GNED 02: Ethics Cosmology – study of real things in universe (explanations

about sink holes, meteor shower etc.// anything related to

CHAPTER 1 universe)
Philosophy Theodicy – Study of God and His nature (pagpapari at
pagmamadre)
- Coined by Pythagoras, Greek Philosopher
Social Philosophy – study of human relation to society
- Came from Greek word “philos” love and “sophia” wisdom
“lover of wisdom” Ethics – Science of morality of human acts (distinguish on
what is good and bad)
Philosophy is defined in 2 fashions:
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 Etymologically – love of wisdom
 Essentially/Classically – search for meaning Ethics – from Greek word “ethos” or “ethikos” meaning
character

Imperatives of Ethics
Three Classifications of Love
 Human Freedom – be responsible for one’s action
 Eros (erasthai) – passionate/intense love for (we are free but are freedom is not absolute)
something, sexual desire – erotic  Existence of God – God alone can give the final
 Agape – love of God for men judge (center of life = God)
 Philia – Love that seeks truth/appreciation of other  Immortality of the Souls – corner stone of ethics
person or reality
Rules - instruction that tell what we are allowed to do and not
Three Classification of Men (Pythagoras time) to do
 Lovers of Pleasure Importance of rules
 Lovers of Success
 Lovers of Wisdom  It organize relationship between individuals
 Rules make it clear on what is right to do/follow in a
Other Essential Definition of Philosophy society and what re wrong to refrain from.
 It provides opportunity to achieve personal and
 Search for meaning
societal goals
 Science of all sciences
 It regulates various social institution to fulfill their
 Mother of all sciences integral roles for the common welfare
 Search for the ultimate meaning of reality
Moral – from Latin word “mos” means custom
Philosophy and other Sciences
- Refers to social, cultural and religious, belief, values practice
 Philosophy and Science – both discusses truths overtime by individual/group.
about the universe (both has theories)
 Philosophy and History – the latter serves as the Ex. of Moral Principles
breeding ground of philosophy while the former
defines history and interprets it (foundation of Philo)  Do not cheat
 Philosophy and Mathematics – both are logical  Be loyal
bodies of knowledge (Critical thinking)  Be patient
 Philosophy and Religion – that one justifies the  Always tell the truth
other (paniniwala)  Be generous

Importance of Philosophy

 Provides students with fundamental views in coping Ethics – define the character of an individual
the changing demands and ethical problems
- branch of philosophy that deals with principles of conduct of
(pagtulong saten maka adapt at maka accept ng changes) individuals

 Develops students ability to comprehend, systematic Ethical Principles

learning and enhance critical thinking skills
 Truthfulness/Honesty – among the basic principle of
(critical thinking, maturity, growth) natural moral law

Major Discipline in Philosophy Truthfulness – leads us to humility to remorse for the

imperfection and the wrongs we all committed.
Logic – study of right sound and reasoning (process)
 Loyalty – willing, practical and thoroughgoing
Epistemology – study of validity of knowledge (finding legit devotion of a person to a cause
and trustworthy sources)  Respect – “respect for person”
 Fairness – equity, respect, justice and stewardship of
Metaphysics – seeks to explain fundamental concepts of
the shared world
being (Maunawaan ang mga bagay/reasoning)
 Integrity – imposes an obligation on all individuals to
Aesthetics – Study of beauty be straightforward and honest
Differences Between Morals & Ethics  Fiscal stability through cost cutting vs
Preserving capability
Morals  Product innovation vs Support for existing
product lines
 right or wrong;
 guidelines in the society Moral Dilemma - person making the decision experiences a
 dictated by the society conflict between the moral rightness of a decision
 vary from society
 statement - involve a morally wrong decision that produces a desirable
result, or vice versa.
Ethics
Types of Moral Dilemma
 good or evil
 response to particular situation  Personal Dilemma - individual has a choice to be
 chosen by the person made between two options (ex. studies or love)
 Organizational Dilemma - principals and standards
 remains regardless of culture/society
by which businesses operate
 action
- demonstrated through act of fairness
Moral Standard – laws or commands that allow specific  Systematic Dilemma - process of systematic moral
actions to be committed analysis is predicated on moral rule violations,

- Standards na pang lahatan (ex. human laws, golden rule, Foundation of Morality: Freedom as requisite on moral
telling lies then becoming guilty) responsibility

Non-Moral Standard – refer to rules that are unrelated to  Freedom - right to act, speak, or think as one wants
moral or ethical consideration without hindrance or restraint
- “Source of all value” -Kant
- for specific place lang (ex. classroom rules, games, rule of
etiquette, religious, traditions) Reason and Impartiality

