PROJECT REPORT ON

LIST OF THE LASTED CASES OF BOTH HIGH

COURT AND SUPREME COURT ON
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WITH BOTH FACTS &
JUDGEMENT
Submitted by

GUNASHEKAR.K

Reg No:467CP20003
In the partial fulfillment for the award of theDiploma of

Commercial Practice

DIPLOMA IN COMMERCIAL PRACTICE IN

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
VASAVI JNANA PEETHA
POLYTECHNIC DEMPARTMENT
OFTECHNICAL EDUCATION
BENGALORE – 560040
2022-2023

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that GUNASHEKAR .K bearing Reg

No.467CP20003, student of VI semester, in our Institution has
successfully completed the project work titled "LIST OF THE
 LASTED CASES OF BOTH HIGH COURT AND SUPREME
COURT ON ENVIRONMRNTAL ISSUES WITH BOTH FACTS
& JUDGEMENT under the guidance and supervision of MISS.
CHANDRAKALA B.C as partial fulfillment for the award of the
Diploma In Commercial Practice, in Department of commerce
Bangalore.

This is an original and independent work carried out by the candidate

and has not been formed a basis for the award of any other Degree\
Diploma from any other institution or university.

Wish you all the best.

Miss Chandrakala B.C (Smt.Sowbhagya.G)

 STUDENT DECLARATION

I hereby declare that " LIST OF THE LASTED CASES OF

BOTH HIGH COURT AND SUPREME COURT ON
ENVIRONMRNTAL ISSUES WITH BOTH FACTS &
JUDGEMENT is the result of the project work carried out by
me under the guidance of MISS. CHANDRAKALA B.C in
partial fulfillment for the award of in Diploma In Commercial
Practice, in Department of commerce Bangalore.

I also declare that this project is the outcome of my own efforts

and that it has not been submitted to any other university or
institute for the award of any other degree or Diploma or
Certificate.
Place : Bangalore Name: GUNASHEKAR.K

Date: REG. NO: 467CP20003

VASAVI JNANA PEETHA FIRST GRADE COLLEGE CA NO
10, 2 Main Road Vijayanagar Bangalore - 40 DEPARTMENT OF
POST GRADUATION

GUIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled " LIST OF THE LASTED
CASES OF BOTH HIGH COURT AND SUPREME COURT ON
ENVIRONMRNTAL ISSUES WITH BOTH FACTS &
JUDGEMENT is an original work of GUNASHEKAR .K bearing
University Register Number 467CP20003 and is being submitted in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma In Commercial
Practice, in Department of commerce Bangalore.
. The report has not been submitted earlier either to this University/
Institution for the fulfillment of the requirement of a course of
study.

MISS CHANDRAKALA B.C

{GUIDE}

Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project has been made possible due to the co-
operation, assistance and constructive suggestions of many to whom I would like to
express my sincere gratitude and thanks.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Smt. Sowbhagya.G Principal VASAVI
JNANA PEETHA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, for extending all the help,
guidance and support.

I am thankful and indebted to my internal Guide MISS.CHANDRAKALA B.C

for his scholarly guidance and encouragement extended to me and for his valuable
time and suggestions to complete this report.
I am highly grateful all other teaching faculty and non teaching staffs, for sharing
their views and valuable suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to my beloved parents for their co-operation at every

stage of my work in completing this project report.

DATE:

PLACE:BANGALORE GUNASHEKAR.K
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO.
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION

2 REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
3 RESEARCH DESIGN

4 INDUSTRY PROFILE

5 DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPETATION
6 FINDINGS,
SUGGESTION AND
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SUPREME COURT .

Supreme Court of India came into existence on 26th January, 1950 and is located
on Tikal Margi, New Delhi. The Supreme Court of India functioned from the
Parliament House till it moved to the present building. It has a 27.6 meter high
dome and a spacious colonnaded verandah. For a peek inside, you'll have to obtain
a visitor's pass from the front office.
On the 28th of January, 1950, two days after India became a Sovereign Democratic
Republic, the Supreme Court came into being. The inauguration took place in the
Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building which also housed India's
Parliament, consisting of the Council of States and the House of the People. It was
here, in this Chamber of Princes, that the Federal Court of India had sat for 12 years
between 1937 and 1950. This was to be the home of the Supreme Court for years
that were to follow until the Supreme Court acquired its own present premises.
The inaugural proceedings were simple but impressive. They began at 9.45 a.m.
when the Judges of the Federal Court - Chief Justice Harlan J.Kania and Justices
Saied Fall Ali, M. Patanjali Astir, Mohr Chan Mahakam, Began Kumar Mukherjea
and S.R.Das - took their seats. In attendance were the Chief Justices of the High
Courts of Allahabad, Bombay, Madras, Orissa, Assam, Nagpur, Punjab, Saurashtra,
Patiala and the East Punjab States Union, Mysore, Hyderabad, Madhya Bharat and
Travancore-Cochin. Along with the Attorney General for India, M.C. Setalvad
were present the Advocate Generals of Bombay, Madras, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
East Punjab, Orissa, Mysore, Hyderabad and Madhya Bharat. Present too, were the
Prime Minister, other Ministers, Ambassadors and diplomatic representatives of
foreign States, a large number of Senior and other Advocates of the Court and other
distinguished visitors.
Taking care to ensure that the Rules of the Supreme Court were published and the
names of all the Advocates and agents of the Federal Court were brought on the
rolls of the Supreme Court, the inaugural proceedings were over and put under part
of the record of the Supreme Court.
After its inauguration on January 28, 1950, the Supreme Court commenced its
sittings in a part of the Parliament House. The Court moved into the present
building in 1958. The building is shaped to project the image of scales of justice.
The Central Wing of the building is the Centre Beam of the Scales. In 1979, two
New Wings - the East Wing and the West Wing - were added to the complex. In all
there are 19 Court Rooms in the various wings of the building. The Chief Justice's
Court is the largest of the Courts located in the Centre of the Central Wing.
The original Constitution of 1950 envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice
and 7 puisne Judges - leaving it to Parliament to increase this number. In the early
years, all the Judges of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented
before them. As the work of the Court increased and arrears of cases began to
cumulate, Parliament increased the number of Judges from 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956,
14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986, 31 in 2009 and 34 in 2019 (current strength).
As the number of the Judges has increased, they sit in smaller Benches of two
and three - coming together in larger Benches of 5 and more only when required
to do so or to settle a difference of opinion or controversy.
The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice and 33 other Judges
appointed by the President of India. Supreme Court Judges retire upon attaining the
age of 65 years. In order to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person
must be a citizen of India and must have been, for atleast five years, a Judge of a
High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession, or an Advocate of a High
Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years or he must
be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist. Provisions exist for the
appointment of a Judge of a High Court as an Ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court
and for retired Judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts to sit and act as Judges
of that Court.
The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges in
various ways. A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except
by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament
supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of
not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, and presented to the
President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved
misbehaviour or incapacity. A person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court
is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in
India.
The proceedings of the Supreme Court are conducted in English only. Supreme
Court Rules, 1966 and Supreme Court Rules 2013 are framed under Article 145 of
the Constitution to regulate the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court.
1.1.1 HIGH COURT

The high courts of India are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in
each state and union territory of India. However, a high court exercises its original
civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by
law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts
may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated
specially[1] by the constitution, a state or union law.
The work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and
writ petitions in terms of Articles 226 and 227 of the constitution. Writ jurisdiction
is also an original jurisdiction of a high court.
Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district and sessions
judge. He is known as district judge when he presides over a civil case, and
session's judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial
authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction,
known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution,
all courts in India – including high courts – are bounded by the judgments’ and
orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence.
Judges in a high court are appointed by the president of India in consultation with
the chief justice of India and the governor of the state under Article 217 of the
Constitution but through subsequent judicial interpretations, the primacy of the
appointment process is on the hands of the Judicial Collegiums. High courts are
headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective
states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of
precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average
institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the
average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that high court,
whichever is higher.
The Calcutta High Court is the oldest high court in the country, established on 2
July 1862. High courts that handle numerous cases of a particular region have
permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which
come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states
with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as
circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold
proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this
interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session. According to a study
conducted
by Bangalore-based N.G.O, Dash, on 21 high courts in collaboration with
the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency
of a case in high courts in India is 3 years.[2]
The buildings of Bombay High Court (as part of the Victorian and art deco
ensemble of Mumbai) and Punjab and Haryana High Court (as part of the
architectural work of Le Corbusier) are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
High courts[edit]
The Madras High Court in Chennai (est. 1862), Bombay High
Court in Mumbai (est. 1862), Calcutta High Court in Kolkata (est.
1862), Allahabad High Court in Allahabad (est. 1866) and Bangalore High
Court in Bangalore (est. 1884) are the five oldest high courts in India. The Andhra
High Court and Telangana High Court are the newest high courts, established on 1
January 2019 according to Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014.
The following are the 25 high courts in India, sorted by name, year
established, act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat
(headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit
benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges
sanctioned and the presiding chief justice of the high court:
1.1.2 What do you mean by High Court?

