Test Bank For An Introduction To The History of Psychology 6th Edition by B R Hergenhahn
Test Bank For An Introduction To The History of Psychology 6th Edition by B R Hergenhahn
Test Bank For An Introduction To The History of Psychology 6th Edition by B R Hergenhahn
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
3. According to the author of your text, magic, religion, philosophy, and science can all be viewed as efforts to:
A. satisfy irrational desires
B. exploit other human beings
C. predict and control nature
D. deal with the supernatural
7. Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations?
A. Heraclitus
B. Anaximander
C. Thales
D. Democritus
8. Anaximander proposed a rudimentary theory of evolution, which included ____ and humans.
A. lower animals
B. apes
C. God-like beings
D. fish
10. Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience
provides:
A. additional information
B. illusion
C. logic
D. the only true reality
11. Zeno's paradox was offered as proof for ____ philosophy.
A. Heraclitus'
B. Pythagoras'
C. Parmenides'
D. Empedocles'
12. The contention that if X starts in motion before Y, Y can never overtake X no matter how fast Y appears to
be moving is known as:
A. the relativity of truth
B. philosophical inconsistency
C. a Kuhnian paradigm clash
D. Zeno's paradox
16. Empedocles suggested that everything in the world, including humans, was made of:
A. fire
B. matter and spirit
C. atoms
D. earth, fire, air and water
17. Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy could be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and
extrapersonal conflicts described later in history by Freud?
A. the transmigration of the soul
B. the forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us
C. the elements of earth, fire, air, and water
D. the clashes of atoms
19. ____ proposed an infinite number of elements from which everything comes from called seeds.
A. Democritus
B. Empedocles
C. Anaxagoras
D. Anaximander
20. Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms
of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he was a(n):
A. elementist
B. reductionist
C. physicist
D. Orphist
21. For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____
and were transmitted to the ____.
A. pores of the body; heart
B. sensory systems of the body; brain
C. pores of the body; liver
D. sensory systems of the body; heart
24. The Hippocrates believed that physical illness was caused by:
A. possession by evil spirits
B. a life characterized by too much pleasure
C. an imbalance of the four bodily humors
D. the patient's desire to be ill
25. According to the Hippocrates, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to:
A. charge larger fees for their services
B. make the disease more comprehensible to their patient
C. mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease
D. cure the disease more effectively
30. Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a:
A. solipsist
B. Socratic
C. nihilist
D. reductionist
33. Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in
common.
A. Sophistry
B. inductive definition
C. introspection
D. logical deduction
40. According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:
A. personal effort
B. educational experience
C. the social influence of one's parents
D. biological inheritance
41. Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
A. God
B. common people
C. philosopher-kings
D. soldiers
46. The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause.
A. material
B. formal
C. efficient
D. final
47. The purpose for which an object exists is its ____ cause.
A. material
B. formal
C. efficient
D. final
48. According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full
potential was reached.
A. entelechy
B. instincts
C. form of the good
D. rational mind
49. Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled:
A. religious
B. empirical
C. teleological
D. nativistic
52. Aristotle postulated ____ as the mechanism that coordinated information from the five senses.
A. the mind
B. the soul
C. the entelechy
D. common sense
53. For Aristotle, sensory experience:
A. was the only thing necessary for attaining knowledge
B. was unnecessary for attaining knowledge
C. was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge
D. inhibited the attainment of knowledge
56. According to Aristotle, ____ was a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously
experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.
A. recall; remembering
B. remembering; recall
C. reminiscence; association
D. association; remembering
57. The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced
along with it.
A. similarity
B. frequency
C. contrast
D. contiguity
58. What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?
A. the reminiscence theory of knowledge
B. the laws of association
C. the notion of common sense
D. the assumption that the souls of the living organisms are arranged in a hierarchy
59. According to Aristotle, ____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience.
A. common sense
B. imagination
C. scala naturae
D. entelechy
61. Early attempts of humans to explain natural events involved viewing natural phenomena as being alive,
called animism, and projecting human attributes onto natural events and nonhuman animals, called
anthropomorphism.
True False
62. Of the two major Greek theologies, the Olympian religion was favored by the large class of peasants,
laborers, and soldiers.
True False
63. For Heraclitus, the important aspect about nature is that it is in a constant state of change.
True False
64. The Pythagoreans believed that we can gain true knowledge through sensory experience.
True False
65. Empedocles proposed that the world was made of 4 elements - earth, fire, air, and water.
True False
68. The Sophists, professional teachers of rhetoric and logic, believed that there was one truth, which was
knowable through introspection.