Ethical Standard – when followed promote values such as “Morality was based on reason alone, and once we
honesty, patience, respect and kindness understood it, we would see that acting morally is the
same as acting rationally.”
6 Characteristics of Moral Standard
Reason- enables us to think and reflect over actions that we
 Involves serious wrong/significant benefits (ex. intend to do and decide which of them to take.
following/violating rules of the game)
 ought to be preferred to other values (ex. White lies,) Impartiality - principle of justice holding that decisions or
 not established by authority figur judgment on something
 has a trait of universability (ex. Golden rule)
CHAPTER 3
based on impartial consideration
 associated with special emotions and vocabulary Moral Agent - a being who is capable of acting with reference
to right and wrong.
CHAPTER 2
Culture - aggregate of beliefs, attitudes
Dilemma – difficult situation in which an individual is
confronted to choose between 2 or more alternative actions to - changes with time
resolve the problem
Types of Culture
Types of Dilemmas
 High culture - linked with the elite, upper class
 Classic Dilemmas – Different criteria, same behavior Society
 Order vs Freedom - often associated with the arts such as
 Empowerment vs Alignment opera, ballet and classical music, and sports such as
 Temporal Dilemmas – Same process, different polo.
criteria applied at different time  Cultural Diversity - relating to culturally embedded
 Innovation vs Manufacturability differences within society
 Speed (customer satisfaction) vs Accuracy -ex. pinagbenga festival: baguio
(process integrity)  Subculture - culture enjoyed by a small group within
 Orthogonal Dilemmas – Different behaviors, society.
different criteria  Popular Culture - borrows the idea from high culture
 Centralization vs Decentralization and popularizes it,
 Service orientation vs Product orientation - ex. samgyup/kpop – generated from korea
 Sequential Dilemmas – Different behaviors, different  Multiculturalism - depicted to be very similar to
times cultural diversity
 Performance vs Development - different ethnic groups living alongside each other.
 Work vs Home  Global culture - key feature of globalization, they
 Unequal Dilemma - The dilemma is split across emerged due to patterns of migration,
unequal status - trends in international travel and the spread of the
 High growth vs Organization integrity media, exposing people to the same images of the
same dominant world companies.
Importance of Culture  Strong Family Ties - possess a genuine and deep
love for family
 Culture affects perceptions  Joy and Humor – being cheerful and fun loving
 Culture influences behavior  Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity - We can
 Culture shapes personalities adjust and to adapt to circumstances and the
 Culture shapes our value and belief systems surrounding environment, both physical and social
 Hard Work and Industry - We have the capacity for
Moral Behavior - are what one believes to be the right things
hard work given proper conditions;
to do.
 Faith and Religiosity
Role of Culture in Moral Behavior:
Weakness
Influence moral perception, values, personality that we have
 Extreme Personalism - We tend to give personal
Cultural Relativism - of regarding the beliefs, values, and interpretations to actions, i.e., “take things personally”.
practices of a culture (ex. pagkain ng dugo bawal sa ibang  Extreme Family Centeredness - results to a lack of
relihiyon) concern for the common good and acts as a block to
national consciousness.
Ethical Relativism - theory that holds that morality is relative  Lack of Discipline - being impatient and unable to
to the norms of one’s culture. delay gratification or reward
 Passivity and Lack of Initiative
- denies the existence of 1 universal moral law  Colonial mentality
 Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
(ex. pagpapaksal ng catholic – 1time lang pede; pagpapakasal  Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection - There is a
ng musilim – pwedeng madami) tendency in the Filipino to be superficial and even
Moral Relativism - the view that moral judgments are true or somewhat flighty.
false only relative to some particular standpoint Filipino Positive Values
- There is no universal or absolute set of moral principles.  Hospitability
Moral Relativism can be Understood in the ff ways:  Helpful to others/Bayanihan
 Respectful (mano, po and opo, halik sa kamay)
 Descriptive moral relativism/cultural relativism –  Bravery
says that moral standards are culturally defined  Jolliness and sense of humor
(ex. Pantay pantay)  Discretion and dignity
 Meta-ethical moral relativism - there are no  Gratefulness
objective grounds for preferring the moral values of  Honesty and commitment (palabra de honor)
one culture  Helpfulness
 Normative moral relativism - idea that all societies
 Family-oriented
should accept each other’s differing moral values
 Adaptability and resilience
Jeff Landauer and Joseph Rowlands (2001) – Believes that  Resourcefulness and creativity
moral relativism is an ethical judgement which claims that no  Faithfulness
ethical system is better than another  Thriftiness