The highest judicial court in a state is the High Court. It is

termed as the second-highest in the country after the Supreme
Court of India. Currently, India has 25 High Courts established in
different states of the country.

1.1.3 What is the role of High Court?

The high courts are the highest courts of appellate

jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India. High
courts exercise their original civil and criminal jurisdiction
only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law.

Functions and Composition of High Court

 In Indian polity and constitution, the scheme of judicial
system, high court works below the Supreme Court. This was
established in India in 1962, when the high courts were set up at
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. The number ofjudges in the high
court, unlike the Supreme Court, is decided by the president of
India rather than the parliament. The constitution of India
provides one high court in each state.

Composition of high court

Each state has one high court

The high court is headed by the Chief Justice of high court

The Chief Justice is assisted by the other high court judges.

(if required, parliament can increase the number of high courts

to solve pending cases)

1.1.4 Qualifications for appointment as judge of high court

High court judge should be a citizen of India

Judge of the high court held a judicial office for at least 10

years or worked as an advocate in a high court for at least10
years.

Appointment

Every judge is appointed by the president in consultation with the

Chief Justice of SC and governor of the concerned state.

In case of appointment for other high court judges, it is also done

by the president in consultation with the Chief Justice of SC,
Chief Justice of HC and governor of the state.
 Removal of high court judges

A judge of the high court can be removed by the president on the

grounds of proved misbehavior orincapacity.

Approval of the 2/3rd majority of both the houses is also needed

to go ahead with the impeachment of high court judges.

Retirement:, at the age of 62 years

1.1.5 Transfer of high court judges

President can transfer high court judges from one high court to
another only if

It is done in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme

Court.
In consultation with 4 senior mostSupreme Court judges
If approved by the Chief Justice of high court
The high court judge, who is transferred to another high court, is
entitled to get compensatory allowance in addition to his salary.

1.1.6 Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction is the power that a court of law exercises to carry

out judgments’and enforce laws.

Original jurisdiction
Appellate jurisdiction
Advisory jurisdiction
Judicial review
Original jurisdiction

Original jurisdiction processes the power to control those cases

that cannot be advanced in other courts other than high
court.
The original jurisdiction of the high court extends to the matters
ofadmiralty, Will, matrimonial and contempt of court cases.

Appellate jurisdiction

This processes the power to control the cases of appeal against the
judgment provided by any district courts or any subordinate courts
in the country.

The cases include: civil cases and thecriminal cases

Advisory jurisdiction

Any government department, legislature or governor may

mention and send a specific case for consideration to the high
court if it has certain special arrangements; this power of the
high court to control such cases is referred to as advisory
jurisdiction.

1.2 Judicial Review

High court is authorized to review any judgment or order

developed by any subordinate court, with a perception of
reducing any kind of mistake or error that can crept in the
judgment; it isreferred as Judicial Review.
This is done in cases of errors of law, wrong judgment and
fragrant error in procedure.
1.2.1 Subordinate courts

The other subordinate courts

are Civil court

Criminal court
Court of revenue

1.2.2 Salary of a judge in high court

Under article 221, a judge of one high court is entitled to

allowances and rights.
The salary of a judge of a high court is 80,000 INR per month

The salary of the Chief Justice of thehigh court is 90,000 INR

per month

Conclusion

The high courts are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction

in each state and union territory of India. High courts exercise
their original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the
subordinate courts are not authorized by law. Judges of a high
court are appointed bythe president of India in consultation with
the chief justice and the governorof the state under Article 217
of the constitution. The work of most high courts primarily
consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in
terms of article 226 and 227 of the Indian polity and constitution.
The High Court is the apex judiciary body of a State's
administration. It isheaded by the Chief Justice of the State. The
Supreme Court is the primary court of justice in the country and
it is headed by the Chief Justice of India.
1.2.3 Who is currently the Chief Justice of India (2022)?

The current Chief Justice of India is Justice Day Mesh Alit. He

will demitoffice on attaining the age of 65. Justice
Chandrachud will take oath as the 50th Chief Justice of India on
November 9, 2022.

How many supreme courts are there inIndia?

There is only 1 Supreme Court in India. And, there are 25 High

Courts.

1.2.4 What are the powers and functions of the Supreme Court of
India?
SC is the highest judicial court in India. It upholds the rule of
law and also guarantees and protects citizens’ rights and liberties
as given in theConstitution. Therefore, the Supreme Court is also
known as the Guardian of the Constitution.

1.2.5 How many judges are there in the Supreme Court?

At present, there are 34 judges in the SC including the CJI.

Can the President of India overturn a Supreme Court ruling?
Technically, the President cannot override a SC ruling. Only the
Parliament can amend any law tooverturn the decision of the SC.
ThePresident has the pardoning power, which he can exercise on
the advice of the Council of Ministers. Even here, the President
does not overrule the Supreme Court’s decision. The judgment of
the Court remains, only, the President can “pardon” the
punishment.

1.2.6 Differences between the High Court andthe Supreme

Court
1.2.7 difference between high court and
supreme court
 CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In its latest climate assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) made it very clear that
the climate crisis is accelerating at apace like never before
and warned thatit is “now or never” to limit global
warming to 1.5C.From deforestation and droughts to air pollution
and plastic waste, there areseveral factors exacerbating global
warming, with consequences felteverywhere in the world.
However,some nations suffer more than others.Despite
making little to no contributionto climate change,
countries in theGlobal South historically bear the most
bruntas they often lack financialresources to tackle
the emergency andmitigate the impacts of extreme
weather events. Here are some of thebiggest environmental
issues in Indiaright now and how the country isdealing with
them.

5 Biggest Environmental Issues in India in 2023

1. Air Pollution

Undoubtedly one of the most pressing environmental issues in

India is air pollution. According to the 2021 World Air Quality
Report, India is home to 63 of the 100 most polluted cities, with
New Delhi named the capital with the worst air quality in the
world. The study also found that PM2.5 concentrations – tiny
particles in the air that are 2.5 micrometers or smaller in length –
in 48% of the country’s cities are more than 10 times higher than
the 2021 WHOair quality guideline level.

Vehicular emissions, industrial waste, smoke from cooking, the

construction sector, crop burning, and power generation are
among the biggest sources of air pollution in India. The
country’s dependence on coal, oil, and gas due to rampant
electrification makes it the world’s third-largest polluter,
contributing over 2.65 billion metric tons of carbon to the
atmosphere every year.

The months-long lockdown imposed by the government in March

2020 to curb the spread of Covid-19 led to a halt in human
activities. This unsurprisingly, significantly improved air quality
across the country. When comparing the Air Quality Index (AQI)
data for 2019 and 2020, the daily average AQI in March- April
2019 was 656, the number drastically dropped by more than half
to306 in the same months of 2020.

Unfortunately, things did not last long. In 2021, India was

among the world’s most polluted countries, second only to
Bangladesh. The annual average PM2.5 levels in India was
about 58.1
µg/m³ in 2021, “ending a three-year trend of improving air
quality” and a clear sign that the country has returned to pre-
pandemic levels. Scientists have linked persistent exposure to
PM2.5 to many long-term health issues including heart and lung
disease, as well as 7 million premature deaths each year. In
November 2021, air pollution reached such severe levels that they
were forced to shut down several large power plants around
Delhi.

In recent years, the State Government of the Indian capital has

taken some stringent measures to keep a check on air pollution.
One of which is the Odd- Even Regulation – a traffic rationing
measure under which only private vehicles with registration
numbersending with an odd digit will be allowed on roads on odd
dates and those with an even digit on even dates. Starting
from January 2023, there will also bea ban on the use of coal
as fuel in industrial and domestic units in the National Capital
Region (NRC). However, the ban will not apply to thermal
power plants, incidentally the largest consumers of coal.
Regardless of the measures taken to curb air pollution, as the
World Air Quality Report clearly shows – the AQI in India
continues to be on a dangerous trajectory
2. Water Pollution

Among the most pressing environmental issues in India is also

water pollution. The Asian country has experienced
unprecedented urban expansion and economic growth in recent
years. This, however, comes with huge environmental costs.
Besides its air, the country’s waterways have become extremely
polluted, witharound 70% of surface water estimated to be unfit
for consumption. Illegaldumping of raw sewage, silt, and garbage
into rivers and lakes severely contaminated India’s waters. The
near- total absence of pipe planning and an inadequate waste
management system are only exacerbating the situation. Every
day, a staggering 40 million liters of wastewater enter rivers and
other water bodies. Of these, only a tiny fraction is
adequately treated due to alack of adequate infrastructure.