True False
70. For Plato, objects in the world are inferior manifestations of the pure forms.
True False
71. Plato's allegory of the cave was a narrative way to describe his theory of a universe composed of tiny
particles called atoms.
True False
72. For Plato, knowledge was innate and can be attained only through introspection.
True False
73. For Aristotle, the essence of an object could be known by experiencing individual manifestations of the
object.
True False
74. Aristotle's philosophy included the concept of teleology, the idea that everything in nature has a purpose.
True False
77. Describe Democritus's view of the universe. Why is his description of the universe described as
exemplifying determinism, elementism, and reductionism?
79. Compare and contrast Plato's and Aristotle's views of acquisition of knowledge.
80. Discuss Aristotle's description of remembering and recall, include the laws of association.
Chapter 2--The Early Greek Philosophers Key
3. According to the author of your text, magic, religion, philosophy, and science can all be viewed as efforts to:
A. satisfy irrational desires
B. exploit other human beings
C. predict and control nature
D. deal with the supernatural
5. The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):
A. spirit
B. atom
C. universal
D. physis
6. The first philosopher was:
A. Heraclitus
B. Anaximander
C. Thales
D. Democritus
7. Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations?
A. Heraclitus
B. Anaximander
C. Thales
D. Democritus
8. Anaximander proposed a rudimentary theory of evolution, which included ____ and humans.
A. lower animals
B. apes
C. God-like beings
D. fish
10. Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience
provides:
A. additional information
B. illusion
C. logic
D. the only true reality
16. Empedocles suggested that everything in the world, including humans, was made of:
A. fire
B. matter and spirit
C. atoms
D. earth, fire, air and water
17. Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy could be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and
extrapersonal conflicts described later in history by Freud?
A. the transmigration of the soul
B. the forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us
C. the elements of earth, fire, air, and water
D. the clashes of atoms
18. Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when:
A. vibrations from external objects stimulated sense receptors
B. sensory information was analyzed by the brain
C. eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with elements found in the blood
D. sensations interacted with memories of prior experiences
19. ____ proposed an infinite number of elements from which everything comes from called seeds.
A. Democritus
B. Empedocles
C. Anaxagoras
D. Anaximander
20. Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms
of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he was a(n):
A. elementist
B. reductionist
C. physicist
D. Orphist
21. For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____
and were transmitted to the ____.
A. pores of the body; heart
B. sensory systems of the body; brain
C. pores of the body; liver
D. sensory systems of the body; heart
25. According to the Hippocrates, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to:
A. charge larger fees for their services
B. make the disease more comprehensible to their patient
C. mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease
D. cure the disease more effectively
29. Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not
representative of the position?
A. truth depends on the perceiver, not on physical reality
B. perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences of individuals affect their perceptions
C. what is truth is not affected by the culture one lives in
D. to understand why a person believes as he or she does, one must understand the person
30. Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a:
A. solipsist
B. Socratic
C. nihilist
D. reductionist
33. Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in
common.
A. Sophistry
B. inductive definition
C. introspection
D. logical deduction
35. According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in:
A. ignorance or, at best, opinion
B. wisdom
C. knowledge
D. mental illness
36. According to Plato:
A. reality was essentially as Heraclitus had describe it
B. true knowledge could be attained only through empirical observation
C. nothing in the empirical world was perfect or knowable
D. mathematical knowledge was inferior to empirical knowledge
40. According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:
A. personal effort
B. educational experience
C. the social influence of one's parents
D. biological inheritance
41. Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
A. God
B. common people
C. philosopher-kings
D. soldiers
42. According to Plato, the supreme goal in life should be to:
A. give all components of the soul equal expression
B. return to the world beyond the world
C. be courageous in the face of danger
D. free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh
46. The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause.
A. material
B. formal
C. efficient
D. final
47. The purpose for which an object exists is its ____ cause.
A. material
B. formal
C. efficient
D. final
48. According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full
potential was reached.
A. entelechy
B. instincts
C. form of the good
D. rational mind
49. Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled:
A. religious
B. empirical
C. teleological
D. nativistic
52. Aristotle postulated ____ as the mechanism that coordinated information from the five senses.
A. the mind
B. the soul
C. the entelechy
D. common sense
56. According to Aristotle, ____ was a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously
experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.
A. recall; remembering
B. remembering; recall
C. reminiscence; association
D. association; remembering
57. The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced
along with it.