CHAPTER 4 Filipino Negative Values

Buddhism - shapes character in Southeast Asia as
Christianity does in Europe.  Fatalism - An attitude of “what goes around, comes
around” or “come what may.”
Theravada Buddhism - encourages its practitioners to keep  Crab mentality - people tend to push each other
their emotions and passions in check down to clear the way for their own gain.
 Ningas-Kugon – leaving our work either half-baked
Confucian Character: Five Cardinal Virtues: or unfinished.
 benevolence in terms of sympathy for others (jen);  Filipino Time - known to be minutes or hours behind
 duty reflected in the shame felt after doing something the standard time. Thus, we tend not to observe
wrong (yi); punctuality at all.
 manners, propriety and feelings of deference (li);  Colonial Mentality - preference for all things oreign
over our own
 wisdom, in terms of discerning right and wrong (chih;)
and  General Disregard for Rules - Filipinos are known
law abiding individuals but with stronger inclination to
 loyalty and good faith (hsin).
disregard these laws
Filipino Moral Character - Filipinos as “the easiest people in  Procrastination or “Mañana Habit”
Asia to get along with.”  Corruption
 Gossiping - talking about others’ business.
Strengths  Passivity (lack of leadership) - lack of initiative for
change
 Pakikipagkapwa-tao - - basic sense of justice and
fairness, concern for others and ability to empathize
with others.
  Temperance - is the virtue of curbing or managing
the sensitive appetites.
CHAPTER 5
Moral Character - a function of whether he/she has or lacks
Value – Latin word “Valere” which means “to be of worth” various moral virtues and vices.

Human Values - virtues that guide us to take into account - formed by one’s actions
human element when one interacts with one other human
being. Kohlberg’s Theory on Moral Development

Moral values - help us distinguish between what’s right and The theory of Lawrence Kohlberg states that the moral
wrong, good or bad for you as well as society. development of most people with a desire to avoid punishment
and may evolve overtime to desire to make the world a better
Types of Moral Values place for all people

 Acceptance - having an objective attitude toward Kohlberg used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people
others‘ideas and practices that differ from your own stories involving moral dilemmas. Ex. Heinz Dilemma
 Compassion - understanding the suffering of others
or self and wanting to do something about it Conscience - from its Latin origin known as “cum alia
 Courage - willingness to do difficult things. scientia”; it means the application of knowledge.
 Equality - believing everyone deserves equal rights
and to be treated with respect.  an act of reason
 Fairness - acting in a just way, sharing appropriately  an act of the practical moral judgment
 Generosity - willingness to give resources, help or  an act guided by reason
time to others
 Honesty - being truthful and sincere
CHAPTER 6
 Integrity - sticking to your moral and ethical principles
and values
 Kindness - being considerate and treating others well Human Act - refers to any activity, either external or mental
 Perseverance - persisting in a course of action, belief that is performed by a person
or purpose
 Politeness - using good manners, acting in socially Constituents of Human Act
acceptable ways
 Respect - showing consideration for the worth of  Knowledge -the agent is aware upon performing the
someone or something act as well its consequences.
 Responsibility - being reliable in your obligations  Freedom - the agent/doer is not constrained in doing
 Self-control - staying in control of your words and the act.
behavior  Voluntariness - an agent must know and free to
choose which act to perform or not to perform.
Sources of our Moral Values
Approaches to Moral Decision
 Religion
 Education  Utilitarian Approach – this answers the dilemma of
 Family which option will produce the greatest benefits and
 Personality least harm.
 Leadership/Mentors  Rights Approach – this follows the belief that
 Experience individuals have the ability to make their decisions
 Culture freely (if the act does not respect everyone’s moral
rights, it is wrong to act)
3 Theological Virtues  Fairness/Justice Approach – this gives the
individual the opportunity to reflect if the action is fair
 Faith - is the virtue of believing in God’s word without to the people. (“equals should be treated equally and
seeing. unequal unequally.”-Aristotle)
 Hope - is the virtue of keeping trust in Divine  Common Good Approach – this helps drive our
Providence. choice to decide if the action taken will be good for
 Charity - is the virtue of loving God and His creatures ourselves and the community.
 Virtue Approach – reflects what kind of person you
4 Carinal Virtues should be and what it will do to your character.

 Prudence - is the virtue of knowing what to do Reason - the capacity for consciously making sense of things,
underpeculiar circumstances which enables one to establishing and verifying facts, applying logic.
see the best means to approach a given situation.
 Justice - is a virtue of giving anyone his/her due Reasoning - associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect.
under no condition.
 Fortitude - is a virtue of keeping resolute in the face Practical reason - reasoning which is used to guide action,
of overwhelming odds. and is contrasted with theoretical reason, which is used to
guide thinking.
Impartiality - (also called evenhandedness or fair mindedness)

The Principle of Impartiality - all persons are considered

equal and should be treated accordingly.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative is universal and impartial

universal because all people, in virtue of being rational, would
act in precisely the same way, and impartial because they
respect the dignity and autonomy of every human being and do
not put their own personal ambitions above the respect that
others deserve.

Moral courage - the courage to take action for moral reasons

despite the risk of adverse consequences.

morally courageous - individuals act upon their ethical values

to help others during difficult ethical dilemmas

To be morally courageous - means standing up for what you

believe even when it means that you do so alone