In middle-income countries like India,water pollution can account

for the loss of up to half of GDP growth, a World Bank report
suggests. Water pollution costs the Indian government between
USD$6.7 and $7.7 billion a year and is associated with a 9% drop
in agricultural revenues as well as a 16% decrease in downstream
agriculturalyields.

Besides affecting humans, with nearly 40 million Indians

suffering from waterborne diseases like typhoid, cholera, and
hepatitis and nearly 400,000 fatalities each year, water pollution
also damages crops, as infectious bacteria and diseases in the
water used for irrigation prevent them from growing. Inevitably,
freshwater biodiversity is also severely damaged.
The country’s rivers and lakes often become open sewers for
residential and industrial waste. Especially the latter – which
comprises a wide range of toxic substances like pesticides and
herbicides, oil products, and heavy metals – can kill aquatic
organisms by altering their environment and making it extremely
difficult for them to survive.

Fortunately, the country has started addressing the issue by

taking steps toimprove its water source quality, oftenwith local
startups’ help. One strategy involves the construction of water
treatment plants that rely on techniques such as flocculation,
skimming, and filtration to remove the most toxic chemicals
from the water. The upgrade process at one of the country’s
largest plants located in Panjrapur, Maharashtra, will enable it
to produce more than 19 million cubic metres of water a day,
enough to provide access to clean water to approximately 96
million people.

The government is also looking at ways to promote water

conservation and industrial water reuse by opening several
treatment plants across the country. In Chennai, a city in Eastern
India, water reclamation rose from36,000 to 80,000 cubic meters
between2016 and 2019.

Finally, in 2019, Gujarat – a state of more than 70 million citizens

– launchedits Reuse of Treated Waste Water Policy, which aims
to drastically decrease consumption from the Narmada River. The
project foreseesthe installation of 161 sewage treatmentplants all
across the state that will supply the industrial and construction
sectors with treated water.
3. Food and Water Shortages

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), India is the country expected to pay thehighest price for
the impacts of the climate crisis. Aside from extreme weather
events such as flash floods andwidespread wildfires, the country
often experiences long heat waves and droughts that dry up its
water sources and compromise crops.

Since March 2022 – which was the hottest and driest month
recorded in 120 years – the North West regions havebeen dealing
with a prolonged wave of scorching and record-breaking heat .
For several consecutive days, residents were hit by temperatures
surpassing 40degrees Celsius, while in some areas,surface land
temperatures reached up to 60C. There is no doubt among
experts that this unprecedented heat wave is a direct
manifestation of climate change.

The heat wave has also contributed to an economic slowdown

due to a loss ofproductivity, as thousands of Indians are unable
to work in the extreme heat. The agriculture sector – which
employs over 60% of the population – is often hithard by these
erratic droughts, impacting food stability and sustenance.
Currently, farmers are struggling to rescue what remains of the
country’s wheat crops, piling onexisting fears of a
global shortage sparked by the war in Ukraine.

Already among the world’s most water- stressed countries, the

heat wave is causing further water shortages across the nations.
Even though water tankers are keeping communities hydrated, the
supply is not enough to cover the needsof all residents. But heat
is not the only
factor contributing to water scarcity. In an interview with the
Times of India, lead researcher at Pane-based Watershed
Organization Trust Sewer Kale described the national water
policy as very ‘irrigation-centric’. Indeed, over 85% of India’s
freshwater is used in agriculture. This has led to a crisis in
several states, including Punjab, Haryana, and western
Uttar Pradesh. The indiscriminate use of water for irrigation,
coupled with the absence of conservation efforts and the huge
policy gap in managing water resources has left over 10% of
the country’s water bodies in rural areas redundant. A 2019
report predicts that
21 major cities – including New Delhi and India’s IT hub of
Bangalore – will run out of groundwater by 2030, affecting nearly
40% of the population.
4. Waste Management

Among the most pressing environmental issues in India is also

waste. As the second-largest populationin the world of nearly 1.4
billion people, it comes as no surprise that 277 million tones of
municipal solid waste (MSW) are produced there every year.
Experts estimate that by 2030, MSW is likely to reach 387.8
million tones and will more than double the current value by
2050. India’s rapid urbanization makes waste management
extremely challenging. Currently, about 5% of the total collected
waste is recycled, 18% iscomposted, and the remainingis
dumped at landfill sites.
The plastic crisis in India is one of the worst on the planet.
According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India
currently produces more than25,0 day on average, which accounts
for almost 6% of the total solid waste generated in the country.
India stands second among the top 20 countries having a high
proportion of reverie plastic emissions nationally as well as
globally. Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges rivers are
known as the ‘highways of plastic flows’ as theycarry and drain
most of the plastic debris in the country. Together with the
10 other topmost polluted rivers, they
leak nearly 90% of plastics into the sea globally.

To tackle this issue, in 2020 the government announced that they

would ban the manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of single-
use plastics from July 1 2022 onwards. Furthermore, around 100
Indian cities are set to be developed as smart cities. Despite being
still in its early phase, thetonnes of plastic waste every
project sees civic bodies completely redrawing the long-term
vision in solid waste management, with smart technologies but
also awareness campaigns to encourage community participation
in building the foundation of new collection and disposal
systems.

5. Biodiversity Loss

Last but not least on the list of environmental issues in India is

biodiversity loss. The country has four major biodiversity
hotspots, regions with significant levels of animal and plant
species that are threatened by human habitation: the Himalayas,
the Western Ghats, the Sunderland (including the Nicobar
Islands), and the Indo-Burma region. India has alreadylost almost
90% of the area under the four hotspots, according to a 2021
report issued by the Centre for Science
and Environment (CSE), with the latter region being by far the
worst affected.

Moreover, 1,212 animal species in India are currently monitored

by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red
List, with over 12% being classified as ‘endangered’. Withinthese
hotspots, 25 species havebecome extinct in recent years.

Due to water contamination, 16% of India’s freshwater fish,

mollusks, dragonflies, damselflies, and aquatic plants are
threatened with extinction and, according to the WWF and the
Zoological Society of London (ZSL), freshwater biodiversity in
the country has experienced an 84% decline.

Yet, there is more to it. Forest loss is another major driver of

biodiversity decline in the country. Since the start ofthis century,
India has lost 19% of its
total tree cover. While 2.8% of forests were cut down from
deforestation, much of the loss have been a consequence of
wildfires, which affected more than 18,000 squarekilometers of
forest per year – more than twice the annual average of
deforestation.

Forest restoration may be key to India’sambitious climate goals, but nm

some argue that the country is not doing enough to stop the destruction
of this incredibly crucial resource. Indeed, despite committing to create
an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tones of CO2 equivalent
through Forest restoration may be key to India's ambitious climate goals,
but some argue that the country is not doing enough to stop the
destruction of this incredibly crucial resource. Indeed, despite
committing to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tones of
CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030,
Narendra Modi's government faced backlash after refusing to sign the
COP26 pledge to stop deforestation and agreeing to cut methane gas
emissions. The decision was justified by citing concerns over the
potential impact that the deal would have on local trade, the country’s
extensive farm sector, and the role of livestock in the rural economy.
However, given these activities’ dramatic consequences on biodiversity,
committing to end and reverse deforestation should be a priority for
India.
 Brandon Pyre

In “Rising,” Elizabeth Rush takes readers to the physical and cultural edges of the
country, from the marginalized and forgotten citizens of places like Isle de Jean
Charles, Louisiana, to the glass castles of Facebook and Google in Silicon Valley.
As high tide and massive storms become the new normal, those at the coasts,
especially those with lower incomes, will be most at risk of flooding and all that
comes with it. At stake are not just coastlines; entire communities stand to lose
their homes and lifestyles to climate change, becoming the first of many climate
refugees. The question is not a matter of if but when we lose these lands, and Rush
explores how we cope with this knowledge.

By Elizabeth Brownfield

As the days lengthen and the sun shines higher in the afternoon sky, birds begin to
chatter and whistle returning to their northern homes. The Harbinger of Spring has
graced our yards and greenspaces. There is no better time than now, especially
because we are remaining indoors for the good of our communities, to delve into a
book on the topic of the environment. Now that most of the hustle and bustle of the
cities have dwindled to the occasional grocery store attendee and some people
lounging in the park, there have been many many more occurrences of wild animals
returning to the urban landscape, and natural spaces in urban settings becoming
cleaner and more habitable to our fellow earth dwellers.

