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o Demand for higher wages: - Need for the money, forces the workers to demand more
wages to meet their needs and increase their standards of living. This brings them into
conflict with their employers who are never willing to pay more wages to workers
o Demand for allowances and bonus :- Increase in cost of living was the main cause of the
demand of certain allowance, such as dearness allowances, house allowances, nightshift
allowances by the workers
o High industrial profits: - In the changing world, concept of labor has changed
significantly. At the present, employers considered themselves as the partner of the
industry and demand their share in the profit
o Working condition & hours: - The working condition in Indian industries is not
hygienic working hours are also greater. The demand or pleasant working conditions
and shorter hours of work let to labor disputes.
Management practices
o Multiplicity of labor laws: - Existence of multiple labor laws creates more confusion.
o Political interference :- The politician politicization of trade union activities are direct
interference of political parties and their workers
1.6. A. STRIKES
It is a temporary end of work by a group of employees in order to express grievances or
to enforce a demand concerning change in working conditions
Types of strikes
Primary Strikes
• Stay away strike: - In this strike workmen stay away the workplace. They organize
rallies, etc
• Stay in strike or sit down strike: - In the strike workmen come to the place and stay at
the workplace but they do not work
• Tools down, pen-down or mouth shut strike: - In this strike the strikers put down down
the tools in case of factory workers, lay down their pens in case of office workers and
shut their mouth in case of teachers
• Token or complain strike: - It is a very short duration and in the nature of signal for the
danger head. In this strike the workers do not work for an hour or a day.
• Lighting or wildcat strike: - In this strike, the striker’s strike the work without any prior
notice or with the shortest notice
• Go slow strike: - In this strike, the workers identically reduce the speed of worker.
• Work to Rule or work to resignation: - In this strike, the strikers undertake the work
according to rules or job description
• Boycott: - It aims at upsetting the normal functioning of the enterprises
• Gherao: - It is a physical barrier of a target either by hold, intended to block the way in
from and to a particular office, workshop etc
• Hunger strike: - This type of strike is way out to either by the leaders of the union or by
some workers all at a time or in small batches for a limited period or Upto the period of
settlement of disputes
Secondary Strike
• Sympathy strikes: - The workers have no direct interest in the advancement of the cause
of the strikers. Such a strike is an unjustifiable
• Others: - These strikes are in the form of general, particular, political and bandhs etc
Prevention of strikes
1.6.B.LOCKOUTS
Prevention machinery: - The prevention machinery ensures that there are no disputes. It
aims at creating an environment in which the employees are allowed to participate and
there are very less chances of conflicts
Negotiation: - Negotiation is one of the most common approaches used to make decisions
and manage disputes.
Trade unions: - Strong trade unions help present industrial disputes relating to wages,
benefits, job security, etc.
1. Conciliation
2. Arbitration
3. Adjudication
2.1 CONCILIATION: - The workers and employers are brought together before a third person
or a group of persons with a view to convince them to come to a mutually satisfying agreement
2. 1. A. Conciliation officer: - According to the industrial disputes act, 1947 (sec 4) the central
and state government can appoint a conciliation officer to mediate in all disputes brought to his
notice. He is expected to give judgment within 14 days of the commencement of the conciliation
proceedings.
• To hold conciliation proceedings :- Where any industrial dispute exists, the conciliation
officer may, or where the dispute relates to a public utility service and a notice under
section 22 has been given, shall, hold conciliation proceedings in the prescribed manner.
• To investigate the dispute: - The conciliation officer shall, for the purpose of bringing
about a settlement of the dispute, without delay, investigate the dispute and all matters
affecting the merits and right settlement.
• Power to enter the premises:- A conciliation officer have power to enter the premises for
enquiry relate to existing industrial dispute, after giving reasonable notice.
• Power to call for and inspect documents: - He has power to call any person and inspect
any document which he has considering being relevant to the industrial dispute. He has
the same power as civil court
• Discussion leader
• Safety value
• Communication link
• Innovator
• Protector
• Advisor
2.1. b. Board of conciliation: - A Board shall consist of a chairman and two or four other
members, as the appropriate Government thinks fit.
Quorum of board of conciliation: - The Board that the services of the chairman or of any other
member have closed to be available, the Board shall not act until a new chairman or member, as
the case may be, has been appointed.
