Lesson 1

Connectivity of Science,
Technology, and Society
Prepared by: Timosa, Mira Luna T.
What is Science?
The term science comes from
the Latin word scientia,
meaning “knowledge”.
 Any systematic
knowlegde or
practice

Source:https://www.worldhistory.org/science/
 “A system of acquiring
knowledge based on the
Scientific Method”.

Source:https://www.worldhistory.org/science/
 Ask a Question

Background Research

Make a Hypothesis

Test with an Experiment Experimental data becomes

background research for
Procedure working? new/future project. Ask new
Troubleshoot the question, form new hypothesis,
Procedure No Yes experiment again.

Analyze Data and Draw

Conclusion

Results align with Results allign partially

Hypothesis or not with Hypothesis

Communicate Results
 Human attempts to
understand the natural
world, with or without
concern for practical
uses of the knowledge.
 Science tries to discover
facts and relationships
and then create theories
that makes sense of these
facts and relationships.
Terms and Definitions
Ø Theory- a well-supported explanation of observations.
Ø Scientific Law - statement that summarizes the
relationship between variables.
Ø Principle- ideas based on scientific rules and laws that
are generally accepted by scientists.

Source:https://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/Theories.shtml
What is Technology?
Technology came
from two Greek
words:
ü “techne” (skill,
craftsmanship, art)
ü “logos” (discourse,
reason).
 The
technology
attempts to
change the
world.
The human activity involves with the
making and using of material
artifacts.

Technology is on the same level as

art, politics, economics and the like.
Technology involves....
Ø Tools
Ø Techniques
Ø Procedures for practical use.
What’s the relationship between
Science and Technology?
 Science and Technology
üWe rely on scientific theories to develop new
technologies.
üM o r e s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r y d e v e l o p s , m o r e
technological advancements.
üpowerful computers is informed by our science.
 Science and Technology

vTechnology changes how we do science.

Example: Telescope.
vComputers that are being developed, using
scientific theory and evidence, also help us
do scientific research.
Image Source:https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-science-and-technology/
What is Society?
Society - a large
g ro u p o f p e o p l e
who live together
in an organized
way.
v Make decisions about
how to do things and
sharing the work that
needs to be done.
v The technology
in a country, or
in several
similar
countries
Question:

What contributions have you made to

society?
 What’s the relationship
between Science and Society?
 Science and Society
ü Science helps solve the needs of society.
ü People leverage science to help solve real world
problems in society.
ü Science also improves our understanding of society.
Example: Anthropology, sociology, economics , etc
help us better understand how society functions.
 Science and Society

vSociety can influence our theories, and evolution.

vScience has impact on our belief systems, our norms,
and our values, as well as our daily behaviors.
vGerm theory has changed our sanitation habits as
well as our food safety protocols.
Example: Washing hands
 What’s the relationship
between Technology and
Society?
 Technology and Society
üResearch wouldn’t exist without technology.
üThe internet as a whole have had significant
influences on society.
üTechnology create materials that we u se in our
everyday life.
üAbility to feed a massive amount of people.
 Technology and Society

v Technology has produced a bit of pollution.

v Worst use of technology: weapons for mass
destruction.
v Society drives technological evolution through
need.
v Te c h n o l o g y e m e r g e s b e c a u s e s o m e o n e
recognizes a need for that technology.
 Seeks to
Informs new methods,
improve
ideas to progress

Demands
Demands
more
more

Benefits from Makes life easier

What is Science, Technology
and Society?
S cience, Technology & S ociety
(STS) is an interdisciplinary field of study
that seeks to explore and understand the
many ways that modern science and
technology shape modern culture, values,
and institutions, and how modern values
shape science and technology.
Lesson 2: Science and
Knowledge
When you express an idea and will be
asked, is that scientific?

How will you defend your answer that

indeed it is science-based?
According to a French chemist, Pierre
Eugene Marcelin Berthelot (1827-1907),

“Everything could be explained.”

Do you agree with his statement?

Knowledge - something that is accepted
as sufficiently "real" that allows one to
take action upon and thereby live life.
 But what is real? Have you
heard of a dragon? Is it real?
What’s the difference
between Science and
Knowledge?
 Science Knowledge
Science is more objective because it is Knowledge is more subjective because it is
based on empirical evidence based on untested assumptions
Science requires a systematic investigation knowledge does not have to go through the
or test to prove the truth testing process to prove its truth
Science implies knowledge. Knowledge doesn’t imply Science.
All science are knowledge. Not all knowledge are science.
Science is organized and systematic Knowledge is a mixture of various facts

Science is knowledge that has been Knowledge hasn’t been systematically

compiled systematically compiled because it has not been tried and
tested.
Science applies specific methods to prove Knowledge comes from observations that
its truth do not have a specific method
 Types of knowledge
1. Belief Knowledge- knowledge about the
world that is inherent and unique in each
human being attained by individual revelation.

2 . S c i e n t i f i c K n owl e d g e - a u n ive r s a l
gathering of knowledge, not just individual
revelation.
 Requirements of Scientific Knowledge:

1. All observations must be repeatable by one or

more observers.