The resilience of nature shines through in these uncertain times. With these six
authors one can find stories of strength, wonder, and excitement all pointing
towards environmental themes and ways the human race can help or harm our
planet and ourselves in the process.

This list is also available on Bookshop.org, which benefits independent

bookstores. We also strongly encourage you to support your local bookstore by
ordering through them online directly. They need our help more than ever, and we
need them to stick around.
 Barbara Kingsolver

Barbara Kingsolver’s novels often focus on both the impacts of global climate
change on everyday rural citizens and intricate and strained familial bonds. The
central themes of her novels tend to be about changes in the local environment and
characters surrounded by political and social issues, many of which are
environmental. The Poisonwood Bible, a book about a missionary family moving
from the U.S. state of Georgia to the Congo during the fight for Congolese
independence in the 1950s, is by far her most famous novel, however her more
recent novels, Flight Behavior and Unsheltered reflect the uncertain times ahead
and individuals uncovering adversity and abuse within the very environment in
which they are rooted.

In her writing Kingsolver enjoys exploring the many different landscapes of places
she has lived including rural Appalachia, the Congo, and Arizona. Her relatable
characters are often discovering the climate injustices within their own backyards,
or struggling to understand the new environment in which they have arrived. She
has also written several non-fiction and short story accounts of her time living
exclusively off local food sources and thinking about the ecological relationships
between humans and nature.

Mary Hunter Austin

If you’ve read Edward Abbey’s Desert Solitaire then you should read The Land of
Little Rain by Mary Hunter Austin next. Austin was one of the few women nature
writers of the 19th century. Obsessed with everything about the desert, she observes
the mysticism, allure, and deadly nature of the Mojave Desert. Utilizing illustrative,
enchanting, and haunting imagery from her time in the desert, Austin weaves tales
of the harsh, unlivable environment with the flora and fauna that have chosen and
adapted to endure these unrelenting conditions.

If you need more reason to read her, in addition to advocating for human
connection with nature and the rights of the people who live there, namely Native
American Tribes, she was a proponent for women’s and immigrants rights. She
produced every type of writing: plays, children’s books, essays, non-fiction. She
wrote on water management, the mistreatment of Native Americans and the
injustices and social restrictions of womanhood. Her life was full of hardships and
she was unconventional in every way. She lived all over the world, argued often
with John Muir, and kept company with Herbert Hoover, H.G. Wells, and Jack
London. People she has influenced range from Willa Cather to prominent landscape
photographer Ansel Adams to contemporary environmental writers such

Michael Pollan

In preparation for spring and summer and arguably all the best foods to come back
in season, I would recommend reading Micheal Pollen’s books. Throughout his
many books, Pollan has explored topics such as the domestication of our food, the
ways food can affect our thinking, and how the modern American supermarket has
evolved to include corn in almost everything. He has investigated how weeds are
linked to the very spaces that humans occupy. In elegant, well-thought prose,
Pollan successfully conveys how to think more critically about the important food
choices we make everyday and the ways that nature, by product of food and
consumption, is a part of our everyday lives.

Carl Hiaasen

Known for his best selling Young Adult novels such as Hoot and Flush and themes
of crime, mystery, environmentalism, and crooked politicians, Carl Hiassen a
Pancake House franchise in the middle of the endangered Burrowing Owls habitat.
has a book for everyone from youth to adult. Full of action and adventure, Hiaasen
has some of the best books for learning about environmental justice and local
knowledge of land. Oftentimes his books are set in his native Florida and utilizes
endangered or localized species to inform the plot. Hoot is a personal favorite. Set
in Florida three unlikely middle schoolers band together to the construction of stop
 . Harriet A. Washington

In her previous books, Washington focuses on work in the medical field, often
about analyzing the mistreatment of African-Americans from the colonial period to
today, secrets of the medical trade and destigmatizing mental health. However, in
her most recent book Washington concentrates on how chemicals and pollutants
are disproportionately affecting communities of color in America as a result of
environmental racism. Washington writes primarily about the ways that chemicals
can affect children and adults even if they are exposed to less than the determined
threshold. Unlike the other authors on this list, she directs attention more on the
detrimental effects of humans on themselves and the earth.

Wendell Berry
If you’ve already read Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac, next on your list
should be some of Wendell Berry’s books. Although the environment is that of the
farms between the rolling hills of Kentucky and the sloping banks of the Kentucky
River Valley, Berry, much like Leopold, concentrates on the American cultural
norms surrounding agriculture, farming and nature and his criticisms remain
noteworthy to this day.

Berry is an author, poet, essayist, environmental activist, farmer, and cultural critic.
With insights into the back-to-the-land movement in the 1970’s, thoughts on
sustainable farming and agriculture and illustrating a way of life that’s realistic for
the future of agriculture within his writings, Berry emphasizes a connection to the
land, sustainable agriculture and roots within your local environment. Descended
from generations of farmers, he strongly advocates for anti-modernism,
localization, and the education of farmers, bringing up points that the average city
dweller today, inundated with sleek new technology and car commercials that
romanticize rural landscapes, could never fully under
 CHAPTER-3

RESEARCH DESIGN
CASE STUDYI

Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

3 December, 1984 - This tragedy is known as the worst man made tragedy in the
history of mankind which had an adverse effect on the environment in the long run.
This tragedy happened in the factory of Union Carbide of India Ltd. (UCIL), a
subsidiary of the multinational company Union Carbide Corporation (USA) due to
the leakage of Methyl Isocyanate gas.

During a chilly windy December night when the city of Bhopal was almost asleep,
the tragedy struck at around mid-night. In the factory the workers of night shift
around 11.30 am realized that something was wrong in the factory since their eyes
were itching badly. The Methyl Isocynate tank was under heavy pressure to release
the gas since the same was not designed to withstand the increased pressure. This
finally forced the emergency venting of pressure from the MIC holding tank and
releasing large volume of toxic gases in the atmosphere.

Impact of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Since this gas had high density, the gas clouds formed stayed close to the ground
and this caused coughing, vomiting and severe eye irritation and a feeling of
suffocation. Thousands of people died immediately form the effects of the gas and
many died in panic. There were mass cremations and funerals in the following
days. It is estimated unofficially that around 20,000 died due to effect of this gas
and an another 1,00,000 to 2.00.000 people were estimated to have permanent
injuries. The leaves of the trees of the nearby areas tumed yellow and withered
away.
Even today the after effects of the tragedy loom large over Bhopal

Hence what do we learn from this tragedy or what are the lessons we have leamt?

Lessons learnt from Bhopal Gas Tragedy

1. One lesson which we as human civilization has leamt is that Prevention is

always better than cure This tragedy was something which could have been averted
had there been adequate precautionary measures in place. This tragedy was more
about negligence and ignoring safety measures by reducing cost to the company.
Hence there was infact no backup plan which could have averted this tragedy if the
precautionary measures would have been in place, thousands of lives could have
been saved

2. This disaster served as an eye opener to the bureaucrats and politicians across
India. The Department of Environment (DOE) was converted to a full fledged
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in the year 1985 and this is a
primary Central Govemment agency forco-ordinators, planning and promoting the
environmental programmes across India

3. The Company's profits seemed more important than investing on the safety
measures, it is also surprising to note as to how permission was granted to having
such a hazardous plant in the Bhopal city. Hence dear leamers, red tapism needs
to end if one needs to create a society which is sustainable for future generations.
4.A study conducted by Greenpeace (greenpeace.org)revealed that various residual
environmental aspects still lingers on in Bhopal even after so many years of the
tragedy. The contamination of underground water, soil and effects on human body
pose senous threats to the future generations Hence dear leamers, this disasteris one
of its kinds in the history of mankind which has left a lasting impact on the
environment and society and its after effects are still visible on the coming
generations

CASE STUDY 2

COCA COLA factory AT PLACHIMADA

The Coca Cola factory at Plachimada is a classic example of industrial

development at the cost of harming the environment by unsustainable means of
extraction of natural resources

This factory was established in the year 1999 and its operations started in Kerala on
8 October, 1999 when the company officially applied to Perumatty Grama
Panchayat for permission to setup a bottling unit in Plachimada and thus
successfully acquired 40 acres of Marshy lands area which is legally not permitted
for industrial purposes under the Kerala Land Utilization Act, 1967. The company
utilized large amounts of ground water of the said area. The soft drinks like Coca
cola, Miranda, Seven-up, Sprite, Fanta and Kinley soda were produced at this plant.
The coming up of this plant provided various employment opportunities to the
locals of the area The wastewater from the plant after treatment was used for
recharging the ground water reservoir and the sludge from the factory was sold to
the nearby farmers as fertilizer.

