Test Bank For Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience Paper 9 e 9th Edition Neil R Carlson
Test Bank For Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience Paper 9 e 9th Edition Neil R Carlson
Test Bank For Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience Paper 9 e 9th Edition Neil R Carlson
Short- 1-3
Answer
Essay
Essay 1
Short- 4-6
Answer
Essay
Essay 2-3
Short- 7-9
Answer
Essay
Essay 4,5
2) ________ neurons gather information from the environment related to light, odors, and bodily contact
with objects.
A) Sensory
B) Motor
C) Golgi
D) Relay inter-
E) Efferent
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.1 APA:1.1
7) The ________ system is comprised of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.
A) peripheral nervous
B) central nervous
C) enteric nervous
D) corticospinal
E) corticospinal nervous
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.1 APA:1.1
9) The ________ contain(s) the nerve cell nucleus and functions to ______.
A) soma; provide for the life processes of the cell
B) axon; conduct action potentials
C) axon terminals; form the membrane of the nerve cell
D) dendrites; provide for the life processes of the cell
E) mitochondria; conduct action potentials
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
10) The _____ carries information from the cell body out to the terminal buttons.
A) soma.
B) axon.
C) dendrites.
D) terminal buttons.
E) glia
Answer: B
Rationale: The axon carries information from the cell body out to the terminal buttons.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.1 APA:1.1
12) The physical gap between two nerve cells across which messages are transmitted is the
A) glial junction.
B) axonal contact.
C) synapse.
D) dendritic apposition.
E) neural gap.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.1 APA:1.1
13) The membranes that most commonly form synapses are the ________ and the ________.
A) axon terminals; dendrites
B) dendrites; soma
C) soma; glial
D) axon terminals; soma
E) glial cells; soma
Answer: A
Rationale: The membranes that most commonly form synapses are the axon terminals and the dendrites.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.1 APA:1.2
14) Which of the following is true regarding the action potential (AP)?
A) The AP is carried along the glial membrane.
B) The AP is always of the same amplitude and duration in a given cell.
C) The AP is a graded signal.
D) The AP is a long-lasting electrical signal.
E) The AP is due to chloride currents.
Answer: B
Rationale: The action potential is always of the same amplitude and duration in a given cell.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.1 APA: 1.2
15) The ________ neuron is the most common nerve cell type in the central nervous system.
A) apolar
B) multiglial
C) unipolar
D) bipolar
E) multipolar
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 22 Objective: Factual
16) The _____ neuron has dendrite-like branches and transmits sensory information to the brain.
A) bipolar
B) multipolar
C) unipolar
D) apolar
E) tripolar
Answer: C
Rationale: The unipolar neuron has dendrite-like branches and transmits sensory information to the brain.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.2
17) An impaired ability to sense temperature and touch might be expected after damage to which type of
nerve cell?
A) glial cells
B) multipolar neurons
C) unipolar neurons
D) Schwann cells
E) microglial cells
Answer: C
Rationale: An impaired ability to sense temperature and touch might be expected after damage to
unipolar neurons.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22 Objective: Applied
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
18) Neurotransmitter molecules are secreted from a(n) ________ in response to the arrival of an action
potential.
A) glial cell
B) dendrite
C) axon terminal
D) mitochondrion
E) soma
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 22 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
21) Match up the correct pairing of each cell structure with its function.
A) mitochondria; production of cytoplasm
B) cytoskeleton; production of DNA
C) lipid bi-layer; formation of the cell membrane
D) synapse; production of ribosomes
E) microtubules; production of cytoplasm
Answer: C
Rationale: The lipid bi-layer of a cell forms the cell membrane.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23-24 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.2
22) The recipes for generating individual proteins are contained within the
A) mitochondria.
B) cytoskeleton.
C) genes.
D) terminal buttons.
E) dendrites.
Answer: C
Rationale: The recipes for generating individual proteins are contained within the genes.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.2 APA: 1.1
23) Enzymes
A) are formed from lipids.
B) are molecules that control chemical reactions.
C) control the aborption of glucose into cells..
D) provide energy to the cell.
E) form the boundary of a nerve cell..
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
24) Match the correct function with the appropriate neuronal organelle.
A) mitochondria; extraction of energy from nutrients
B) mitochondria; formation of vesicles
C) microtubules; breakdown of proteins
D) microtubules; transport of chemicals across the synapse
E) cytoskeleton; extraction of energy from nutrients
Answer: A
Rationale: Mitochondria act to extract energy from nutrients.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23-24 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.2
26) ________ is made up of thirteen filaments arranged around a hollow core and is involved in
axoplasmic transport.
