INTRODUCTION

The objectives of this chapter are as follows

1. articulate the vision, mission, goals and objectives of BSU
2. relate the school’s VMGO to the course objectives
3. comprehend with clarity the course requirements, class rules, guidelines and
applying them while enrolled in the class.
4. Identify and describe the five great theories in Physics
5. Differentiate law from a theory.
6. Explain the importance of studying physics and its relation to other fields.
7. Demonstrate a positive attitude towards Physics while recognizing its limitations

1.1. VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

INSTITUTIONAL VISION, MISSION AND GOALS:

Vision
BSU as an International University engendering graduates to walk the intergenerational highways.
Mission
BSU cares to: Challenge innovation, Advance technology and facility, Revitalize administration, Engender
partnership, and Serve intergenerational role.

Goals:
1. Challenge Innovation in the Four Fold Function of the University
2. Advance Technology and Facility by shaping the University become responsive to modern needs.
3. Revitalize Administration by harmonizing performance monitoring, information, and reporting systems.
4. Serve Intergenerational Role by revitalizing the Spiritual, Physical, Economical, Cultural,
Intellectual, Emotional, and Social (S.P.E.C.I.E.S.) state.

1.2. INTRODUCTION TO COURSE CONTENT

Physics for Engineers subject includes Kinematics, Dynamics, Rotation, Dynamics of

Rotation, Elasticity, Oscillation, Work, Energy, Power, Impulse, Momentum, Kinematics, Fluids,
Heat Transfer, Waves, Optics, and Electricity.
The following table presents the course content of this subject.

1.3. COURSE SYLLABI AND RULES/REQUIREMENT

COURSE CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1. Identify and describe the five great theories in Physics
1.2. Differentiate law from a theory.
1.3. Explain the importance of studying physics and its relation to other fields.
1.4. Demonstrate a positive attitude towards Physics while recognizing its limitations

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 1

1.5. Nature Of Physics
1.6. Five Great Theories Of Physics
1.7. Importance Of Studying Physics
2.PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
2.1 Physical Quantity
2.2 Classification Of Physical Quantities
2.3 Systems Of Measurement
2.4. Unit Vector
2.5. Vector Operation
3. KINEMATICS
3.1. Definition
3.2. Branches Of Mechanics
3.3. Kinematics
3.4. The Initial Value - Problem And Integration
4. MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS
4.1. The Position Vector Or Position
4.2. The Displacement
4.3. The Velocity Vector
4.4. The Average Acceleration
4.5. The Instantaneous Acceleration
4.6. Projectile Motion
5. NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS
5.1. Dynamics
5.2. Force Defined
5.3. Newton’s Law
5.4. Application Of Newton’s Law
6. ROTATIONAL MOTION
6.1. Angular Displacement On Rotation Of Rigid Bodies About A Fixed Axis
6.2. Average And Instantaneous Angular Velocity,
6.3. Angular Acceleration,
6.4. Motion With Constant Angular Acceleration
6.5. Centripetal Acceleration
6.6. Centripetal Force And Centrifugal Force
7. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
7.1. Work Done By Variable Force
7.2. Work Done By The Resultant Force
7.4. Mechanical Energy:
7.6. Law Of Conservation Of Energy
7.7. Power P
8. MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
8.1. Linear Momentum
8.2. Linear Impulse (I)
8.3. Relationship Between Impulse And Momentum
8.4. Law Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum
8.6. Coefficient Of Restitution, e
9. THERMAL ENERGY, TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
9.1. Thermal Energy (Eth):
9.2. Temperature And Its Measurement:
9.3. Heat (Q)
9.4. Effects Of Heat
9.5. Modes Of Heat Transfer

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 2

 10. FLUID MECHANICS
10.1. Nature Of Matter
10.2. Fluid Statics
10.3. Fluid Dynamics
11. HARMONIC MOTION
11.1. Harmonic Motion (Periodic Motion) Defined
11.2. Quantities Involving Harmonic Motion
11.3. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
11.4. Frequency And Period Of Objects Producing Simple Harmonic Motion
12. WAVE MOTION
12.1 Definition
12.2. Huygen’s Principle
12.3. Classification Of A Wave
12.4. Curve Representation Of Waves
12.5. Quantities Involving Waves
12.6. Speed Of Different Types Of Waves
12.7. Properties Of Waves
12.8. Standing Wave
13. LIGHT AND OPTICS