However the reality was different from what was said by the management. There
was no Environmental Impact Assessment by the Government or the Factory
management before its establishment. As the production began, a series of
environmental issues came up like water scarcity, contamination of soil, health
hazards etc. There was also no real mechanism to estimate the actual volume of the
water extracted by the Company
Hence what was the impact of the Coca-cola plant at Plachimada, the impact
was multi-fold and is as follows

Impact of the Coca-cola Plant at Plachimada

There was a scarcity of drinking water in the area and major sources of drinking
water dried up in the region. The groundwater quality analysis exposed high levels
of hardness, salinty, alkalinity and presence of various unwanted chemical
components etc which was not suitable for drinking

The solid waste or sludge which was distributed as fertilizer contained high
levels of heavy metals. Hence the once fertile land had become a graveyard of
industrial waste and thus got polluted in the due course of time.

The polluted water and soil resulted in serious health problems amongst the
residents of plachimada The health hazards were like cough, burning eyes, pain in
abdomen, low birth weight etc.

• Due to reduction in agriculture, there was a steep fall in the employment

opportunities in the region and people started leaving the area in search of work
and better opportunities.

Lessons learnt from the Plachimada Case

. A proper Environmental Impact Assessment needs to be carried out whenever any

such company is established in any area.

The solid waste needs to be disposed off in a sustainable manner so as to not to

harm the environment. Over exploitation of resources needs to be avoided and this
can only be done by effective monitoring mechanisms in place by the Government
machinery. .

Thus the Plachimada case study has shown the need for suitable sustainable
strategies so as to make future projects environment friendly, economically feasible
and socially viable in the interest of future generations.
CASE STUDY 3 (Contd...from Module 4)
ENDOSULFAN TRAGEDY

Endolsulfan is a man-made insecticide used to control a number of insects in the

agricultural fields.
The Plantation Corporation of Kerala (PCK) a Public Sector Undertaking under the
State Government owned some cashew plantations in Kasargod District, Kerala. As
per media reports, Endosulfan was aerially sprayed in these plantations for 24 years
(1976 to 2000) around three times a year These uninterrupted spraying of the
pesticide has had a disastrous impact on the health and environment of the local
people residing in the areas surrounding these plantations. Various villages nearby
also had been severely affected since this spraying resulted in chronic health
complications. By 1990s various health disorders were reported from the residents
of this area.

Impact of the Endosulfan tragedy

The impact of this tragedy was multifold and is considered to be one of the worst
pesticide tragedies of the world.

In the early 1979, it was reported that stunted growth and deformed limbs were
noticed amongst the infants born in this area.

By 1990s, serious health disorders were noticed amongst residents of the nearby
areas especially children who had congenital anomalies, mental retardation,
physical deformities, cerebral palsy. epilepsy,etc. Even today people are dying
from the after-effects of this pesticide.
Lessons learnt from the Endosulfan tragedy

This tragedy received wide media coverage and was banned in Kerala in 2001 after
a report by the National Institute of Occupational Health which showed the
debilitating effects of this pesticide.

Since this tragedy got wide media coverage, people have become more conscious
about usage of pesticides and the concept of organic farming and kitchen/terrace
garden is gaining popularity in and around Kerala.
This pesticide is presently banned in many countries across the world, however in
India, this pesticide is only banned in Kerala and Karnataka After this tragedy,
awareness levels amongst the residents of Kerala about the benefits of organic
farming have increased People have started cultivating vegetables and fruits in the
space available in their houses for consuming pesticide free foods

Thus these are some of the debilitating effects of pesticide in our daily food and
how the same is detrimental towards our overall wellbeing.

CASE STUDY 4

THE TSUNAMI ON 26 DEC. 2004

Dear leamers let us now try to understand what a tsunami means and what is the
impact of tsunamis on the environment and society? The word 'tsunami" is derived
from the Japanese words tsu means harbor and nami means wave or 'series of
waves' in the ocean which can be hundreds of miles long and can rise upto 34 ft.
These are like walls of water which can travel at a massive speed and cause lots of
destruction especially along the coastal lands. Hence it is very important for you to
know at this juncture that one of the most common causes of tsunamis are
underwater earthquakes
On December 26, 2004 at 7.58 am due to a fault rupture which was initiated at the
west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia gave trigger to a devastating tsunami in
the Indian ocean. Apart from Sumatra, Indonesia, the earthquake affected the
northern Indian Ocean in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh

In India, there was extensive devastations of the environment and society of the
populated Andaman Nicobar Islands and the coastal States of Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala along the mainland coastine of India. The earthquake
which generated the tsunami in the Indian ocean was 9.0 on the Ritcher scale
which is one of the largest recorded earthquake in the human history.

Impact of the earthquake and tsunami

Due to impact of the massive earthquake generated tsunami, as per media

reports, there was serious damage across the coastlines of around 10 countries
and killing more than 1,50,000 people.

In India, the earthquake was largely felt around the northern Indian ocean in India.
In Port Blair, many roads were cracked and buildings damaged within the Indian
Air Force base while in the coastal towns and ports within Tamil Nadu, a few
buildings developed cracks. The tremors of this underwater earthquake were also
felt in Bangkok, Thailand while in Malaysia, several high-rise buildings trembled
and the residents were evacuated. In Bangladesh the tremors were felt in the city of
Dhaka as well as across the entire country. Sand deposits as a result of tsunami
have damaged various standing crops and affected the soil fertility

Sea water intrusion was less in areas which was covered with thick
Vegetation when compared to those with bare lands

Lessons learnt from this disaster

Few of the lessons which we can learn from the above disaster is as follows.

1. The buildings, houses which need to be built in future need to be

earthquake resistant so as to have the

ability to withstand a earthquake.

2. A proper disaster management system needs to be in place so as to reduce the
causalities involved in such a large scale disaster.

3/A proper rehabilitation strategy is required for reducing the aftereffects of the
disaster..

Thus dear learners through the above case study you must have understood that a
proper disaster management mechanism and rehabilitation strategy needs to be
in place to reduce the impact of such natural
CASE STUDY 5

THE UTTARAKHAND LANDSLIDE. JUNE 2013

We all have heard about Landslides but have you ever wondered why and how they
happen?
Hence what do you mean by the term landslide? It is basically a rapid downslope
movement of soil or rock due to gravitational pull. Landslides cause great distress
as they damage property, crops and also endanger life.

On June 15, 2013 the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Delhi had predicted
that the State would receive rather heavy rainfall. On June 15" and June 16, 2013
the IMD had warned the State of Uttarakhand of extremely heavy rainfall. The
IMD's Dehradun centre then issued a news to the State Government saying that five
places in the State .e. Joshimath, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Yamunotri and Gangotri
would receive rather heavy to 'extremely heavy rainfall in the next 72 hours.
However as per media reports, no concrete precautionary steps were taken to avert
this tragedy.

There was a cloudburst around the Uttarakhand region which resulted in

devastating floods and massive landslides on 16 June, 2013 As per media reports,
the Chorabari Lake exploded when clouds burst over a and this led to severe
landslides in the region and causing extensive damage in the region.
Impact of the Uttarakhand landslide

1. The landslide caused a great loss to human life and property in the area. Several
houses, shops, hotels around the Kedarnath township were destroyed resulting in
severe damages to all. The famous Kedarnath temple however was not damaged
but its base was covered with water, muds and boulders from the landslide.

2. The roads connecting the hills were severely damaged affecting the rescue
operations in the area. 3. Various tourists were caught unaware and thousands
were stranded without food, water and shelter.

4. Thousands of human lives was lost and their bodies washed away in this
natural fury.
5. According to Wikipedia, it is estimated that around 608 villages covering a
population of 7,00,000 in 23 Districts were affected by the flood and
landslide.

Hence the lessons which we have learnt from the disaster are as given below.

Lessons Learnt from This Disaster

1. Excessive mining on the riverbanks and indiscriminate construction of

Hydropower projects gave way to this disaster. We all know that dams are quite
essential for meeting the energy requirements of the society, however this
should not be done at the cost of our natural resources. Hence a proper need
assessment needs to be done before initiating new Projects in such eco-sensitive
areas.

2. Further exploitation of natural resources of Uttarakhand like water, forests

and minerals to develop infrastructure, without assessing the vulnerability of
natural resources led to this disaster.
 3. The thriving real estate business on the hills led to increased mining in the hills.
The State machinery needs to take concrete steps to preserve the natural cover and
needs to be more cautious while granting sanctions and permissions to build hotels
and other structures.
4. A proper disaster management system needs to be in place for providing timely
assistance and for building awareness in such eco-friendly areas.