Duties of Board
• To bring about a settlement of dispute: - The duty of the Board to try to bring about a
settlement of the same and without delay, investigate the dispute and all matters
affecting the merits and the right settlement thereof.
• To send a report and memorandum of settlement to the appropriate government: - If
a settlement of the dispute, the Board shall send a report to the Government together
with a memorandum of the settlement signed by the parties to the dispute.
• To send a full report to the appropriate government setting forth the steps taken by
the board in case :- :- If no such settlement is arrived at, the conciliation officer shall,
close of the investigation and send a full report to Government including the steps
taken by him for find out the information and circumstances relating to the dispute etc
• To submit report within 2 months :- The Board shall submit its report under this
section within two months of the date or within such shorter period as may be fixed by
the appropriate Government
Power of board
• Power to enter the premises: - Boards have power to enter the premises for enquiry
relate to existing industrial dispute, after giving reasonable notice.
• Power to call for and inspect documents: - They have power to call any person and
inspect any document which he has considering being relevant to the industrial dispute.
He has the same power as civil court
A Court shall inquire into the matters referred to it and report thereon to the appropriate
Government ordinarily within a period of six months from the commencement of its inquiry.
Quorum of Court of Inquiry: - A Court consists of two or more members, one of them
shall be appointed as the chairman. If the appropriate Government notifies the Court that
the services of the chairman have ceased (closed), the Court shall not act until a new
chairman has been appointed.
Duties of Court of Inquiry (sec 14):- A court shall inquire into the matters referred to it and
report there on to the appropriate government ordinarily within a period of 6 months
Power to enter the premises: - A member of the board have power to enter the premises
for enquiry relate to existing industrial dispute, after giving reasonable notice.
Power to call for and inspect documents: - They member of the board have power to call
any person and inspect any document which he has considering being relevant to the
industrial dispute. He has the same power as civil court
Power to appoint assessors :- A court may, if it so thinks fit, appoint one or more
persons having special knowledge of the matter under consideration as assessor or
assessors to advise it in the proceeding in it
2.2 ARBITRATION
Meaning of arbitration: - When conciliation proceedings failed or settle the disputes, the
conciliation officer may convince the conflicting parties to voluntarily refer the dispute to a third
party known as arbitrator, appointed by the parties themselves
Types of arbitration
1. Voluntary arbitration: - The arbitrator is appointed by both the parties through mutual
constant. In order to promote voluntary arbitration, government of India constituted
national arbitration promotion board in 1967.
2. Compulsory arbitration: - When the disputing parties weaken other means of settling
the disputes, the government can force the parties for compulsory arbitration.
Disadvantages of arbitration
It removes of its right to go on a strike, for there is often a provision in the agreement
that the trade unions and workers will avoid doing from a strike during the continuance
of agreements
Judgment is often arbitrary and ill advised as the arbitrators are not well versed in the
economy and technical aspects of industry.
Arbitrators are often biased (unfair) against labor and her award is, therefore, usually not
in its favor.
Delay often occurs in arriving at the award and settlement of disputes. This leads to a
breakdown in the morale of member
2.3. ADJUDICATION
2.3. a. Labor court
2.3. b. Industrial tribunal
2.3. c. National tribunal (sec 7b)
2.3. a. Labor Court: - Labour Courts are constituted by State Governments u/s 7. It will be
presided over by Presiding Officer‘.
Qualification for appointment: - Has been judge of high court
-- He has been judge of district court not less than 3 years
• Qualification of presiding officer :- It will consist of one person only, who should be
qualified for appointment as
Appointment of
No such provision for arbitration They can appoint one or two assessors
assessors
Less formal than legal action, strict rules of Less formal than arbitration, strict
evidence do not apply but procedural rules may rules of evidence do not apply.
Formalities
be based on Institutional rules. Otherwise parties Procedural rules may be imposed by
to agree or arbitrator nominating body.
3.1. Meaning and definition of peace: - Peace describes a society or a relationship that is
Operating cordially and without violent conflict.
Machinery for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in the form of :-
a. Works committees
b. Conciliation officer and board of conciliation
c. Labor courts, industrial tribunals, National tribunals, courts of enquiry
The creation and maintenance of implementation groups and evaluation committees
which have the power to look into the implementation of agreements, settlements and
judgement and also to violation of statutory provisions under various labor laws.