=8.125 A

Based on the specifications of the solar panel and the calculation of the solar charge

controller rating, the researchers choose 12V, 10A PWM Solar Charge Controller.

F. Calculation of Return of Investment (ROI)

39
COI = P 34,508.00
CV = P 40,000.00

Profit=CV −COI Profit=P 40,000.00−P 34,508.00Profit=P 5,492.00

Profit P5,492.00
ROI= x 100 % ROI= x 100 % ROI=15.9 %∨16 %
COI P 34,508.00

THE ANALYZATION OF DATA COLLECTED FROM THE GIVEN

RESULTS OF THE PURIFICATION SYSTEM

The water level sensor-based Arduino is working properly as it turns on and off the

water pump automatically when the water is low and high. The water pump can fill

the 200 L storage drum three times per day and produce 600 L per day (158.5 gallons

per day) with a one-hour operation limit per day.

The solar- powered water purification system is working for 6 hours operation time

and it is operated by the local resident in the barangay. The system successfully

filtered out the harmful chemicals, bacteria and virus in the deep well water and

converts it into potable alkaline water (Table 3. Bacteriological, Physical and

Chemical Data of Water). The system works from 8 A.M. – 2 P.M. because the solar

panel charges the battery during this time. It is not recommended that you use it at

night because the booster pump connected to the faucet makes too much noise and

may disturb your neighbors.

The most important in a solar off-grid system is to have a good battery because in this

study, the battery is charged and discharged at the same time. The researchers used a

12V lead acid battery with a depth of discharge of 50%. As a result, the working

operation of the appliances is completed in a day without discharging the battery to

50%.

40
The water purification system produced approximately 100-120 gallons of alkaline

water per day, just enough to supply some of the residents of Barangay Patoc, which

is close to the device’s location.

ALKALINE POTABLE WATER OUTPUT FROM THE PURIFICATION

SYSTEM.

After undergoing seven stage purification filters of water coming from the deep

well and test results from the laboratory examinations and testing phases, results show

from the given data the water produced is a potable alkaline water.

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of the study based on the results presented,

the conclusion made and some of the recommendation provided for the improvement

of the device.

41
SUMMARY

Deep well water and filtered out deep well water went through laboratory test to

determine its potability with regard to its bacteria content. The lab test results show

that the deep well water has a total coliform of greater than 8/100 mL, while the

filtered-out water has less than 1.1/ 100mL, which means that the filtered-out water

that went through seven stages passed from the Philippine National Standards for

Drinking Water (PNSWD). The whole system can provide an efficient and safe

drinking water. A variety of water samples were utilized and compared its pH level

using the digital pH level tester which yields for 6.96 pH for Deep well water, 7.04

for Purified water, 8.05 for tap water, 8.94 for Natures Spring (9 pH) and 8.46 pH for

filtration system. Hence, the filtered-out water from deep well attained the required

pH level of alkalinity. After construction of the system automation, the water pump

can fill the 200 L storage drum three times per day, thereby producing 600 L per day

(158.5 gallons per day) and can produce alkaline water with the use of the purification

system approximately 100-120 gallons per day. In addition, the motor in the pump

booster of the filtration system causes noise that aggravates its surroundings.

CONCLUSION

The conducted study shows the following findings:

1. The deep well in Brgy. Patoc, Dagami was tested, and result shows that it has a

bacteria greater than 8, and pH level of 6.96 which did not attain the Philippine

Standard for Safety Drinking Water, and its alkalinity level is for normal water (Refer

to Table 3 and Appendix D).

42
2. The filtered-out water passed the lab test of its bacteriology, turbidity, color and

odor which was conducted in Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center (Refer to

Appendix D).

3. The automated water purification system can produce approximately 100-120

gallons of potable alkaline water.

4. After construction of the prototype, it becomes functional and is automated in

refilling the water in the water container and can produce potable alkaline water for

the residents.

5. Using a digital pH level tester, the filtered-out water was tested to 8.46 pH, which

passes the pH level of alkalinity (Refer to Table 3 and Figure 10, respectively).

RECOMMENDATION

Though the project has been proven to meet the required functorialities, there

is still a recommendation for improvement. The following recommendations are being

offered

43
1. Removal of time duration and replacing it with an electronic switch in the water

pump dispenser

2. Increase of much bigger battery capacity from 50 Ah to 100 Ah to increase the

operation limit per day of the submersible pump and addition of another

Monocrystalline Solar Panel (For calculation refer to appendix.)