A. similarity
B. frequency
C. contrast
D. contiguity
58. What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?
A. the reminiscence theory of knowledge
B. the laws of association
C. the notion of common sense
D. the assumption that the souls of the living organisms are arranged in a hierarchy
59. According to Aristotle, ____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience.
A. common sense
B. imagination
C. scala naturae
D. entelechy
60. For Aristotle, the greatest happiness came from:
A. satisfying biological appetites
B. thinking rationally
C. selectively perceiving
D. acting impulsively
61. Early attempts of humans to explain natural events involved viewing natural phenomena as being alive,
called animism, and projecting human attributes onto natural events and nonhuman animals, called
anthropomorphism.
TRUE
62. Of the two major Greek theologies, the Olympian religion was favored by the large class of peasants,
laborers, and soldiers.
FALSE
63. For Heraclitus, the important aspect about nature is that it is in a constant state of change.
TRUE
64. The Pythagoreans believed that we can gain true knowledge through sensory experience.
FALSE
65. Empedocles proposed that the world was made of 4 elements - earth, fire, air, and water.
TRUE
67. Alcmaeon, like Aristotle, proposed that mental processes occurred in the heart.
FALSE
68. The Sophists, professional teachers of rhetoric and logic, believed that there was one truth, which was
knowable through introspection.
FALSE
69. Socrates used the method sometimes called inductive definition.
TRUE
70. For Plato, objects in the world are inferior manifestations of the pure forms.
TRUE
71. Plato's allegory of the cave was a narrative way to describe his theory of a universe composed of tiny
particles called atoms.
FALSE
72. For Plato, knowledge was innate and can be attained only through introspection.
TRUE
73. For Aristotle, the essence of an object could be known by experiencing individual manifestations of the
object.
TRUE
74. Aristotle's philosophy included the concept of teleology, the idea that everything in nature has a purpose.
TRUE
76. Contrast the views of nature and the universe of Heraclitus and Parminedes.
Heraclitus assumed fire to be the physis because in the presence of fire everything is transformed into
something else. To Heraclitus, the overwhelming fact about the world was that nothing ever "is"; rather,
everything is "becoming." He believed that all things existed somewhere between polar opposites and the two
poles are inseparable. Heraclitus raised an epistemological question that has persisted to this day: How can
something be known if it is constantly changing? Parmenides believed that all change is an illusion; there is
only one reality, it is finite, uniform, fixed and can be understood only through reason. Knowledge is attained
only through rational thought because sensory experience provides only illusion. He also believed that being
able to speak or think of something implied its existence because we cannot think of something that does not
exist (reification).
77. Describe Democritus's view of the universe. Why is his description of the universe described as
exemplifying determinism, elementism, and reductionism?
Democritus said that all things are made of tiny, indivisible parts called atoms. Atoms themselves were believed
to be unalterable, but they could have different arrangements. Because the behavior of atoms was thought to be
lawful, Democritus' view was deterministic. His view also incorporated elementism, because no matter how
complex something was, he believed it could be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. Democritus'
philosophy exemplified reductionism, because he attempted to explain objects and events on one level in terms
of events on another level.
Inductive definition starts with an examination of instances of such concepts as beauty, love, justice, or truth
and then moved on to such questions as, "What is it that all instances of beauty have in common?" Socrates
sought the essence of general concepts, such as beauty, justice, and truth. To truly know something, according
to Socrates, is to understand its essence. For Socrates, an essence was a universally acceptable definition of a
concept. The understanding of essences constitute knowledge and the goal of life was to gain knowledge.
79. Compare and contrast Plato's and Aristotle's views of acquisition of knowledge.
Plato believed that essences correspond to forms that exist independently of nature and that could only be
arrived at by ignoring sensory experience and introspection. For Aristotle, essences existed but could become
known only by studying nature. He believed that if enough individual manifestations of a principle or
phenomenon were investigated, eventually one could infer the essence that they exemplified. Plato was a
rationalist, while Aristotle embraced both rationalism and empiricism. Plato believed the body was hindrance in
the search for knowledge, while Aristotle did not.
80. Discuss Aristotle's description of remembering and recall, include the laws of association.
Remembering is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced. Recall involves
an actual mental search for a past experience. The laws of association include:
1) law of contiguity--when we think of something, we tend to think of things that we experienced along with it
2) law of contrast--when we think of something, we tend to think of its opposite
3) law of frequency--the more often experiences occur together, the stronger their association