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    Skeletal System +

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    Yasin Abass
    The skeletal system has several functions including supporting the body, giving attachment to muscles and ligaments, and protecting internal organs. The skeletal system is classified into the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton including the bones of the limbs. There are different types of bones including long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull and sternum, and irregular bones like the vertebrae.

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    Skeletal System +

    Uploaded by

    Yasin Abass
    2 views23 pages
    The skeletal system has several functions including supporting the body, giving attachment to muscles and ligaments, and protecting internal organs. The skeletal system is classified into the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton including the bones of the limbs. There are different types of bones including long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull and sternum, and irregular bones like the vertebrae.

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    The skeletal system has several functions including supporting the body, giving attachment to muscles and ligaments, and protecting internal organs. The skeletal system is classified into the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton including the bones of the limbs. There are different types of bones including long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull and sternum, and irregular bones like the vertebrae.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views23 pages

    Skeletal System +

    Uploaded by

    Yasin Abass
    The skeletal system has several functions including supporting the body, giving attachment to muscles and ligaments, and protecting internal organs. The skeletal system is classified into the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton including the bones of the limbs. There are different types of bones including long bones found in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones like the skull and sternum, and irregular bones like the vertebrae.

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    of 23

    SKELETAL SYSTEM

    Dr: Sarah Mohamed


    ITEMS :
    1. Function .
    2. Classification .
    3. Types of bones.
    1 -Function
    1. Supporting the body.
    2. Giving attachment to muscles(‫) العضالت‬and
    ligaments(‫)االربطة‬.
    3. Protecting(‫ )حماية‬the internal organs( ‫االعضاء‬
    ‫)الداخلية‬.
    4. Storing (‫ ) تخزين‬the calcium and phosphorus.
    5. Its hollow (‫ ) تجويف‬is called bone marrow ( ‫نخاع‬
    ‫)العظام‬which forms the blood elements (red blood
    cells , white blood cells and platelets).
    2-Classification of skeletal system

    • Axial skeleton : includes skull , vertebrae ,ribs


    and sternum.

    • Appendicular skeleton : includes bones of


    limbs.
    A) Axial skeleton:
    1)bones of skull ‫ الجمجمة‬: box of brain
    • Includes bones of cranium and bones of face
    (frontal ,parietal , temporal ,occipital , zygomatic
    ,maxilla , mandible , nasal bone)
    2) Vertebral column : ‫العمود الفقرى‬
    it is composed of 33 vertebrae and divided
    into:
    7 cervical ,
    12 thoracic ,
    5 lumbar ,
    5 sacral (fused together forming sacrum),
    4 coccygeal (fused together forming coccyx) .
    Curves of vertebral column:
    1-primary curve: all the vertebral column is concave anteriorly at
    birth.
    2-Secondary curves
    a- In the cervical region the vertebral column becomes convex
    anteriorly when the child extends his head at the 3rd – 4th month.
    b- In the lumbar region the vertebral column becomes convex anteriorly
    when the child begins to walk between 12-18 months.
    3)Thoracic cage
    • It is formed of 12 ribs on each side attached
    anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to
    thoracic vertebrae.
    Ribs are divided into three groups:
    1- True ribs: attach directly to the sternum
    through their costal cartilages, they include
    the 1st to the 7th ribs.
    2- False ribs: each rib attach to the previous
    one, include the 8th to the 10th ribs.
    2- Floating ribs: not attach to any structure
    anteriorly, include the 11th & 12th ribs.
    B) Appendicular Skeleton
    It is the skeleton of appendages of human body: upper & lower
    limbs & their girdles (shoulder & pelvic girdles).

    The bones of the appendicular skeleton are similar in the upper


    & lower limbs. They are formed of:
    Upper limb Lower limb

    Girdle Shoulder Girdle: Pelvic Girdle: consists


    consists of: of hip bone.
    a- clavicle (anteriorly) The right & left hip
    b- scapula bones articulate with
    (posteriorly) the sacrum (axial
    The clavicle connects skeleton) posteriorly
    the upper limb with at the sacroiliac joint.
    the axial skeleton at
    the sternoclavicular
    joint

    Proximal segment Consists of the Consists of the femur


    (1 bone) humerus which forms which forms the bone
    the bone of arm. of thigh.
    Upper limb Lower limb
    Middle segment Consists of : Consists of :
    (2 bones) a- Ulna medially a- Tibia medially
    b- Radius laterally b- Fibula laterally

    Distal segment a) Carpals (8) a) Tarsals (7)


    ( 3 regions) b) Metacarpals (5) b) Metatarsals (5)
    c) Phalanges (14) c) Phalanges (14)
    Form the skeleton of hand. Forms the skeleton of
    foot.
    3- Types of bone

    • According to structure
    • According to the shape
    • According to development or type of ossification
    According to structure
    • 1-Compact bone : forms the outer hard layer
    • 2-Cancellous bone : forms the inner delicate
    layer
    According to shape

    1. Long bone : They are typical bone of the limbs


    (femur, humerus, tibia, ulna, radius)
    2. Short bone : in carpal and tarsal bones
    3. Flat bone : scapula , sternum , skull cap.
    4. Irregular bone : vertebrae.
    5. Sesamoid bone : patella ‫صابونة الركبة‬
    Long bone

    • It is formed of 2 ends and shaft .


    • Each end consists of cancellous bone covered by
    thin layer of compact bone then articular
    cartilage.
    • The shaft consists of outer layer of compact
    bone and inner medullary cavity containing the
    bone marrow
    According to development

    • 1- Cartilaginous ossification : in which the bone


    develops from cartilage.

    • 2- Membranous ossification : in which the bone


    does not develops from cartilage.
    ‫•‬ ‫عظمة القص ‪Sternum‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫لوح الكتف ‪Sacpula‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظمة العضد ‪Humerus‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظمة الكعبره ‪Radius‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظمة الزند ‪Ulna‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظام الرسغ ‪Carpal‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫السالميات ‪Phalanges‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظمة الفخذ ‪Femur‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظمة القصبة ‪Tibia‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫الشظيه ‪Fibula‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫عظام الكاحل ‪Tarsal‬‬
    ‫•‬ ‫الفقرات ‪Vertebrea‬‬

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