14. ELECTRICITY
14.1. Electric Charges
14.2. Coulomb’s Law
14.3. Electric Field
14.5. Work And Electrostatic Potential Energy
14.6. Voltage, Current and Ohm’s Law

COURSE REQUIREMENT:
At the end of the course, you are expected to submit the following:
1. Written reports about assigned works/activities
2. Examinations

EVALUATION AND GRADING SYSTEM:

A. EVALUATION:
Your performance is evaluated in terms of:
- Written reports about assigned activities and researches (if there are)
- Examination

The performance of the student is evaluated in terms of

LEC. LAB.
1. Examinations 33.33% 33.33%
2. Written reports about assigned activities 66.67% 66.67%

B. GRADING SYSTEM:
Your grade in the subject would be computed using the
following: For your lecture grade, we have the following formula:
Lecture Grade (FGlec): (2/3) FTGLec + (1/3) MTGLec

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 3

 where Lecture Midterm Grade(MTG Lec):(2/3)CSG+(1/3)Midterm Exam Grade
Lecture Final Term Grade (FTGLec ): (2/3)CSG+(1/3)Final Exam Grade

The following formula would be used to compute your laboratory grade:

Laboratory Grade (FGlab): (2/3) FTG + (1/3) MTG
where
Lab. Midterm Grade (MTG):(2/3)CSG + (1/3)Midterm Exam Grade
Lab. Final Term Grade (FTG): (2/3)CSG + (1/3)Final Exam Grade

Your final grade in this subject would be the combination of your lecture grade (FG lec) and
laboratory grades (FGlab) using the following computation:
Final Grade (FG): (2/3) FGlec + (1/3) FGlab

1.4. Nature of Physics

Physics is the discipline of science most directly concerned with the fundamental laws of
nature. These laws explain the why’s of what we see in nature. Other areas in science and
various branches of engineering are built on the basic laws that make up the subject matter
of physics.

1.5. Five Great Theories of Physics

Physics is a set of general theories, each of which describes a wide range of
phenomena and objects. This is divided into five theories:

1. Mechanics (sometimes called Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics)

- the theory of motion of material objects.

2. Thermodynamics
- the theory of heat, temperature, and the behavior of large array of particles.

3. Electromagnetism
- the theory of electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic radiation.

4. Relativity
- the theory of invariance in nature and the theory of high-speed motion.

5. Quantum Mechanics
- the theory of the mechanical behavior of the submicroscopic world.

1.6. Importance of studying physics

The goal of the physicist is to encompass as much as possible of the behavior of matter
with the simplest possible array of ideas and equations.

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 4

The goal of the beginning student of physics must do more than learn facts, laws, equations, and
problem-solving techniques but must seek to grasp the whole of physics, appreciate its generality,
see the interconnections of its parts, and perceive its boundaries; must seek to distinguish
between theory and application, and between general law and specific fact.

NAME: Laplana,Kenneth Allen S._____ ________ SECTION: _BSABE 1-A____

SCHEDULE:_____________________________________________

Lecture Activity No. 1

VMGO
Answer the following:

1. List the university objectives for each of the five university goal.

Objectives:
(Instruction) To provide quality education responsive to the needs of time, (Research) To enhance
research productivity contributing to sustainable development, (Extension) To disseminate relevant
research outputs and other scholarly activities consistent with BSU’s mandated programs, (Production)
To promote sustainable and appropriate resource generation strategies for the implementation of
development plans, (Administration) To advocate for resource management and effective energy
efficiency in addressing the demands of climate change, (Instruction) To use information and
communication technology learning resources to sustain and enhance quality of alternative teaching -
learning continuity endeavors, (Research and Extension) To upgrade facilities and enable
researchers/extensionists to conduct activities using specialized facilities, (Production) To acquire and
update state-of-the-art facilities in the projects innovation, (Administration) To upgrade facilities and
establish modern physical infrastructures, To elevate the BSU PRIME-HRM to a level of excellence for
good governance and efficient public service, To reinforce transparency, integrity, and objectivity in the
delivery of service, To regenerate instruction, research, extension, production, linkages, governance,
management, and policies, To streamline operations to be efficient, effective, and responsive to
challenges and changes, (Instruction) To establish academic partnerships with local, regional, national
and international institutions providing educational opportunities for faculty, staff, and students,
(Research) To increase and sustain university relations with academe, industries, GOs, NGOs, and LGUs
for research funding, (Extension) To increase and sustain partnership with academe, LGUs, NGOs,
industries, and others, (Production) To comply with existing laws, policies and other requirements, To
offer programs that embody social, cultural, economical and developmental needs both for local and
global markets, To champion local culture and languages in the University context through research,
extension, and academic programs, and To document best practices of the University.