A) The myelin sheath
B) The terminal button
C) A neurofilament
D) A nanotubule
E) A microtubule
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
27) Match the correct function with the appropriate neuronal organelle.
A) cell membrane; production of fat-like molecules
B) mitochondria; formation of vesicles
C) DNA; breakdown of proteins
D) microtubules; transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals
E) cytoskeleton; extraction of energy for cell use
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Factual
LO: 23-24 APA: 1.2
28) The ________ cells are the most important support cells of the central nervous system.
A) Schwann
B) glial
C) Golgi
D) platelet
E) microtubule
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA: 1.1
32) Which of the following glial cells are important for the supply of energy for neurons?
A) Schwann cells.
B) phagocytes
C) dendrocytes
D) astrocytes
E) nanotubules
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
34) Which of the following cells are important for the removal of nerve cell debris?
A) Schwann cells
B) phagocytes
C) dendrocytes
D) microglia
E) nanotubules
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain.
A) oligodendrocytes
B) microglia
C) astrocytes
D) neurocytes
E) Schwann cells
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.1
38) The presence of a barrier between the blood stream and the brain is suggested by the observation that
A) all cells of the body are stained by a dye injected into the bloodstream.
B) injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells but those of the brain and spinal cord.
C) the gut is stained by a dye injected into the brain ventricles.
D) injection of dye into the ventricles stains all cells of the body.
E) most chemicals rapidly reach the brain after oral ingestion..
Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of a barrier between the blood stream and the brain is suggested by the
observation that injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells but those of the brain and spinal
cord.
39) Activation of cells within the area postrema would be predicted to produce
A) stimulation of locomotion.
B) the experience of a visual hallucination.
C) consumption of a palatable food.
D) feelings of nausea and vomiting.
E) auditory hallucinations.
41) Toxic substances in the blood are detected at the ______ which in turn triggers vomiting.
A) cerebellum
B) blood-brain barrier
C) hypothamus
D) amygdala
E) area postrema
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.2 APA:1.2
42) Which of the following represents the normal order of activation in neuronal transmission?
A) axon -> dendrite -> cell body -> axon terminals
B) axon terminals -> cell body -> axon -> dendrite
C) dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> terminal button
D) cell body -> axon -> dendrite -> axon terminal
E) dendrite -> axon terminal -> cell body -> axon
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.3 APA:1.2
45) Which of the following is inserted into an axon to record electrical potentials?
A) a single reference wire.
B) a microelectrode inserted into the axon interior
C) an oscilloscope
D) a voltmeter terminal
E) A thin metal cannula
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:2.1
47) The ________ is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of
the axon membrane.
A) membrane
B) local
C) glial
D) action
E) axon
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.2
48) Movement of the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)
A) action potential.
B) threshold potential.
C) depolarization.
D) hyperpolarization.
E) excitatory local potential.
Answer: D
49) Movement of the axon membrane potential from -90 mV to -80 mV would be termed a(n)
A) depolarization.
B) threshold potential.
C) action potential.
D) hyperpolarization.
E) inhibitory local potential.
Answer: A
Rationale: Movement of the axon membrane potential from -90 mV to -80 mV would be termed
a(n) depolarization.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.5 APA:1.1
50) An electrical charge applied to an axon that moves the membrane potential from -70 mV to -45 mV
will result in a(n)
A) action potential.
B) local potential.
C) downward shift of the threshold of excitation.
D) upward shift of the membrane threshold.
E) long-term change in the membrane potential.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.2
51) The membrane voltage level at which an action potential is triggered is termed the
A) refractory period.
B) hyperpolarization event.
C) threshold of excitation.
D) rate level.
E) equilibrium point.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
52) The process by which molecules are evenly distributed throughout a medium is
A) retrograde transport.
B) diffusion.
C) anterograde transport.
D) electrostatic pressure.
E) carrier-mediated transport.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
54) ________ are charged particles formed when certain molecules dissolves in water.
A) Ions
B) Solvents
C) Electrolytes
D) Electrons
E) Proteins
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
59) Which of the following is true of ion distribution across the axon membrane?
A) Sodium ions are concentrated outside the axon membrane.
B) Potassium ions are concentrated outside the axon membrane.
C) The action potential is the balance point between diffusion and electrostatic pressure.
D) Chloride ions are concentrated inside the axon membrane.