2. All hypotheses are falsifiable.

“all swans are white, but there is a black swan”

.
3. Involves natural phenomena - must
involve things that occur in nature.

Does not claim fact but rather claims

logical circumstantial explanation.
 Spontaneous Generation Theory:

Øliving organisms could arise from nonliving

matter and that such a process was regular in
nature.
Examples:
maggots could rise from dead
flesh flies emerge from rotten meat
1n 1864, Pasteur was quoted saying: “Life only
comes from life”. And started to use the word
“Biogenesis”.

Biogenesis Principle:
The principle that living organisms are
produced only from other living organisms.
How about in your locality, have you
heard of something similar to events
explained based on spontaneous
generation theory?

Can you disprove it?

 The Goals of Science:
1. Understanding of phenomena
(ex: lightning)
1. I d e n t i f y r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d
characteristics (ex: Covid)
2. Predict summaries and conclusions
3. Derive knowledge and facts
 Fact
• accepted to be true (current evidence)
• changed, when there are better evidence
and explanations
• based on research knowledge
• mini-hypothesis subject to testing by
repeated observations
Death of Hypothesis:

• data are found to disprove it, especially

empirical data
• its predictions constantly fail
• it is replaced by the new hypothesis that
better explains the data
Approaches to Scientific knowledge:
1. Formal science
• logic and mathematics
• universal
e.g. numbers are the same
anywhere else
2. Empirical science
• deals with objects and observations
 Science
vs. Pseudo-science
What is good science?
1. Eliminates as many variables while
entertaining as many alternate
interpretations of the observations as
possible.

DOUBT
When things appear to be uncertain, one
seeks for answers, that is a good start for
the scientific method to be put in use!
2. Studies the Material Universe
3. Dynamic
• changes over time
• as research knowledge is based on facts
a n d ev i d e n c e , wh e n n e w fa c t s a re
discovered, then the former facts are
discarded. (HD camera- reveal
structures and behavior of an organism)
4. has paradigms – open to a paradigm
shift

• an interpretation of the physical world

to which scientists subscribe changes as
anomalies arise and gets replaced as
knowledge develops.
What is psuedo-science?
Pseudoscience is a term applied to any belief
system that claims to have scientific validity
d es pite la c k ing t he r igo ro u s s c ie n t i f i c
research required for it to be recognized by
the scientific community.
 Examples of PsuedoScience:

1. Acupuncture
2. Astrology
3. Chiropractic
4. Faith Healing
5. Feng Shui
6. Healing
Crystals
 SPOTTING PSUEDOSCIENCE
v repeated reference to authority rather
than primary observation
v unwillingness to admit ignorance or
exceptions (pride)
v unwillingness to try to disprove own
hy po t h e s i s o r to s e e k c o n t ra d i c to r y
examples
v consistent presentation of hypothesis in
a simplistic manner

v failure to add new arguments and data

with time

“the only constant in this world is, change.”

Lesson 3: Man as Biological
Entity and Member of
Society
Biologically, we are animals, Homo
sapiens. However, as members of
society, we look upon ourselves to be
at a 'higher' level.
Thomas Suddendorf
“it is our imaginations… and having friends
with imaginations”
Bertrand Russell
“it is the ability for speech and writing; the
use of fire, tools, engagement in
agriculture; large-scale cooperation”
Jane Goodall

“changed the view of the world that

only humans use tools”.
Board of researchers states that “self-
awareness is the most fundamental difference
between us and the animals.”

“Human beings are capable of self-analysis,

mental time travel, imagination, abstract
reasoning, cultural establishment, and
morality.”
Why having friends with
curiosity matter?
Growing populations are associated
with progress. Shrinkage of a
population has often been correlated
with cultural decline.

Do you agree? Why is it so?

Tasmanian (decline occurred from 34,000 BCE to
1800 CE).

• In 34,000 YA – people with tool-making skills arrived using the

land bridge from Australia like metapopulation.
• 8000 YA, the land bridge submerged by rising oceans
• In 1840 British colonizers arrived and found only the simplest
technology like hunting using rocks and crude clubs.
Joseph Heinrich- “this is an example when
an island’s population at some point fell
below the level necessary for complex skills
to be passed from generation to generation.”
Each generation adds skills, builds it up to
ensure success, referred to as 'cultural brain
hypothesis'.