2. Among the listed university goals and objectives which one do you think is the most relevant to
the course you are undertaking? Explain why so?

Objective number 2 under goal 1 under BSU’s VMGO which states to enhance research productivity
contributing to sustainable development. Seems to me is an applicable goal for my program,
and it is Bachelor in Science in Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering. Where it uses engineering,
biology & chemistry in different applications. That helps for sustainable and efficient production of
agricultural crops.

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 5

 LESSON 1
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Objectives:
1. Differentiate a fundamental quantity from derived quantity.
2. Differentiate a scalar from a vector quantity.
3. Convert one measurement from one unit to another.
4. Perform graphical analysis of vectors and vector operations.
5. Demonstrate understanding on the applications of vectors.

2.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITY

A physical quantity is something that can be measured. It has a name, a physical
dimension, and a unit of measurement; it can be manipulated mathematically, and it can be
assigned a numerical or other mathematical value. Example of a physical quantity is mass of an
object. If an object is 20 g, the 20 g describes the magnitude of the quantity, the 20 describes its
dimension or value, while g describes its unit.

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Physical quantities may be classified as basic/fundamental or derived. They may also be
scalars or vectors.
A. Fundamental and Derived Quantities
1. A fundamental quantity cannot be “resolved” into other quantities. They are quantities
that are directly measured and have a single unit.
Example I s time. You can directly measure time using a measuring device like a watch
or a clock and I t has a single unit which could be hour, minute or second.

2. Derived quantities result from the combination through division or/and multiplication
operations of two or more fundamental quantities. Most physical quantities are derived.
Example is area. You cannot directly measure area using a measuring device.
For a rectangular surface, we determine the area by first measuring the length and
width and using multiplication, we can determine the area by multiplying the length with
the width (length x length).

B. Scalar and Vector Quantities

1. A scalar quantity is completely defined by a magnitude (a value and a unit). It is
represented by a single number.
Example is mass. Mass is defined in terms of magnitude only like a mass of 50 kg.

2. Vector quantities are defined by both magnitude and direction. They can be represented
by a directed line segment: an arrow whose length, in any convenient unit, is the
magnitude of the vector, and whose direction is the direction of the vector.
Example of this is displacement. We define displacement in terms of magnitude and
direction like the displacement of 50 m due South.

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 6

NAME:__________________________________________________ SECTION: __________
SCHEDULE:_____________________________________________

Lecture Activity No. 2.1A

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES CLASSIFICATION

List 5 examples of the four classifications of physical quantities by completing the following table.
Fundamental Derived Scalar Vector
Mass Speed 5km North
1 50 kg
Area 5 cm 6 m South
2 Temperature
Power 20 ft 36 yd West
3 Time
Force 100 km 67 ft East
4 Length
Volume 5g 3 in to the right
5 Luminosity

2.3. SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

Measurement is essentially a comparison between a known or standard quantity and an
unknown quantity. In other words, every measurement is a comparison. The result of every
measurement has two parts. One is a number to answer the question “How many?” The other is a
unit to answer the question “Of what?”

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT: There are three standard sets of measurements or units. They
are the international system, or SI (often called the MKS system), the Gaussian or CGS system
and the English system or FPS. The table below shows the unit of the physical quantities length,
mass and time with their corresponding units under the three systems of measurement.

The Basic Quantities and their Units

UNITS
QUANTITY SI CGS FPS
Length Meter, m Centimeter, cm Foot, ft
Mass Kilogram, kg Gram, g Slug
Time Second, s Second, s Second, s

For the SI or MKS system, the units of length, mass and time are respectively meter,
kilogram and second. Under the CGS system, centimeter, gram and second are the
corresponding units of length, mass and time. The units foot, slug and second are likewise the
corresponding units under the FPS system.