E) Sodium ions are concentrated inside the axon membrane.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
60) The force of diffusion would tend to move ________ ions ________ the axon.
A) chloride; out of
B) sodium; into
C) potassium; into
D) organic; into
E) sodium; out of
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.2
61) The force of ________ moves sodium ions ________ the axon
A) diffusion; into
B) retrograde transport; out of
C) diffusion; out of
D) electrostatic pressure; out of
E) sodium-potassium pump; into
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
62) Which of the following is a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters?
A) Extracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.
B) Intracellular sodium concentrations are kept very high.
C) Extracellular potassium concentrations are kept very high.
D) Intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.
E) Little energy is required to maintain ionic differences across the membrane.
Answer: D
Rationale: As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters, intracellular sodium
concentrations are kept low.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Objective: Conceptual
63) In a resting nerve cell, which of the forces listed below will act to push sodium ions into the cell?
A) diffusion
B) osmotic pressure
C) sodium-potassium pump
D) ion channel inactivation
E) electrostatic pressure resulting from positive charge inside the axon
Answer: A
Rationale: In a resting nerve cell, diffusion acts to push sodium ions into the cell.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.2
64) The specialized pores located in the axon membrane that open or close are termed
A) receptors.
B) voltage transporters.
C) autoreceptors.
D) ion channels.
E) sodium-potassium transporters.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.4 APA:1.1
66) Which of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential
back to the resting level?
A) Sodium ions move into the cell.
B) Potassium ions move out of the cell.
C) Potassium ions move into the cell.
D) Chloride ions move into the cell.
E) Chloride ions are extruded from the cell.
Answer: B
Rationale: Movement of potassium ions out of the cell restores the membrane potential to baseline from
the peak of the action potential.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.5 APA:
67) The "all-or-none law" refers to the observation that an action potential
A) will diminish to near zero when transmitted down a long axon.
B) fires at the same rate regardless of the inputs to the neuron.
68) Sensory stimuli that vary in intensity are coded by variations in the ________ of a neuron.
A) firing rate
B) resting membrane potential
C) speed of conduction of action potentials
D) total amplitude of the action potential
E) repolarization rate
Answer: A
Rationale: Sensory stimuli that vary in intensity are coded by variations in the firing rate of a neuron.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.5 APA:1.2
70) Ions enter and leave the membrane of a myelinated axon at the
A) terminal buttons.
B) axon hillock.
C) nodes of Ranvier.
D) segment of membrane under the Schwann cell wrapping.
E) release zone.
Answer: C
Rationale: Ions enter and leave the membrane of a myelinated axon at the nodes of Ranvier.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.5 APA:1.1
75) A common form of a synapse can involve a junction between an axon terminal and a(n) ________.
A) dendrite
B) blood vessel
C) axon hillock
D) glial cell
E) Node of Ranvier.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.6 APA:1.2
77) In which portion of a neuron would you expect to find the largest number of vesicles?
A) the dendritic spines
B) the soma
C) near the nuclear membrane
D) the release zone
E) the axon hillock
Answer: D
Rationale: You would expect to find the largest number of vesicles in the release zone.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.6 APA:1.2
78) A key event for the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane is the
A) hyperpolarization of the axon membrane.
B) arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal.
C) influx of potassium ions into the axon terminal.
D) activation of the sodium-potassium pumps.
E) opening of ion channels within the microtubules.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.6 APA:3.1
82) Match the correct PSP effect with each ion channel action.
A) entry of a negative ion; hyperpolarization
B) entry of a positive ion; hyperpolarization
C) exit of a positive ion; depolarization
D) exit of a negative ion; hyperpolarization
E) B and D are correct.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.7 APA:1.1
83) Which of the following ion channel events will produce an EPSP?
A) opening a sodium channel
B) closing a sodium channel
C) opening a potassium channel
D) opening a manganese channel
E) closing a calcium channel
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.7 APA:1.1
85) Which of the following ion channel events will reliably produce an IPSP regardless of the current
level of the membrane potential?
A) opening a sodium channel
B) losing a potassium channel
C) opening a potassium channel
D) opening a chloride channel
E) opening a channel to admit calcium ions into the axon
Answer: C
Rationale: The opening of a potassium channel will reliably produce an IPSP regardless of the current
86) The process which terminates the postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters is
A) disruption of the postsynaptic receptor.
B) enzymatic degradation of the transmitter molecule.
C) inhibition of transmitter synthesis.
D) facilitation of transmitter release.
E) reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal.