3. Adding a booster pump in the filtration system or a pressure tank

4. Minimize the noise of the motor that serves as the booster pump connected in the

faucet

5. Maximize the production of alkaline water produced from the filtration system

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] M. &. A. R. Rahman, "Importance of Safe Drinking WAter for Human Life,"
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[2] W. B. &. M. B. Gurmu C.D., "Experimental and evauluation of basic type solar
still for saline and flouride water purification," American Journal of

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 Environmental and REsource Economics, pp. 27-36, 2017.

[3] B. E. ,. E. a. Shanon, "Science and Technology for water purification in coming

decades," Nanoscience and technology: a clollection of reviews from nature
journals, pp. 337-346.

[4] Helmenstine, "Water Chemistry Definition and Properties," 2020. [Online].

Available: https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-water-in-chemistry-
605946.

[5] Weymiller, "Water, the key to survival - Gundersen Health System," 2017.
[Online]. Available:
https://www.gundersenhealth.org/health-wellness/eat/water-the-key-to-survival/.

[6] Kılıç, "- MedCrave online," 2020. [Online]. Available:

https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fmedcraveonline.com%2FIJH
%2FIJH-04-00250.pdf%3Ffbclid
%3DIwAR25ZD51IhAQzRy1Ye6viOlmEduCffPEPtVEDUxpbSU8IALiKvgo2
lTLzFg&h=AT0jjv_FLCYZHtYLiEtu1EmKtrftFH1kPh1r-
oqIftSNd3bRUmN9IPLsEZxJwkQQLKcddMmWGr6v-xNnDBYtiggIFuD.

[7] Brenner, "Role of Water in the Ecosystem | Sciencing," 2019. [Online].

Available: https://sciencing.com/role-water-ecosystem-5444202.html.

[8] Raymundo, "Challenges to water resource management:," 2015. [Online].

Available:
https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-
congress-proceedings/2015/SEE/035-SEE_Raymundo_RB.pdf.

[9] asfa. [Online]. Available:

https://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/basics/wells.html.

[10] R. E. R. G. E. F. M. D. G. P. K. A. S. M. W. a. A. R. S. Murray et Al,

"Prevalence of Microbiological and Chemical Contaminants in Private Drinking
Water Wells in Maryland, USA - PMC," 7 August 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121425/.

[11] "Water purification » Ecologix Systems," 5 October 2018. [Online]. Available:

https://www.ecologixsystems.com/library-water-purification/.

[12] "Water Purification - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics," 2017. [Online].

Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/water-purification.

[13] E. Rochat, "Water Filtration Preventative Maintenance to Expand the Life of

your System," 14 January 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://4perfectwater.com/blog/water-filtration-preventative-maintenance.

[14] "Tips to Maintain Your Water Filtration System | Lightfoot Mechanical," 19

July 2016. [Online]. Available: https://lightfootmechanical.com/blog/maintain-
your-water-filtration-system/.

45
[15] N. S. A. R. a. N. Othman, "ShieldSquare Captcha," 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/601/1/012011/pdf.

[16] Y. J.-S., "Special Regional Session: Achieving water security for Asia and the
Pacific through sustainable water management," p.
https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/waterandsustainabledevelopment2015/
pdf/sesiones/Regional_Session_Asia%20and%20Pacific.pdf, 2015, January 15.

[17] M. S. &. N. Samson, "The Water Crisis: The Philippines," no. Retrieved May
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philippines, 2020, October 23.

46
 APPENDICIES

Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Tacloban City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EE DEPARTMENT

May 2022

RAMIL A. CUAYZON

47
Chairman
Brgy. Patoc Dagami, Leyte

Dear Sir:
Good Day!
We, 4th year Electrical Engineering students of Eastern Visayas State University from
Tacloban City, currently enrolled in the subject Research Project or Capstone Design
Project, humbly ask for your permission to conduct our study in your barangay
entitled “Implementation and Evaluation of Solar- Powered Water Purification
System for Deep Well.” This is part of our requirements to be able to graduate in the
said course.
The objective of our research is to purify the water from the deep well to make it
drinkable, having an alkaline output-based water that will be safe and consumable for
the residents. We believe that this study would be beneficial to the community.
You may contact us via Gmail at giankarloroven.chu@evsu.edu.ph or through
phone at 09462052140. We look forward to hearing your positive response on this
matter.
Thank you for your kind consideration & God bless!
Respectfully yours,
Giankarlo Roven Chu Eugine Reynan Morastil