When the population is very low, skills and

knowledge can't be passed. The focus will be on
mere survival, meet the basics, not the wants.
Good people who are teaching – builds society.
Pre-classical and Classical
Science
Classical period -between 8th century BC and the 6th century AD
Egyptians
• Excellent skills in Geometry
• Poor in arithmetic and math, and can’t do fractional
computing.
• Known for Alchemy
• Astronomy was considered primitive, but they have
excellent calendars, that established 365 days/year and 24
hrs/day.
• Tried to reconcile solar and lunar cycles.
• Medicine & surgery were already empirical.
Babylonians (Iraq)
Ø excellent at math using the sexagesimal (base 60)
system
Babylonians (Iraq)

vUsed algebra but poor in geometry

vAstronomy was moon oriented, especially
about the eclipse.
vM e d i c i n e & s u r g e r y w e r e a l r e a d y
empirical
Greeks

vMixed metaphysical and physical speculation to

explain phenomena was practiced.
vAstronomy developed conceptual models
vThey have that concept of perfect circular motion
Greeks

• Plato - coherent metaphysics

• Aristotle (384-322 BCE) - accepted reality as it
appeared but also accepted the idea of change.
- introduction of scientific method happened
-the notion that disproved earth was flat
-Founded the Lyceum, the school of philosophy
Ptolemy (90-168 AD)

• applied math to model the solar system

• His knowledge in mathematics, geography and
even astrology led to the creation of better
models of the solar system (geocentric model)
of the Universe.
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543),

q German mathematician who could read Greek

and used Ptolemy's data to plot the orbits.
q He proposed that in the center of it all is the
sun, heliocentric model.
Columbus

Ø sailed with the promise to bring back spices &

gold.
Ø He is famous for having discovered America the
'New World', although he claimed and believed to
have discovered 'India'
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642

Ø The Math of motion: pendulums falling bodies

projectiles
Ø Gave Astronomy the telescope that was
instrumental in seeing sunspots, phases of Venus,
lunar craters, Moon of Jupiter
Ø Milky Way is made of stars.
Ø Supported Heliocentrism.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

ØFather of modern western philosophy

ØFocused on the first modern version of
mind-body dualism.
Øfamous for the creation of Cartesian maps
using coordinates.
Øcoined the term molecule.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Ø Theories of Light, Motion, Gravity, Dynamics are

all listed in his name
Ø Alchemy and Theology are also on the list
Ø Responsible for studying the terrestrial and
celestial mechanics using Euclidian theorems
Sir Isaac Newton, the famous English scientist,
once said,

“If I have seen further, it is by standing on the

shoulders of giants.”
Newton was explaining that his ideas didn’t come
from him alone. He relied on the ideas of those
who came before him. When Newton used the
word giant, he meant people who were giants in
the scientific community. These were the people
who, before him, made big contributions to our
knowledge.
Charles Darwin
q changed the concept of the world's creation & its
evolution
q took the courage to challenge religious belief &
unscientific ideas, or the scientific ideas in his time

Sigmund Freud
• known for Psychoanalysis, an observational
method to gather scientific data about human
behavior.
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins,
Rosalind Franklin

• discovered the double helix structure of DNA

(1953) considered as the basis for modern
biotechnology.
• Watson & Crick won the 1962 Nobel Prize in
Physiology and Medicine.
• DNA test to prove paternity
 Edwin Hubble
o He discovered other galaxies
that profoundly changed the way
we look at the Universe
q In 1929 he demonstrated that
the Universe is expanding.
o According to Hubble's law,
galaxies move away from the
Milky Way at speed directly
proportionate to their distance
from it
The Black Eye The Southern Sombrero Galaxy Centaurus A (NGC NGC 474
Galaxy (M64) Pinwheel (M83) (M104) 5128)

Arp 87 Antennae Galaxies The Porpoise Galaxy NGC 660 Hoag’s Object
Stephen Hawking

Ø Hawking discovered/described
Black holes and Big bang theory.
Ø He proved 'singularity' that led to
the creation of the Universe.
Ø His opinion on artificial
intelligence (AI) as a threat to
humanity is a well-referred work.
Lesson 4: Cradles of Early
Science
v comprises the modern day
countries of northern Costa Rica,
Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Belize, and central to
southern Mexico.
v One of the regions of the world
where the agricultural revolution
arose independently
Øgreat civilizations of Mesoamerica were built
upon foods such as maize, beans and squash.
Ø Prior to European colonization, it has a rich
culture.
ØIt consists of four cultures: Maya, Inca, Aztec, and
Olmec
 Maya civilization

Ølasted for 2,000 years.

ØKnown to be good in astronomy,
ØUse their temple for astronomical
observation
e.g., the pyramid of the Chichen
Itza in Mexico is at the location of
the sun during the spring & fall.
ØThey had the technology to grow
crops & to build elaborate cities
with hydraulics systems; looms for
weaving other work of arts.
ØThey had produced rubber.
ØThey are among the first to have
hieroglyphics (sacred writing) and
developed the concept of zero.
ØThey worship more than 150 Gods Mayan’s Codices
 The Mayan Numerical System
( vigesimal)
Vigesimal-from the Latin “vicesimus” meaning 'twentieth'.
The Mayan Writing System
(hieroglypics)
 Inca civilization
Øroads were paved with stone
Ø Earthquake resilient stone building
ØCommunication was accomplished by
runners on the roads. Fast young men
called "chaskis" would run from one
relay station to the next.
Ø Quipu-a system of knotted ropes to
keep records that only experts can
interpret, equate to secret codes or
signals in modern times.
ØTextiles were regarded for artistic
achievements.
Aztec civilization
ØMandatory education
ØIntroduce chocolates
ØTheobroma “food of the gods.”- known
as cacao, was used as currency and even
as a tribute to gods.
ØAntispasmodic medication- used the
passion flower prevent muscle spasms
and relax muscles and help in surgery.
ØChinampa- rectangular agricultural
areas surrounded by canals
Olmec civilization
Øcomposed of the two words ōlli meaning
"natural rubber", and mēcatl meaning
"people", so the word means "rubber
people"
Øknown as an archaeological culture
Øbased on artifacts, rather than texts Seated Figure
ØContributions of Olmec Civilization:
1. Monumental sacred complexes
2. Massive stone sculptures
3. Ball games
4. The drinking of chocolate
5. Animal god Bird-Shaped Vessel
What’s the largest continent of the world?
Development of Science in Asia

