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BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Non infectious effects

• Toxic effects :
• Part of the membranes of bacteria (Endotoxins)
• Toxins produced by moulds (mycotoxins)
• Allergy

Infectious effects
• Bacteria, fungi, viruses

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BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

A living or once-living organism that have a potential to poses a threat to

human health

FAKTOR BIOLOGI

A. Mikroorganisme dan/atau toksinnya à pengukuran

B. Arthoda dan/atau toksinnya

C. Hewan invertebrate dan/atau toksinnya

D. Alergen dan toksin dari tumbuhan

E. Binatang berbisa

F.Binatang buas

G. Produk binatang dan tumbuhan yang berbahaya lainnya

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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PERSYARATAN FAKTOR BIOLOGI

Permenkes No 70 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar dan Persyaratan Kesehatan Lingkungan Kerja Industri.
Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL

AGENTS OF NATURAL ORIGIN

Microorganisms Plants Animals

•  Viruses •  Lower plants •  Invertebrates
•  Bacteria •  Higher plants •  Arthropods
•  Fungi •  Vertebrates

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SOME BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

SOME BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Tuberculosis

•  Spread in the feces of infected •  A high risk for healthcare workers •  Occupational risk for
individuals (HCWs) •  HCWs
•  Risk of spreading to the community by •  Blood exposure •  People working with migrants from
infected food handlers •  Needlestick exposures for HCWs high prevalence countries
•  Up to 45% of risk to be infected in •  Transmition by small dropplets released
case of needlestick exposure with a by infected patients
needle that have been used for an •  Dropplets too small to settle
infected patient •  Can spread at several meters from the
•  Skin contact (rescuers) patient
•  Wounds (police officers, fire fighters)

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EUROPEAN CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

(BASED ONLY ON THE RISK OF INFECTION)

Hazardous agents are those belonging to group 2, 3 and 4

Examples :
Group 2 : Clostridium perfringens, Cytomegalovirus
Group 3 : Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Hepatitis B virus, Plasmodium falciparum
Group 4 : Lassa virus, Ebola virus

RISK GROUP CATEGORIES FOR

HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
CATEGORY DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Group I §  Unlikely to cause human disease E Coli K10. yeast Symbols:

Group II §  Can cause severe human disease Legionella pneum A : Allergenic
§  Might be a hazard to workers Leptospira T : Toxic Effects
§  Unlikely to spread to community Influenza A/B (V) V : Vaccine available
§  Effective prophylaxis/treatment Hepatitis A (V)
Ascaris (A)
Group III §  Can cause severe human disease Mycobacterium TB
§  Serious hazard to workers (V)
§  May spread to community Bacillus anthracis (V)
§  Effective prophylaxis/treatment Hepatitis B (V)
HIV, Shigella (T)
Group IV §  Causes severe human disease Congo heam fever
§  Serious hazard to workers Ebola pox
§  High risks of spread to community
§  No effective prophylaxis/treatment

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HUMAN RISK
GROUP
DECISION

ANIMAL RISK
GROUP
DECISION

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http://www.irsst.qc.ca/bioaerosol/default.aspx

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INDOOR AIR QUALITY

THE LATEST SAMPLING AND
ANALYTICAL METHODS

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OMNIPRESENT
BIOAEROSOLS

PREVENTION

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THE WAY TO INFECTION

ROUTE OF ENTRY

Inhalation Absorption Injection Ingestion

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MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Direct human-to-human transmission

Indirect transmission
• Surface contact
• Food-borne/water-borne toxins
• Droplet/airborne contamination
• Vector-borne diseases

PARADIGM FOR EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL

HEALTH RISKS

• Work Process
Environment • Control Measures
(Workplace,
Building)

Agent –
Biological
Agent
• Name
• Physical State
• Properties (Virulence,
Allergenic Potency) Host (Worker,
• Particle Size Occupant)

• Immunity
• Atopic
• Genetic
• Smoking

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RISK ASSESSMENT

Identify the sources of biological agents

Identify the possible ways of transmission

Identify susceptible workers

AVOID EXPOSURE

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AVOID EXPOSURE

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Sequence of Donning PPE

Sequence of Removing PPE

http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/respiratory/swine-influenza/influenza-a-h1n1v-don-remove-ppe-2009-09-18.pdf

AVOID CONTAMINATION

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LACK OF HAND HYGIENE + PATIENT CARE = INCREASED RISKS

right time right way

•  Use the appropriate technique
•  Use an adequate quantity
•  Use for recommended length of time

Source: WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care - http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf

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SAMPLE OBSERVATION TOOL

VACCINATION

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AVOID INFECTION

TREAT INFECTION

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TREAT INFECTION

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD (A, B, C, D, DAN G)

Menghilangkan sumber bahaya faktor biologi di tempat kerja

Mengganti bahan dan proses yang menimbulkan sumber bahaya faktor biologi

Mengisolasi atau membatasi pajanan sumber faktor biologi

Menyediakan ventilasi

Mengatur atau membatasu waktu pajanan terhadap sumber bahaya faktor biologi

Menggunakan baju kerja yang sesuai

Menggunakan APD yang sesuai

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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BIOLOGICAL HAZARD (A, B, C, D, DAN G)

Memasang rambu-rambu yang sesuai

Memberikan vaksinasi bila memungkinkan

Meningkatkan hygiene perorangan

Memberikan desinfektan

Penyediakan fasilitas sanitasi berupa air mengalir dan antiseptic

Pengendalian lainnya sesuai tingkat risiko

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD (E DAN F)

Menghilangkan dan/atau menghindari sumber bahaya binatang di tempat kerja

Mengisolasi atau membatasi pajanan sumber bahaya faktor biologi

Menggunakan APD yang sesuai

Memasang rambu-rambu yang sesuai

Pengendalian lainnya sesuai dengan tingkat risiko

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL AS APPLIED

TO BIOHAZARD

Engineering Control
• Vaccines
• Prophylactic anti-viral medications
• Ventilation system
• Engineering safe needle devices
• Automated equipment
Administrative Controls
• Policy and procedures
• Routine practices such universal infection control procedures and other safe work procedures
• Immunization program
• Training
• Quarantine and isolation procedures
PPE
• Glove
• Protective clothing
• Eye protection
• Face protection
• Respiratory protection

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EXPOSURE CONTROLS
REDUCING YOUR RISK

Standard Precautions Work practices Personal protective Equipment and Safer

(includes universal equipment Medical Devices
precautions)

Housekeeping Laundry handling Hazard communication Regulated Waste

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