CONVERSION OF UNITS
In solving problems involving physical quantities, the units should be consistent where all units
should be under one system of measurement. When a given quantity does not have the
prescribed unit under a system used, conversion of unit should be done.

Two Rules applied to conversion of units:

1) Units are treated in an equation in exactly the same way as algebraic quantities, and
may be multiplied and divided by one another;
2) Multiplying or dividing a quantity by 1 does not affect its value.

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 7

Listed below are some conversion factors used:
Time: 1 hour = 60 min = 3600 s
4
1 day = 1440 min = 8.64 x 10 s
7
1 year = 365.2 days = 3.156 x 10 s
Length:
1 meter (m) = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft
1 cm = 10 mm = 0.3937 in.
1 km = 1000 m = 0.6214 mi
1 foot (ft) = 12 in. = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm
1 mile (mi) = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
1 nautical mile (nmi) = 6076 ft = 1.152 mi = 1.852 km
15
1 light year = 9.461 x 10 m
Mass:
-5
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) 1 g = 6.58 x 10 slug
-27
1 slug = 14.59 kg 1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.660 x 10 kg
Volume:
1 m3 = 103 liters (l) = 1 x3 1063cm3 = 35.32 ft3
1 liter (l) = 1000 ml = 10 cm
3
1 ml = 1 cubic centimeter (cm )
3
1 ft = 28.32 liters = 7.481 gallons
Force:
5
1 newton (N) = 10 dyne = 0.2248 lb
5
1 lb =4.448 N = 4.448 x 10 dyne
Pressure:
2 5 2
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m 1 bar = 10 Pa = 14.5 lb/in
2 3 5 2
1 lb/in = 6.895 x 10 Pa 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 Pa =1.013 bar = 14.70 lb/in.
Energy:
7 -4
1 joule (J) = 10 ergs = 0.239 cal =2.39 x 10 kcal = 0.7376 ft . lb
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 kcal = 4185 J = 3077 ft . lb
1 Btu = 1054 J = 252 cal = 778 ft . lb
6 6
1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 J = 2.655 x 10 ft-lb = 860.4 kcal
Angle:
o o o o
1 radian (rad) = 57.30 = 180 / 1 = 0.01745 rad = / 180
o
1 revolution (rev) = 360
Example:
3 3
Convert 30 kg/m to g/cm
Solution:
To convert a given quantity to a prescribed unit the following should be considered:
- the two rules on conversion should be used.
- The conversion factors to be used would be written in fraction formed.
6
Example: The conversion factor 1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 J could be written in fraction
formed as follows:
6 6
(1 kWh / 3.6 x 10 J) or (3.6 x 10 J/ 1 kW)
*The fraction to be used would be based on which one can eliminate one unit and
convert it to another unit by division and/or multiplication).

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 8

 To solve the problem, first, the given variable is equated to the same variable
30 kg/m3 = 30 kg m3
3 3
The units to be converted are kg/m to g/cm but does not have a corresponding direct
3 3
conversion factor from kg/m to g/cm . If this is the case, conversion would be done one
3 3
unit at a time. There are two units to be converted: kg to g, and m to cm . Using the
corresponding conversion factor for each ( kg to g, and m to cm)and choosing the right
fractioned form to eliminate, through division, the given unit to the prescribed unit
1 kg = 1000 g and 1 m = 100cm to
1000g/1kg and 1m /100cm
This would give us
3 3
30 kg/m =30 kg (1000g) [(1 m ) ] = 30(1000) .
3 3 3
m (1 kg) [(100cm)] 1(100)
= 30(1000) .
1(100)(100)(100)
3
= 0.03 g/cm

3 3
Therefore 30 kg/m = 0.03 g/cm

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 9

NAME:Laplana, Kenneth Allen S___________ SECTION: __BSABE 1A________
SCHEDULE:_____________________________________________

Lecture Activity No. 2.1B

CONVERSION OF UNITS

Convert the following:

1. 100 mi/h to ft/s

2 2
2. 25 in to cm
25 × 6.4516 = 161.29 cm²

2 2
3. 55 km/hr to m/s

3 3
4. 3.50 g/cm to slug/ft

3 3
5. 38 kg/m to g/cm
38 kg=
m³

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Lecture Module 10