The civilizations in Asia were incomparable in terms

of their contributions to the development of
knowledge.
India

•known for Iron, steel, and

metallurgical works.
• fa mo us fo r med icine i ncl udi ng
alternative medicine
• Plastic Surgery
• Cataract Surgery - The first cataract
surgery is performed by an Indian
physician Jabamukhi Sushruta
• C h a r a k a - t h e Fa t h e r o f
Indian Medicine, the first
p hy s i c i a n t o p r e s e n t t h e
concept of digestion,
metabolism and immunity
• al-Khwārizmī- Muslim
mathematician introduced
Hindu-Arabic numeral system.
• Aryabhata-introduced a number of
trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, as well as algorithms of
algebra
• Brahmagupta- suggested that gravity
was a force of attraction, square roots,
solutions of quadatic equations and
easily explained the use of zero as
both a placeholder and a decimal
digit.
Middle East (the golden age of Islam)
• Spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th century,
a period of muslim scholarship ( golden
age of Islam) lasted until 13th century.
• Valued the observance of the scientific
method
• Ibn al-Haytham-Father of optics for work
on the intromission of light in contrast to
the earlier belief of extromission.
• Most commonly used number system is the Arabic
numeral system
• Decimal point notation is also rooted in this
civilization.
• Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi-father of Arab
chemistry and one of the founders of modern
pharmacy. Clinical trials in medicine was already
practiced
• The contagious nature of infectious diseases was
recognized.
Roots of Early Philippine Scientific
Development
• 50,000 YA – first inhabitants arrived by a land
bridge in Palawan & Batangas. (“Dawnmen”
(or “cavemen”) and “Aetas’ or “Negritoes”

• In the next 40,000 years- simple tools &

weapons of stone flakes eventually using
sawing, drilling, and polishing hard stones &
metal smelting were used.
• In 1521-Spanish arrived in the Philippines and found
simple appropriate levels of technological development
• Engagement in science was basically primitive.
• Knowable of the curative values of plants, including
medicine extraction from herbs.
ØThey had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of
counting, weights, and measure.
ØNo calendar, counted years by the moon, and from one harvest
to another.
ØA Notable impact of this time was the development of schools
(Colegio de San Ildefonso in Cebu), the first educational
institution in Asia by Europeans and (Colegio de San Ignacio
in Manila); hospitals and orphanages.
Colegio de San Ildefonso in Cebu
Colegio de San Ignacio in Manila
• Manila Galleon trade (spanish
trading ships) caused neglect of
agriculture & mining, as well as
the decline of native
handicrafts/industries.
• Only shipbuilding was entirely
by Filipinos, excellent work
showed abstruse science & math
capability.
• In 17th century, when the Galleon trade was subjected to
shipwrecks and piracy, the declining trade led to
economic depression.
• In 1780, the Real Sociedad Economica de Los Amigos
del Pais de Filipinas focused on agriculture research,
especially indigo, cotton, cinnamon, & silk.
• By 1789, Asian shipping allowed increasing exports of
rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and manufacturing goods.
 Spanish Colonial Support for Education &
Science

• 1863- a royal decree to reform the educational system

• 1871- UST school of Medicine & Pharmacy
• Doctorate en Medicina in 15 years
• Leon Guerrero – Father of Philippine Pharmacy, Medicinal
Plants, was among the 1st six UST pharmacy graduates
• No school of engineering
• Four years of nautical school for pilots of merchant
marine
• Manila observatory founded by Jesuits
• Collected & published available typhoon/climate data
• 1879- 1st public typhoon warning
• April 1884 – observatory run by Jesuits have a network of
meteorological stations
American Administration

• The Philippines experienced rapid advances in S&T.

• The government promoted extensive public education
• There were grants for scholarships for higher education
in science & engineering.
• There were organizations of science research agencies
and establishments of science-based services.
American Administration was credited for the
• 1908 – establishment of the University of the
Philippines
• 1909 – College of Agriculture in Laguna
• 1910 – Colleges of Liberal Arts, Engineering &
Veterinary Medicine
• 1911 – College of Law
• 1,400 students that increased to 2398 students by
1915
• 1915 – School of Pharmacy & Graduate School of
Tropical Medicine & Public Health
• 1916 – School of Forestry and Conservatory Music
• 1918 – College of Education
The “wavefront analysis” is about the history
of the succession of waves of change. This
p a r t i c u l a r “ w ave ” i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y
technology. This technology serves as the
driving force for social change.
 What was the main method to provide
basic needs, especially food and clothing,
before agriculture?