5. A timely rehabilitation mechanism needs to be in place when such

disasters strike
Hence the main lesson which one can learn from this disaster is that this is a man-
made disaster due to exploitation of natural resources which in the long run has a
debilitating effect on the environment. A proper and effective operational Disaster
Management System can go a long way in saving hundreds of life and property
when such a disaster strikes
After going through the above mentioned case studies you must have got an
idea about the types of natural disasters we have and how they impact our
natural environment in various forms. Let us now study about one more form of
natural disaster-the earthquake which causes rampant destruction to the human
life and property.
CASE STUDY 6

THE BHUJ EARTHQUAKE, 2001

The earthquakes are one of the most dangerous and destructye forms of natural
hazards. They mostly strike suddenly and without any warning. They can reduce a
tower or a huge building into rubbles in just a matter of seconds and thus cause
serious harm and destruction to human life and property

So how are earthquakes caused? They are mainly caused by the movement of
massive land areas called tectonic plates on the earth's crust. When the tectonic
plates move, there is an abrupt movement which causes earthquake

On 26 January, 2001, when the whole Country was busy celebrating the Republic
day, children in schools were busy in participating in the Republic Day
celebrations, the earth shook suddenly sending shock waves across Gujarat, India.
An earthquake of the magnitude of 7.7 on the Ritcher scale had rocked Gujarat at
08.46 am for two minutes, the epi-centre of which was found in Bhuj, Gujarat The
tremors were felt across Gujarat and in the northern States of India.

Impact of the Earthquake

According to media reports, the death toll in the Kutch region was around 12,000
out of which Bhuj which was just 20 kms away from the epicenter was completely
devastated. Extensive damage was also done to Bhachau and Anjar and as per
reports it is estimated that most of the homes, schools, hospitals, tourist attractions
etc. of Bhuj were widely damaged in the earthquake.
In Ahmedabad which is also called as the Commercial capital of Gujarat many
multi-storeyed building collapsed and several hundred people were trapped
and killed under the debris.

The Gujarat earthquake caused intense shaking which was felt by a majority of
people of India. The intense shaking brought about changes in the water and land
surface. In some places water emerged giving hope to people to solve their drinking
water woes of people of Gujarat. However laboratory tests revealed high chlorine
and salt content in the water making it impossible to be used for drinking.

Hence, what are the lessons learnt from the disaster?

Lessons Learnt from the Disaster

A comprehensive Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy was

drafted to repair, building. strengthening houses and public buildings. The policy
also included revival of economy, health support and reconstruction of the
community and social infrastructure.

After the earthquake, relief and aid was obtained from lots of foreign countries but
however it was surprising to find that the relief materials of foreign countries like
tents, apples etc. were being sold on the streets of Ahmedabad therein. Hence the
State Government machinery needs to ensure that relief reaches actually reaches the
target group for which it was meant for
There was an acute shortage of Removers to pull out those trapped from the debris,
hence if a comprehensive action plan would have been in place, many more lives
could have been saved

Though there was a survey of the houses which were damaged by categonzing
them, not much relief was provided for the houses which had not collapsed but
only damaged in the earthquake. Hence there seemed to be a general apathylas far
as the State machinery was concerned and the ruling Governments whether Central
or State need to play a more pro-active role as far providing relief and rehabilitation
is concerned.

After this earthquake, the buildings and structures which were built in Gujarat were
more or less earthquake resistant so as to avoid further damages in future due to
such a natural calamity

Thus conclusively we can assumingly say that the environmental effects vary from
disaster to disaster and have a long lasting impact on the society. However the
effects vary like for example earthquakes affect the soil, buildings, crops etc.
wherein the land value increases for buildings which were not affected by the
earthquake. Similarly in areas where there are active volcanoes, the land value goes
down automatically. Disasters whether natural or man-made disrupt our
environment, society and economy and it takes a while to rebuild the same to its
original shape. This period though generally short lived has a long lasting impact
on the environment and society.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

.The information collected may be biased.

The scope of the study is limited as per the information available.

The study is based on the data provided by different sources; any

incorrectness might also have been resulted in same for this study.

Limited to Bangalore city.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. In
this step-by-step methods are followed to solve a particular problem. It refers to a
search for knowledge. It can also be defined as a scientific and systematic search
for relevant information on a specific topic the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying the research problem. Descriptive and
analytical method has been adopted for the study.

SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

The study is based on primary and secondary data of Goods and Service Tax. The
data is collected from different publications and online resources including,
Internet, Books, Journal, Thesis, News Papers, Government Gazettes, Magazines
etc.

Primary data collection method and sources

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and

other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
Although responses are often designed for statistical analysis

RESEARCH PLAN:

Data source Primary data

Research approach Survey

Research instruments Questionnaire

Method of contact Google forms

Sample size 50 Respondents

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Meaning of Multidisciplinary
To understand the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, we must first
comprehend the literal definition of the term multidisciplinary. The phrase is
made up of two words: multi and disciplinary. To begin, we define the term
disciplinary. Disciplined research in a certain subject is what the term
“disciplinary” refers to.
Multidisciplinary, on the other hand, refers to the combination of more than one
discipline or topic of study. It defines multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional
research in a variety of disciplines. For example, a multidisciplinary course of
study is one in which you study a variety of disciplines such as Science, Social
Science, Mathematics, English, and so on.

Why Pursue Environmental Studies?

The time-sensitive nature and relevance of the environmental changes have created
a demand for individuals who possess the skill set needed to find solutions for this
problem. A career in environmental studies can be extremely lucrative for those
who are passionate about the environment and want to make a difference in the
current state of society. There is immense scope in this field if you make the right
choices and are able to find the right courses and universities for yourself.
CHAPTER SCHEME: This project report helped me to get deeply
understanding the " LIST OF THE LASTED CASES OF BOTH HIGH COURT
AND SUPREME COURT ON ENVIRONMRNTAL ISSUES WITH BOTH
FACTS & JUDGEMENT”

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
First chapter covers the introduction of environmental studies of problems and
issue and harmfull to global warming

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The Second chapter Le., Literature Review it includes more than 10 studies and
Authors different researchers are analysis carefully.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design highlights the problem of statement, scope of the study, objective
of the study, research design, sampling design, sampling technique and sample size
of data collection methods and limitations of study.

CHAPTER 4: INDUSTRY PROFILE

in the fourth chapter it consists of industry profile, profile of different industries

that are harmfull environment and global warnming

CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The fifth chapter i.e., Data analysis and interpretation, efforts have been made to
aralyze the data with the help of statistical tools are used and percentage method
also used. Data are shown in Tables form which includes responses of respondents,
total number of respondents and percentage share of respondents towards the
various statements.

CHAPTER 6: FINDINGS, SUGGESSIONS AND CONCLUSION this chapter

deals with findings, conclusion and recommendations of the study and the
conclusion is drawn based on the findings and set objective
CHAPTER-4

INDUSTRY PROFILE
 Industrial activities are a source of pressure on the environment,
mainly in the form of emissions to the atmosphere and water
ecosystems, waste generation and resource consumption.

How Can Factories Affect TheEnvironment?

Global Warming. As we touched on earlier, a huge portion of
climate change or global warming can be attributed to our
reliance on industrial activities over the years. ...
Air Pollution. ...
Water Pollution. ...
Soil Pollution. ...
Our Own Health. ...
The Destruction of Wildlife.
Factories are also a major contributing factor to water pollution
across the globe. The illegal dumping of contaminated water,
gases, chemicals, heavy metals or radioactive materials into
major waterways causes damage to marine life and the
environment as a whole.
Factories negatively impact the environment through air
pollutant emissions, toxic waste disposal and water
contamination. Besides, they’re also the major offenders when it
comes to greenhouse gas contributions. Factories alone are
responsible for nearly two-thirds of the emissions to blame for
global climate change.

Though the statistics are bleak, technological advancements

offer facilities a variety of options to de- carbonize the
manufacturing process.

Reduce water consumption

Factories use water during themanufacturing process for many
reasons, including cleaning, cooling,dilution and sanitation. Instead of
releasing wastewater to sewers and storm sewers, factories can
investigate
ways of recycling water inside their plants. Water companies
and water resources consultants can perform water audits to
offer more detailed advice.

On a smaller scale, low-flush toilets and water faucets with

sensors can reducethe amount of potable water wasted inday- to-
day operations.

Perform an energy audit

Energy audits are the process of evaluating which equipment

or procedures are using the highest levels of energy. This
information is valuable, as it pinpoints the specific areas that
can offer the most improvement. Once a factory locates the
worst offenders, they have a starting point for making
reductions in their energy consumption.
Energy audits can also lead to yearly savings on energy bills.
The cost savings generated by energy-saving practices usually
offset the investments companies make in implementing them.
Small-scale changes can include using more efficient light bulbs,
changing to lights with sensors and updating or adding
insulation. Overall, less energy usage can translate to a smaller
carbonfootprint.

Replace outdated equipment

Aging equipment can waste energy byoperating inefficiently.