Nathanael Tayor Arwin Telimban

The Researchers

Noted by:
VINYL H. OQUIÑO, Ph.D. Mark Teotimo S. Reyes, Meng
Professor
Head, Electrical Engineering Department Adviser

48
 APPENDIX A

MATERIALS

ZCM6-36P-100W Solar Panel

Maximum Power/Pmax(W) 100 W
Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17.6 V
Current at Pmax (Imp) 5.69 A
Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.4 V
Short-Circuit Current (Isc) 6.25 A
Nominal Operating Cell Temp
45±2 ℃
(NOCT)
Maximum System Voltage 1000 VDC
Maximum Series Fuse Rating 10 A
Operating Temperature −40℃+ 80 ℃
Weight 6.9Kg
Dimension(mm) 1020 x 670 x 30

3SYDC12V/S-30 Water Pump

Voltage 12 V
Current 8.0 A
Power 200 W
3
Max Flow 1.5 m /h
Max head 30 m

Automobile Inverter

Input Voltage 10-15 Vdc

Output Voltage USB A 5 VDC, 1A
Output Voltage B AC 220V
Surge Power Capacity 200W/300W/400W
Output Wave Modified Sine Wave
Frequency 50-60Hz ± 4 Hz
Availability Power ≥ 90.5 %
Low Voltage Range ≤ 10V
High Voltage Range ≥ 15V
No-Load Current ≤ 0.4 A
Overload Protection > 150W
Overheat Protection > 60℃
Output Short Circuit Protection Yes
Fuse 1x25 A
Dimension (cm) 10.5x7x4.5

49
 12 V, 10 A Solar Charge Controller
Battery 12 V/24 V
Charge Current 10 A
Discharge Current 10 A

Operating Temperature -35℃ ~+60℃

Max Solar Input 12V Battery, the highest 23V
Float Charge 13.7V(default, adjustable)
Discharge Stop 10.7V(default, adjustable)
Discharge Reconnect 12.6V(default, adjustable)
Charge Reconnect 13V
USB Output 2 Way USB output, 5V/2.5A
Dimension(cm) 13.3x7x3.2 cm

Relay Module 5V, 10A, 1 Channel with Optocoupler

Relay Voltage 5V
Quiescent Current 5 Ma
Maximum Current 50 Ma
Trigger Current 2-4 Ma
Module Interface:
DC+: Connected to Positive Supply
DC-: Connected to Negative Supply
IN: 1 Signal Trigger Side
COM1: Relay Common Interface
NC1 Relay Normally Close Interface
Relay Outputs:
NO: Normally open relay Interface
COM: Common Interface Relay
NC: Normally Closed50Relay Interface
 Arduino Uno
Micro Controller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
7-12 V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20 V
14 (of which 6 provide
Digital I/O Pins
PWM output) 
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input 6
Clock Speed: 16 MHz

EZ-9909 Multi-Functional Water Quality Tester

PH Range 0.01 – 14.00 pH
PH Resolution 0.01%
Accuracy ± 2 % of reading
0 – 1,000 ppm
TDS Range 1,000 – 10,000 ppm
10.1 – 200 ppt
TDS Resolution 1 ppm; 0.1 ppt
Accuracy ± 2 % of reading
0.1-60.0 ℃
Temperature Range
32.0 – 140 ℉
0-10,000 μS /cm
EC Measuring Range 10.01 – 19.99 mS/cm
20.1 – 400 mS/cm
Resolution 1 1 μS /cm ; 0.1mS /cm
Accurarcy ± 2 % of reading
Salinity 0.00 – 25.00%
Weight 90 g
Dimension(in) 7.2x1.5x1.5

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Power Supply 5V DC
Working Current 15 mA
Working Frequency 40 Hz
Ranging Distance 2 cm – 400 cm
Resolution 0.3 cm
Measuring Angle 15 degree
Trigger Input Pulse Width 10 μS51
Dimension(mm) 45x20x15
 DZ47Z-63, 2P, C6A DC500 V MCB
Rated Current 16 A
Rated Operating Voltage DC12V-240V
Trip Curve B-Type Curve
Operating Ambient
−30 ℃ ¿+70 ℃
Temperature
Mechanical Life 20,000 Times
Electrical Life 10,000 Times
IEC60898 /
Standard
GB10936      