Hunting!
 Agriculture is associated with
domestication.

Domestication- the process of taming, cultivating, or

controlling plants or animals that were originally wild.

Farming and irrigation- found to be more productive,

predictable, and with steadier supply than hunting.
The agricultural revolution was
reliant on the intensive use of
living batteries and renewable
resources.

What was the impact of the

inventions of tools for farming?
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Life changing Slash-and-burn farming “kaingin”
Assure food security Involved cutting of trees
Gave the harvest Burning to facilitate the clearing of
a parcel of land for planting
Tribe moved to settle to another
place
The burned fertile topsoil is blown
by wind that led to erosion.
 How did these changes brought by agriculture
affect the structure of society?

Old rich refers to landowners. However, only a few

own massive land areas.
The wide base was mainly composed
of manual laborers, equated to
horsepower.

Have you heard of the “hacienda

system” in the Philippines?
How about the Agrarian reform?
The system was designed to keep people that were in
debt working on a piece of land. People working on
haciendas were made to stay there as long as
possible using various means.

• owners-hacendados
• make huge amounts of money by exploiting these
workers.
ØIt started in the 18th to 19th century.
ØBegan in Britain and from there spread to other parts of the
world.
ØTo operate industries, timber forests were cut.
ØThe invention of the engine was a major factor of that time.
ØLand with water became a prime commodity because
engines could function with steam.
Ø The steam engine can even support the primary means of
transportation, like trains.
ØIt was also a culprit of child labor.
ØSmall children were forced to maneuver in very hot
areas to ensure the furnace kept burning.
• massive scale of resource use
• pollution generation
• concentration of people in cities
• production of air pollutants
• greenhouse gases
• Mass production, which gave cheaper products
• Gap between owners of technology and laborers was
evident
• The cotton industry in the USA was labor-intensive
• Manpower was badly needed
• To meet the demand for labor, it resulted in acquiring
slaves, usually from Africa
• People emigrated to work. But unlike our modern
heroes, the OFW, the movement was against their will,
they were not paid, they were slaves.

• In the United Kingdom, child labor was practiced,

taking advantage of their ability to fit into narrow
spaces around the furnace.
In 1794, U.S., inventor Eli
Whitney (1765-1825)
patented the cotton gin, a
machine that revolutionized
the production of cotton by
g re a t ly s p e e d i n g u p t h e
process of removing seeds
from cotton fiber.
• The demand for the labor force raised the need for basic
education: literacy and numeracy.
• Overt curriculum: basic reading, writing, arithmetic, history
• Covert curriculum: punctuality, obedience, repetitive work
• Measurement required precision.
• A culture of discipline was heavily cultivated and
practiced.
• Factories needed workers, especially those
who were willing to relocate where needed,
thus, key functions of the families had been
delegated.
• As both parents were now working in the
industries, care for the elderly was shifted to
home for the aged.
• Children were sent to schools like daycare
• The transition of mobile phone isn’t about the
size but the built in functions.
• There exists a flexible time for working.
• In the education sector, multiple intelligence,
multitasking, higher educational attainment,
and competencies are recognized and valued.
• The producers are also the consumer, and vice
versa.
• This generation has empowered learners.
• The reality you live with was not even
considered in the past, while some were dreams
turned into reality.
• Through S&T, capabilities are significantly
enhanced to minimize the limitations.
• Every generation believes that the best is on
hand.
This is characterized by the blurring on boundaries of
the physical, biological, and digital features applied in
technologies

It is a fusion of advances in
• artificial intelligence (AI)
• robotics
• the Internet of Things
• 3D printing
• genetic engineering
• quantum computing, etc.
Comparison of the 1st and 4th industrial
revolutions
The timeline of the 4 industrial revolutions
 Examples:

This is focused on producing • Maps and

Navigation
computers that can “think” like humans. • Facial Detection
and Recognition
These are computers that can • Text Editors or
recognize and analyze complex Autocorrect
• Search and
patterns, process information, draw Recommendation
conclusions, and make Algorithms
• Chatbots
recommendations. • Digital Assistants
• Social Media
• E-Payments
What AI are you using?
This involves a robot, a programmable
machine, not just a computer that can
imitate and execute the actions or
appearance of an intelligent creature
–usually a human. A functional robot must
be able to get information from its
surroundings and respond physically as
such to move or manipulate objects.
Blockchain is considered to be a secure, decentralized,
and transparent way of recording and sharing data, with
no need to rely on third-party intermediaries. The
contracts are embedded in digital code and stored in
transparent, shared databases, where they are protected
from deletion, tampering, and revision. This technology is
also applied in the traceability of supply chains, securing
sensitive medical data anonymously, and detecting and
mitigating voter fraud.
Cryptocurrency- any form of currency that exists digitally or
virtually and uses cryptography to secure transactions.
Computers process vast amounts of data faster than
ever before. The advent of the “cloud” has allowed
businesses to safely store and access their information
from anywhere with internet access, at any time.
Virtual reality offers immersive
digital experiences (using a VR
headset) that simulate the real world,
while augmented reality merges the
digital and physical worlds.
Biological organisms are
manipulated at the molecular level
with end products of enhanced or
desirable traits. Specific segments
of DNA with the desirable
gene/characteristics are focused.
This is also called additive
manufacturing that involves the
process of making three dimensional
solid objects from a digital file. The
creation of a 3D printed object is
achieved using additive processes.
The basic requirements would be
your 3D model and a 3D scanner.
These include plastics, metal
alloys, and biomaterials. These
have the potential to shake up
sectors, including manufacturing,
renewable energy, construction,
and healthcare. Self Healing Cement
 Examples:
The “thing” refers to an entity or
object that has a unique identifier. • smart home
L i ke i t h a s a c h i p , e m b e d d e d • Wearables
system l i ke a senso r t ha t ca n • Connected
transfer data over a network, Car
especially via the internet.
• Batteries
• Mechanical energy storage- enables the efficient and
effective use of these forces that employ high-tech
materials, cutting-edge computer control systems, and
innovative designs.
• Thermal energy- uses heat and cold to create energy
on-demand or offset energy needs.
Science and technology despite its noble goal, had already
been instrumental in massive destruction. Thus, we are all
reminded to be responsible end-users or these amazing
life-uplifting technologies.

When we demand or generate technologies, the creator

must have a resolve that it is a technology with a heart.
 The current situation of the Philippines includes:

Øvibrant service sector (business, communication,construction, education

energy, environmental, financial, tourism, and transport services)
ØOverseas Filipino Workers “the new hero”
Øbooming economy
Øurbanization is uncontrolled
Øhigh population growth
Øunsustainable use of natural resources coupled with environmental
degradation.
You have heard of the Boracay closedown,
right?

Lacking waste management, thus, the need for

rehabilitation
Transportation
The transportation sector has to cope with increasing
demand, quality of the vehicles and the impact on the
environment.

Local trasportation includes:

• jeepney
• habal-habal
• skylab
• MyBus of Cebu
• MRT/LRT in Manila
These all show Filipino creativity and ingenuity.
 Agriculture
Ever since agriculture has always been a strong driver of
the Philippine S&T. Our country is an agricultural nation,
but known to be an importer even for rice.

Biotechnology
Philippines was the first in Asia to approve for commercial cultivation of a
genetically modified (GM) crop for animal feed in 2002.

The Philippines allowed the importation of GM crop;in fact, 70% of corn

product is GM, the Bt corn. The success of Bt corn prompted the
development of similar products of modern biotechnology.
Conceptual framework showing the partnership of
the private and public sectors in R&D
 Brain Drain
Brain drain refers to the state wherein our brilliant scientists spend their
productive years abroad, and even to a scenario wherein they are in the
country, but also their works are not relevant to the current needs and
concerns of their people (Goldemberg, 1998).
According to him, developing countries, the Philippines included, shouldn’t
just copy research models leading to the science-based enterprise that
succeeds in developed countries like in the US. He encouraged that each
should adapt and developed technologies befitting to the country's
circumstances. It needs to strengthen its education system and tap
scientists as advisers in both government and industries.
The National Foundation of Science in the
US followed the linear approach as shown
in Model A.

Now, Models B and C are already adopted in

the US, wherein interaction among phases
are already evident.

Model C is practiced in Japan, wherein from

the very beginning, there is a clear foresight
of what the marketable product should be Example of pathway models from
scientific research to market productions.
• UNESCO recommends a Gross Domestic Expenditure for
Research and Development (GERD) of 1% for developing
countries. In the Philippines, the budget for R&D from its
GDP is still below the 1% benchmark by UNESCO.

• In fact , in the 2017 Global Innovation Index, the

Philippines ranked 73rd out of 127 economies. We are
below Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and even Vietnam
but ahead of Indonesia and Cambodia.
 Philippine S & T: room for improvement

ØPhilippines still records a low ratio of baccalaureate to PhD

enrollment.
ØIt spent only 0.32% of GDP on higher education in 2009.
ØIt spent 11.96% of public expenditure on higher education.
However, as you experienced, this is now changed.

Have you heard of RA # 10931?

ØAccess to quality tertiary education that grants free tuition to

state universities and colleges
ØTertiary education subsidy (TES)
 Philippine S&T: Can we do better?
In southeast Asia and Oceania region, the Philippines has
a 6.4% share on high tech export,which are microchips
and electronics for communications.These are mostly
manufactured from Export Processing Zones.

Have you heard of MEPZ?