If repairs or part replacements don’t lead to improvements,
factories can replace outdated equipment with newer, more
energy- and time-efficient models. Notonly will newer models
reduce energyconsumption, but time savings may
also decrease product turnaround times or eliminate
bottlenecks. An energy audit will pinpoint the equipment and
processes in need of the most improvement.

Equipment releases a significantamount of waste heat energy.

To take advantage of this wasted heat, factories can invest in
cogeneration systems, which use the thermal energy produced by
equipment to moderatelyheat water or heat spaces.

Recycle

Instead of tossing scrap metal and waste material from products,

evaluate them to see if and how your factory can reuse them in
the manufacturing process. If this isn’t feasible, try to recycle
all waste products appropriately. Educate employees to
ensure they know the difference between waste and
recyclablematerials.

Get creative and reach out to localuniversities and businesses

to see if they would be interested in the waste factory
materials. Students might be interested in scrap metal or wood
for art projects or developing prototypes, while local
companies may be able to use sawdust or waste plastic for
otherpurposes.

Switch to renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources are another way factories can reduce

their carbon footprint. Wind, solar and geothermal are just
several of the available options. Consider installing solar
panels or coordinating with new windfarm construction. Many
governments
offer tax credits and subsidies to offset the cost of renewable
energy.

If a full transition is too expensive or notfeasible due to limited

renewableenergy resources, factories can use a combination of
both renewable and traditional sources to help reduce their
carbon footprint. If possible, use renewables as a primary energy
source and switch to carbon-based sources when renewable
source supply decreases.

Change company culture

Manufacturers that focus on changingcompany culture to make
eco-friendly practices a priority will attract employees with a
similar value system. Employees who are personally invested in
the company’s mission will work hard to ensure all
conservation efforts and policies are being implemented
correctly. This will help factories achieve their mission of
reducingenvironmental impacts more quickly.

To change company culture, management can focus on

educational programs for employees which show the
company’s reduction in pollution over time, goals to continue
to reduce pollution and carbon emissions and the specific roles
they anticipateemployees will play in meeting these goals.
Change can be difficult, but fortunately, the tools needed to do so
are readily available for those involved in manufacturing process.
With some effort, it’s possible for companies to reduce their
carbon footprint and operate in an eco-friendly manner
The Energy Industry

The energy industry is causing a lot of harm to the environment

because we rely on it for power and various activities in many
aspects of life. From basic things like charging smartphones to
powering passenger planes, theindustry’s reach is massive. Even
the production of important materials like medicine requires
energy.

With the global population rising to new levels with each

passing year, ourenergy needs are also increasing. These needs
are met mostly by burningfossil fuels. In 2019, the world
burnt 100.3 million barrels of oil per day. This is a 15% rise in
the oil consumption levels of 2006, which stood at 85 million
barrels per day. With such an amount of fossil fuels
burned daily, the atmosphere is left
worse with each passing year as carbonemissions build. This is one
of the main causes of global warming. However, the energy industry
isn’t just causing air pollution and global warming.

The ocean is also feeling the impact of the oil-centric energy

industry. Oil spills cause a lot of damage to the natural habitat of
lots of water-dwelling species. Birds and animals that rely on the
water environment are also put under a great deal of risk, driving
some of them closer to extinction. In 2018, more than 116,000
tonnes of oil were spilled. Unfortunately, that incredible figure is
one of the lowest on recordsince the first oil spillage records
started in 1970.
What can we do about this?

We need to reduce dependence onfossil fuel as a source of energy

and embrace renewable energy.
There should be more campaigns to hold big companies in the
energy industry responsible and ensure they are exploring cleaner
sources of energy for the end-users.
The efficiency of existing fossil fuel power stations should be
improved using newer technologies, moving from higher-emitting
power plants to lower-emitting options, and using less carbon-
intensive fuel sources.
We need to cut down on power consumption in residential
and commercial establishments by encouraging more people to
understand why they should only use energy when necessary. This
willreduce peak demand and lower theoverall energy consumption
of any given populace.
We need to explore nuclear power as
a source of energy where renewable energy won’t suffice.
More energy providers need to deploy systems that can capture
carbon dioxide during fossil fuel consumption, stopping it from
reaching theatmosphere. Once captured, it should be injected deep
underground in a carefully designed storage.
The Agriculture Industry

As the world’s population soars, the agriculture industry

continues to strive towards meeting our consumption needs.
Unfortunately, meeting these demands translates to contributing
13- 18% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. The bulk of the
emissions bythe industry are nitrous oxide and methane. There
are many reasons forthese emissions.
Some of the management practices
employed by farmers can increase the quantity of nitrogen in
the soil, leading
to nitrous oxide emissions. Activities such as the overuse of
fertilizers, the cultivation of nitrogen-fixing plants, and irrigation
methods are examples ofthese practices.

Like cattle, ruminant livestock produces methane naturally as a

part of their digestion, in a process known as entericfermentation.
This gas produced is significant as it represents over 25% of the
emissions from the industry.
The manure handling process can also
add to the methane and nitrous oxide emissions. In the US,
manure handling accounts for around 12% of the greenhouse gas
emissions from the agriculture industry.

Other sources of emissions in the industry include urea

application, liming, rice cultivation, and burning crop
remnants. Alone, these contribute methane and nitrous oxide
to the
atmosphere in smaller quantities, but together, the quantity can
be significant.

Bush burning to clear space for agriculture is another big

contributor to air pollution. Apart from the carbon emissions
from the carbon burning, this practice leads to trees’ felling that
would have otherwise absorbed carbon dioxide.

In 2019, the deforestation events in the Amazon were a major

talking point. There was a 278% increase in the size of the forest
lost to fires in comparison to 2018. Most of the fires were
intentionally set to create space for agriculture.
What can we do about this?

More people need to explore ways to cut down livestock protein in

their meals and consider embracing a
vegetarian diet. Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions will fall
by 28% if every American becomes a vegan.
If meat must be part of your diet, organic and locally sourced
options should be high on your list.
The World Wildlife Fund’s work against the Amazon fires
needs to besupported by more people worldwide.
Farmers need to ensure they’re only using fertilizers with the
optimalamount of nitrogen in crop production.Excess application
of nitrogen will cause a high amount of nitrous oxideemissions
without any extra benefits for crop production.
Keeping wetland rice soils dry during the growing season can
reduce methane emissions. Farmers have to be educated and
equipped to drain thesoils following harvest.
Varying the feeding practices and other livestock management
methods can reduce methane emissions arising from enteric
fermentation.
Methane emitted from large scale manure decomposition can be
harvested for use as renewable energy.
The Fashion Industry

The mass of fashion waste dumped around the globe and the
carbon emission resulting from making the materials means that
the industry is a major player in pollution and harming the
environment. 10% of the carbon emissions worldwide can be
attributedto fashion production.
The major culprit for these emissions is
the “fast fashion” niche wear clothing made from cheap
material, usually containing microplastics. Such
products are also typically made in countries where the
factories runaround the clock on gas or coal.

The rise in cheap, fast fashion has also contributed immensely to

the high turnover of clothes each year. Fashion enthusiasts are
sending 85% of textiles to the dump every year to keep up with
the latest fashion trends.
The delivery leg of the industry also
adds its quota to the overall count. Postal services in the US
generate as much annual carbon emissions asseven million cars.
They don’t only deliver fashion items, but it’s an important
factor to consider still.
What can we do about this?

We need to discourage fashionwastage by prioritizing second-

hand clothes. Patronize businesses that sell these clothes first
before you order a new set.
The clothes rental industry needsmore attention. Renting clothes
you’ll wear for one occasion is more eco- friendly than buying
them.
Large manufacturers in the fashion niche should explore the use of
renewable energy sources and cut down on using microplastics in
production.
Fashion retail outlets should encourage bulk purchases to
reduce delivery trips from one customer per year. Discounts
and special promotions will ensure customers save their orders
for specific shopping windows, reducing multiple shopping
deliveries to one or two per year.
The Food Retail Industry

Like we’ve seen with the agriculture industry, the food retail
industry also has to work hard to satiate a booming
population’s hunger. This has, unfortunately, led to the
expansion of the retail industry’s carbon footprint.

The rising population means we’re consuming more food, but it

also meansthat we’re generating more food waste than ever. In the
US, around 30-40% of the food supply ends up as waste, with
most of it going to landfills across the country. That’s a massive
40 million tons of food wasted.
One of the worst food retail industry
elements is the packaging waste they churn out every day.
Retailerscontribute more than 800,000 tonnes of plastic waste per
year to the environment. This level of plastic waste invariably has
far-reaching effects on our environment.
More than 100,000 marine mammals die
yearly due to plastic pollution,and around 56% (20) of
dolphins,
whales, and other such species have ingested plastic.
Consuming plastic makes such animals suffer for a long time
before they eventually die. Some ofthe toxic chemicals in micro-
plastics can also affect reproduction, further pushing species
close to the brink of endangerment or extinction.
What can we do about this?