Answer: E
Rationale: The process which terminates the postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters
reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 Objective: Conceptual
LO: 2.7 APA:1.2
87) The process which terminates the postsynaptic potentials induced by acetylcholine is
A) disruption of the postsynaptic receptor.
B) enzymatic degradation via AChE.
C) inhibition of ACh synthesis.
D) facilitation of ACh release.
E) reuptake.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.7 APA: 1.1
91) Neuromodulators
A) have a lipid structure.
B) directly elicit postsynaptic potentials.
C) are usually found in small dense-core vesicles in terminal buttons.
D) diffuse widely to effect many neurons.
E) have only a local action at a few synapses.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 45 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.8 APA:1.1
92) Neuromodulators
A) are rarely of a peptide form.
B) are secreted from a neuron and only affect an adjacent neuron.
C) are inevitably inhibitory.
D) are secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in brain.
E) are typically secreted in very small amounts compared to neurotransmitters.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 45 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.8 APA:1.1
93) Most ________ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.
A) neurotransmitters
B) neuropeptides
C) modulators
D) hormones
E) pheromones
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 Objective: Factual
LO: 2.8 APA:1.1
5) In a neuron at rest, the inside of the cell is more negative than the cell exterior.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27
6) A hyperpolarizing stimulus makes the interior of the neuron even more negatively charged.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31
7) Both electrostatic and diffusion forces affect the concentration of ions in the extracellular and
intracellular fluids.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32
9) The sodium-potassium transporter keeps the intracellular concentration of sodium ions low by pushing
them out of the axon.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref:33
11 An action potential decreases in size as it moves along the axon toward the terminal buttons.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36
12) A thick myelinated axon fiber will conduct an action potential more rapidly than will a thin
unmyelinated fiber.
Answer: TRUE
14) Transmitter substances are secreted from the terminal buttons of a neuron.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38
15) The most important source of EPSPs is the neurotransmitter-dependent sodium channel.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41
17) Enzymatic inactivation allows for the rapid reuse of a transmitter molecule.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42
18) The transmitter acetylcholine is primarily inactivated by reuptake of the molecule into the axon
terminal.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43
1) Contrast the various forms of neurons in brain by their connections and functions.
Answer: Sensory neurons carry information toward the brain while motor neurons carry signals to the
muscles and glands of the periphery.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
2) Name and discuss the general functions of the three glial cell types in the brain.
Answer: Oligodendrocytes form CNS myelin. Astroglia provide support and nutrition for neurons.
Microglia are involved in brain immune function.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 24-26
3) Explain how the area postrema may play a role in minimizing poison toxicity.
Answer: Because the blood-brain barrier is weak near this structure, toxins in blood can stimulate this
brain region to cause emesis, which would void the stomach and in turn may reduce the total amount of
toxicity to the organism.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27-28
5) What would you expect the impact to be on an organism treated with a drug that blocks neuronal
sodium channels?
Answer: Rapid death owing to the cessation of action potentials.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33
8) What would you expect to happen if the enzyme AChE were to be disabled in your body?
Answer: My ACh activity would greatly increase, because AChE normally serves to degrade ACh. Later,
this would lead to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42-43
2.4 Essay
1) Discuss the general support functions of glial cells for the nervous system.
Answer: Glial cells: provide physical or structural support for individual neurons; provide energy to
neurons; take away waste products; buffer the environment of a nerve cell; provide insulation in the form
of myelin; digest dead or dying nerve cells; are involved in immune function.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-27
2) Explain how ion channels alter the electrical properties of a nerve cell membrane.
Answer: Ions are charged particles that are unequally distributed across the cell membrane. When ion
channels open, diffusion and electrostatic pressure push sodium ions into the cell or potassium ions out of
the cell. These movements result in changes in voltage across the membrane.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32-33
3). Provide an overview of the ionic events that produce the action potential. Answer: Movements of the
membrane potential past threshold, open sodium channels, which moves the membrane potential from -60
to roughly +40 mV. The sodium channels then close, and the potential is restored to resting by an
opening of the potassium channels.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34-35
5) Explain how the nerve cell membrane acts as an integrator of incoming inputs.
Answer: Neurotransmitter-gated receptors can open separate ion channels. Opening a sodium channel
would result in an EPSP, while opening a potassium channel would result in an IPSP. The critical event
which produces an action potential is reaching the threshold value for the membrane. EPSPs move the
potential closer to that value; IPSPs move it further away. The PSPs can add together spatially and
temporally, because of the residual nature of these potentials.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43-44