This stands for Mactan Export Processing Zones in Cebu

that manufacture export products like a microchip on
your computer.
 The Research Priority Areas for Philippine R&D

The identified priority

research areas for the
Philippine R&D
usually carry with it
the grant to finance
the implementation of
such research.
 Strategies to Help National Development
Thru S&T
• H e l p a d a p t te c h n o l o g i e s to l o c a l c i rc u m s t a n c e s eve n i f
technologies are imported thru research.
• Incorporate new science education Development requires a well-
trained workforce
• More scholarships with a better mechanism of its implementation.
• Be involved in the government Science
• Sc i en ti s ts are n ow en c ouraged to en gage i n c om m un i t y
participation.
Philippine Government Policies on
Science and Technology
1. Social Sciences, Humanities,Education, International
Policies and Governance

• Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic

education.
• Emphasizing teaching in the mother
tongue
• D eve l o p i n g s c h o o l i n f ra s t r u c t u re &
providing for ICT broadband
• Local food security
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,
Earth and Space Science, and Mathematics

• Emphasizing degrees, licenses, & employment

opportunities
• Outright grant for peer monitoring Review of RA
9184 (Government Procurement Reform Act)
• Harnessing science & technology as an
independent mover of development
 3. Medical, Chemical, & Pharmaceutical
Science
• Ensuring compliance of drug manufacturing firms with
ASEAN harmonized standards by full implementation of the
FDA
• Creating an education council dedicated to standardization
of pharmaceutical services and care
• Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence
based research as a pool of information
• Allocating 2% of GDP to research
• Legislating law supporting human genome project
 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture and
Fishery

• Protecting & conserving biodiversity by full

implementation of existing laws.
• Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
countries
• Promoting indigenous people’s conservation
• Fo r m u l a t i o n o f c o m m o n f o o d a n d s a f e t y
standards
More Policies:

• Protecting & conserving biodiversity by full

implementation of existing laws
• Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
• Promoting indigenous people’s conservation
• Formulation of common food and safety standards
Additional Programs of DOST
 Top capability building programs for the
Philippines.
• Philippine-American Academy of Science (PAASE, 2008)
• Establishment of national centers of excellence
• Manpower & institutional development programs
• Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries
that will lead the country in different research and development
areas
• Establishment of S&T business centers to assist, advise, and
incubate technopreneurship ventures
• Strengthen science education at an early stage through the
Philippine Science Highschool System
Science Related Programs in Education

• Special science classes

• Special science elementary schools
• Sc ienc e and m a t h e m a t i c s i m p rove m e n t i n b a s i c
education
• K to 12 – STEM to encourage enrollment in S & T courses
• CHED graduate scholarships
• Scholarship- here and abroad
 Research Opportunities
• Alternative & safe energy
• Harnessing mineral resources
• Cure for various illnesses & diseases
• Climate change & global warming
• Coping with natural disasters and calamities
• Increasing food production
• Preservation of natural resources
• Infrastructure development
 Some Filipino Scientists and their S&T
contributions
Scientist Contribution to S&T
Ramon Cabanos Barba Tissue culture in Philippine mangoes

Josefino Cacas Comiso Observation of the characteristics of Antarctica

using satellite images
Jose Bejar Cruz, Jr. Known internationally in the field of electrical
engineering

Lourdes Jansoy Cruz Non-addictive drug for the nervous system from the
venom of a marine snail, Conus
Fabian Millar Dayrit Herbal medicine research
 Scientist Contribution to S&T

Enrique Mapua Ostrea, Jr. Meconium Drug Testing: method of testing

maternally transferred drug metabolites in
newborn infants
Lillian Formatejo Patena Research in plant biotechnology to produce
the seedless citrus
Mari-jo Panganiban-Ruiz Outstanding educator and graph theorist

Rafael Dineros Guerrero III Research on tilapia culture that is now

widely adopted in the Philippines
 Scientist Contribution to S&T
Caesar A. Saloma Physicist with works including signal theory
and photonics
William Chemist working on natural products using
Padolina biotechnology
Edgardo Gomez • promotion of Marine Protected Area(MPA)/Fish
sanctuaries that are now an accepted fisheries management
tool
• first nationwide coral reef assessment
• giant clams
Angel Alcala Contemporary of Dr. Gomez in works in Marine Science
especially on marine protected areas
• Herpetologist
1. Offshoot of being exposed to the scientific community as
observed within the family itself with members working
in the S&T organizations
2. Natural environment that tickles the natural
inquisitiveness of a child
3. Teacher’s influence
4. School curriculum could be following a science track like
STEM
5. Personal experience or engagement
1. Scientific accomplishments include total scientific
productivity (discoveries/ inventions, utility
models and scientific publications)
2. Scientific and professional standing (scientific
awards received, paper presentations/seminars,
dissertation advisorship, and works cited by other
authors), membership in scientific organizations
In the Basic Education handled by the DepEd,
a child is expected to
• learn important concepts and facts related to
everyday life. These skills have to be learned
• process skills
• critical thinking skills
• life skills
• formation and development of a positive
attitude for the love of knowledge, innovation,
and curiosity
In the Tertiary Education handled by the CHEd,
that you belong now, you are expected to:
• understand and appreciate scientific ideas and
scientific works
• prepare for professional S&T careers
Science Schools in the Philippines

The Philippine Science Highschool

System (PSHSS)
Aristotle's definition of Happiness

Ø Gave a definitive distinction between theoretical

and practical sciences.
Ø Theoritical Science contributions (logic,
metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology,
botany, agriculture, and medicine)
Ø Practical Science contribution includes ethics and
politics.
Ø Truth is the aim of theoretical science, whereas
good is the end goal of the practical science.
Nicomachean Ethics - Aristotle's most influential work wherein
he explained the theory of Happiness that is still relevant today
over 2,300 years later.