APPENDIX B

CALCULATION FOR LONGER OPERATION TIME

A. BATTERY SIZING
Given:
Total Kilowatt-hour per day = 222.2 Wh./day
Battery Loss = 80% or 0.8
Lead Acid Depth of Discharge (DOD) = 50% or 0.5
Nominal Battery Voltage = 12V
Days of Autonomy = 2 day
Chosen Battery (Ah) = 100 Ah

Total Kilowatt−hour per day x Days of Autonomy

Battery Capacity=
( Battery loss x DOD x nominal battery voltage )

222.2 Wh /day x 2 day

Battery Capacity=
( 0.8 x 0.5 x 12V )

52
 Battery Capacity=92.58 Ah

Battery Capacity ( Ah) 92.58 Ah

No . of Battery needed = No . of battery needed =
Chosen Battery ( Ah) 50 Ah

No . of battery needed =2 pc .

USE 2 – 50 AH LEAD ACID DEEP CYCLE BATTERY

B. SOLAR PV SIZING
Given:
Nominal Battery Voltage = 12 V
Battery Ampere-hour = 100 Ah
Battery Capacity (Wh.) = Nominal Battery Voltage * Battery Ampere-hour
Sun peak hours = 4 hrs.
Chosen Solar Panel = 100 W

Battery Capacity ( Wh ) x 0.5

Solar Panel Capacity=
sun peak hours
12 V x 100 Ah x 0.5
Solar Panel Capacity=
4 hrs
Solar Panel Capacity ( W )=150 W

Solar Panel Capacity

No . of Solar Panel Needed=
Chosen Solar Panel
150W
No . of Solar Panel Needed=
100W
No . of Solar Panel Needed=2 pc

USE 2 – 100 W MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANEL

C. SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER SIZING

Solar charge controller rating=( I sc ) x 1.3

Solar charge controller rating=2(6.25 A ) x 1.3 Solar charge controller rating=16.25 A

Based on the specifications of the solar panel and the calculation of the solar charge

controller rating, the researchers choose 12V, 30A PWM Solar Charge Controller.

53
APPENDIX C

Pictures

54
APPENDIX D

55
Laboratory Test

56
57
 Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Giankarlo Roven G. Chu

Birthday: November 20, 1999

Address: Brgy. 50-A Youngfiled, Tacloban City, Leyte

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENTS

Father's Name: Romeo C. Chu

Mother's Name: Rosaly C. Chu

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Liceo del Verbo Divino (LVD) 2006-2012

Secondary: Leyte National High School (LNHS) 2012-2018

Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU) 2018-2022

Organization Affiliation: Institute of International of Electrical Engineers (IIEE)

Religion: Roman Catholic

Eligibility: TESDA Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII

58
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Eugine Reynan A. Morastil

Birthday: February 2, 1999

Address: Brgy. 92 Apitong, Tacloban City, Leyte

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENTS

Father's Name: Renato B. Morastil]

Mother's Name: Avelina A. Morastil

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: San Fernando Central School (SFCS) 2006-2012

Secondary: Leyte National High School (LNHS) 2012-2018

Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU) 2018-2022

Organization Affiliation: Institute of International of Electrical Engineers (IIEE)

Religion: Roman Catholic

Eligibility: TESDA Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII

59
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Nathanael F. Tayor

Birthday: March 9, 2000

Address: Brgy. 59 Picas Sagkahan, Tacloban City, Leyte

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENTS

Father's Name: Armando E. Tayor

Mother's Name: Ruth F. Tayor

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Asian Development Foundation College (ADFC) 2006-2012

Secondary: Asian Development Foundation College (ADFC) 2012-2018

Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU) 2018-2022

Organization Affiliation: Institute of International of Electrical Engineers (IIEE)

Religion: Born Again

Eligibility: TESDA Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII

60
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Arwin C. Telimban

Birthday: May 14, 2000

Address: Brgy. Patoc Dagami, Leyte

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENTS

Father's Name: Wilfredo A. Telimban

Mother's Name: Adelaida C. Telimban

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Patoc Elementary School 2006-2012

Secondary:

Patoc National High School & Sta. Mesa National High School 2012-2018

Tertiary: Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU) 2018-2022

Organization Affiliation: Institute of International of Electrical Engineers (IIEE)

Religion: Roman Catholic

Training: Work Immersion in LEYECO III Tunga, Leyte (10 days)

Eligibility: TESDA Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII

61