Ø What is the ultimate purpose (telos) of human existence?"

Ø What is the end or goal for which we should direct all of our
activities?"

Telos - the ultimate good, aim

ü For Aristotle, is
Different components that we usually seek in life (Based on the
Nicomachean Ethics):

a. Money Making
One of the reasons why we are studying hard to finish a degree is to
get a well-paid job afterward, to earn money.
b. Power for influence
Power means having higher positions or control over the others.
These are the most influential people in society.
c. Fame
Fame is a widespread reputation you built, especially of a favorable
character.
1. Eudaimonia – the Greek word for Happiness, also means good-
spirited.

For Aristotle, Happiness doesn’t simply mean joy or pleasure but

also success & fulfillment – in essence, it is what you have when you
achieve your full human potential, human flourishing.

2. Hedonia - the end goal of life is to seek pleasure. For hedonists,

Life is about obtaining and indulging pleasure because life is short.
They follow the mantra "Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we
die.”
Ø The development of Science allowed people to make grander

and more sophisticated machines to help them.

Ø It led to space explorations, medical innovations, etc.

Ø The discoveries, innovations, and the success of science and

technology contributes to our pool of human knowledge.

Ø This movement of science and technology is gearing towards

a good life.
ü Science is man’s need to locate himself in the world by finding

proofs to trace evolution.

ü Having a particular role, which is uniquely ours, bring out our

idea of self-importance.

ü The human flourishing is deeply intertwined with goal setting

relevant to science and technology.

 . Suffice to say that the
end goals of both science, technology and human
flourishing are related, in that
Happiness can be explained through empirical science and is
measured by different scales.
1. Eudaimonia –measured by the “Psychological Well-being Scale”,”
by Ryff (1989) which focuses on measuring multiple aspects of
psychological well-being and Happiness.
This include:
a. Self-acceptance – self-actualization, individuation, maturity,
integration.
b. Personal growth – every human being aspire something for
continued growth and development.
c. Purpose- every action that emanates from a human person is
a function of the purpose (telos) that a person has.
 d. Autonomy – A sense of indepence in thought and action.
Ex: high confidence level to express your opinion
e. Environmental mastery – ability to manage complex
environments to suit personal needs and values. In general, you
feel that you are in charge of the situation in which you live.
f. Good interpersonal relationship with others – the
establishment of positive and quality ties to others.
2. Hedonia – measured based on the “Pleasure Principle” of
Sigmund Freud, which is an instinctive seeking of pleasure and
avoiding pain to satisfy biological and psychological needs.
Ø Freud’s pleasure principle is the driving force that seeks
immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and urges.

Ex: various forms of pleasure in your early childhood

Ø It is measured as feeling good regardless of the positive & negative

effects. When these needs are not met, the result is a state of
anxiety or pain, hence, sometimes referred to as the pleasure-pain
principle.
According to Aristotle, Happiness should be the central purpose of
human life and a goal in itself.

ü Western civilization tends to be more focused on the individual

ü Eastern are more community-centric.

Example: Chinese and Japanese

The current scale of measurement to a country’s success is
through the following factors:

1. GDP or the Gross Domestic Product – is the monetary value of all

finished goods and services made within a country during a specific
period. It provides an economic snapshot of a country, used to
estimate the size of an economy and growth rate

2. GNP or Gross National Product – is an estimate of total value of all

the financial products and services turned out in a given period
through production owned by a country’s residents.
3. PPP or the Purchasing Power Parity – is a popular metric used
by macroeconomists that compare different countries’ currencies
through a “basket of goods” approach. It allows economists to
compare economic productivity and standard of living between
countries
China, a communist country has higher GDP,
while America is richer based on GNP.
The following factors account for about 70% of a country’s
Happiness:

1. Wealth
2. Health
3. Freedom
4. Generosity
5. Social support
6. Absence of corruption in society – not just the government
but as society
 Happiness Around The World

Ø It began in Bhutan when its Prime

Minister proposed a World Happiness
Day to the United Nations in 2011
Ø Happiness in different regions of the
world wherein developed countries
seem to be happier than developing
country.
Ø Data from 2015-2017 shows that for
the entire world, Happiness is in the
middle
 In 2018, the happiest and least happy countries were
reported by the World Happiness Report. Finland is the
world’s happiest country and retained that spot as of
March 2023. The Philippines is ranked No. 52 in 2020.
 Through time, happiness level changes.

Finland
Somalia
• its extensive welfare benefits,
• sense of generosity
low levels of corruption
• social support and
• well-functioning democracy
Happiness
• their wealth and healthcare
• Patience.
system are flourishing.
Midterm Exam- 25%
Study.