There should be concerted efforts to encourage food retailers to

embrace sustainable practices. Outrage from environmental
protection groups andother concerned individuals can force some
grocers to cut down on the use of plastic packaging.
When you go out to shop, insist on
reusable shopping bags.
Choose a sustainable supermarket that’s local to you and
encourage other people to do the same.
The Transportation Industry

The emissions from the road, air, rail, and marine

transportation accounts for around 24% of the global C02
emissions. The commercial freight niche section accounts for
40% of that total, while the passenger niche accounts for 60%.
The number of flights across the world
has increased by 40% in the last decade. However, air travel
isn’t the biggest contributor to CO2 emissions from passenger
transportation, as it isresponsible for 16% of the total.
Land-based passenger transport is still
the main source of emissions. An airplane will emit more CO2
than a car, but it can move hundreds of people at a time. On the
other hand, cars are almosteverywhere, with more than 93% of
US households having access to at least
one. In the UK, 87% of the residents own a car.
Data from the EPA shows that transportation was responsible
for 28.2% of US greenhouse gas emissionsin 2018. This makes it
the largest contributor to U.S greenhouse gas emissions.
Population growth, urbanspread, low fuel prices, and economic
growth have also led to a 46.1% increase in the number of
vehicle milestraveled (VMT) by passenger cars andlight trucks
between 1990 and 2018.
When you look at these statistics and
consider that a single passenger vehicle can emit 4.6 metric tons
of CO2 per year, it’s easy to see that cars are the biggest
villains against the transportation sector environment.

What can we do about this?

Limit your international travel to thebarest minimum.

We should encourage more use of public transport when
possible. Keep your commute as short aspossible.
Vehicle manufacturers have to continue research into making
fuel- efficient or non-fossil fuel cars more affordable.
When you must drive, stick to eco- friendly practices such as
avoiding rapid braking and acceleration, sticking to the speed
limits, and reducing engine idling.
Shipping companies need to improve their overall voyage planning
to increase fuel efficiency. Practices like improved weather routing
are highlyrecommended.
The Construction Industry

Although we’ve learned to look at

construction as a way of life, it is very
harsh on the environment. The industry is a strong contributor to
all kinds ofpollution. Statistics show that it is responsible for 50%
of landfill waste, 40% of drinking water pollution, and 23% air
pollution. It’s also a big contributor to noise pollution.
One of the major ways construction
damages the environment is through the massive consumption of
rawmaterials. The industry is responsible for half of all extraction
of natural resources worldwide, with more than 400 million tons
of materials taken from the earth for use in the industry. It’salso
responsible for a quarter of the global waste generated.
The impact of construction affects the
environment at large, including wildlife. With natural habitats
destroyed during projects, millions of animals end up getting
displaced every year.
What can we do about this?

Construction in wildlife areas has tobe discouraged.

There should be more emphasis on sustainable construction
practices like reusing materials, replacing natural resources
harvested forconstruction where possible, etc.
Repurposing of existing structures should be properly considered
before new ones are constructed.
You can help local wildlife perseveration and
reforestationefforts in your area.
The Technology Industry

Including the technology industry as one of the worst for the

environment and pollution may be counterintuitive, seeing how
it has helped a great deal inthe battle to adopt renewable energy
and eco-friendly transportation.
However, the industry is also contributing its quota to the
world’sCO2 emissions.

In 2015, the global demand for gadgets and internet-connected

devices meant that these devices were consuming 3- 5% of the
electricity generatedworldwide. This will only increase as global
tech demand is expected to keep growing by 20% every year.
This addsto the industry’s overall emissions expected to jump
to 3.5% by the end of2020—a figure that will overtake aviation
and shipping.
It remains to be seen if the tech
industry’s contribution to greener transportation and
sustainable lifestyle will be enough to offset its carbon
footprint. Presently, the odds are good,but we can do more.

What can we do about this?

We need to cut down on the amount of electricity consumed by
gadgets and devices lying dormant half the time.
We can reduce tech waste by onlybuying necessary gadgets.
Embracing sustainable tech is also good for the environment. So,
instead of buying high-wattage electric flashlights, for example,
you should gofor a solar-powered option.
Tech manufacturers and commercialestablishments heavily reliant
on tech need to keep exploring ways to embrace sustainability.

The Wood Industry

Your exquisite mahogany furniture set may have been made from
unethically harvested wood. This is just one of the ways the wood
industry harms the environment and contributes to pollution. As
we’ve seen above, plants
 are useful in the fight against airpollution as they absorb CO2 and
store it—a process is known as biological carbon sequestration.
When the wood industry indiscriminately harvests plants that
should act as carbon sinks, we end up with an increase in the
atmosphere’s CO2 content around the area. In the US and other
developed countries, many policies have been put in place to
ensure raw wood is harvested ethically.

In many parts of the world, however, such policies don’t exist

or are poorly enforced. This is why large corporations from
more developed countries set upfronts in these jurisdictions—
typically in developing nations—to illegally harvest and export
wood.
Some Chinese companies proceed to
pass the illegally acquired wood off as
eco-friendly harvests. With sucharrangements, any gains made by
following strict wood harvesting rules in developed countries is
all but eroded.
What can we do about this?

 We need more conversations around the illegal harvesting of

wood by companies from the US, Europe, and China, who know
exactly what they aredoing. More has to be done to discourage
poor countries from allowing their lands to be deforested
illegally.
 Practices that encourage forest land
destruction (such as developing croplands,
grasslands, and
settlements) should be discouraged.
 Planting after human and natural forest disturbances will
increase vegetation growth and cut down on soil carbon
losses.
 The Global Impact of Pollution

Below are some key facts about pollution, which further

underline why we need to cut down the industries’
contributions covered above to the problem:

 Pollution is a global killer that directly affects over 100 million

people, killing nine million. This makes it comparable to
diseases such as HIV and malaria.
 More than 100,000 sea mammals and 1 million seabirds are killed
by pollution per year
 People living in places with a high level of air pollution
face a 29% higher probability of death from lung cancer
than those living in less polluted areas.
 Around 40% of American rivers and 46% of the lakes are
too polluted for
aquatic life to grow or to allow swimming and fishing.
 America makes up 5% of the world’s population, but it
uses up 24% of theworld’s energy.
 1.2 trillion gallons of industrial waste and untreated sewage
are dumpedinto US water every year.
 Around 1.7 million children die every year around the world
due to unhealthy environments.
 Humans generate more than 1.3 billion tons (41) of waste
per year.The US is the biggest culprit, with over 256 million
tons.
 The Los Angeles International Airport is a good example of
just howmuch the air transport niche affects the
environment. More than 33,000 planes fly in and out of the
airport, releasing more than 800,000 tons of CO2. The
airport itself emits around 19,000 tons of CO2 per month.
 The environmental cost of a single NASA space shuttle
launch can be likened to New York City emissions over one
weekend. Firstly, 13 tons ofhydrochloric acid released kills
every plant and fish near the launch site (half a mile).
Secondly, around 23 tons of harmful particulate matter is
released in the process, which willsettle at the launch site for
 a long time. The entire launch will add 28 tons of CO2 to the
atmosphere.
 To properly clean up the 36,000
seriously contaminated sites in thecountry of hazardous
wastes, the USneeds to spend between $370 billionand $1.7
trillion.
 Across the US, factories discharge around 3 million tons
of toxic chemicals into the air, land, and water every year.
 More than 176 million pounds of cigarette butts are
discarded per
year across the US. This is a big environmental concern
because the butts are made of cellulose acetate, taking up to
400 years to decomposefully.
 More than one trillion plastic bags are used worldwide
every year,which is equivalent to over 100 million barrels of
oil.
 Light pollution kills hundreds of thousands of sea turtle
hatchlings every year in Florida. They move towards the
brighter lights and end up crawling too far away from the
sea. This type of pollution also distorts the migration and
breedingof different species of birds.
 More than 51 billion pieces of litter
are left on US roads every year. The cleanup costs the
government around $11.5 billion annually.
 Antarctica holds the title of the cleanest place on Earth,
but this is because of the strict anti-pollution laws in the
region.
 More than 80% of Californians live in areas where particle
pollution and ozone hits unhealthy levels at some point for
any year. China is the world’s largest CO2 emitter. Since
2000, it has
emitted more CO2 than Canada, and the US put together.
However, they stillburn less fossil fuel on average than the
US because they have more thanfour times the population.
CHAPTER-5

DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
products (Kavouras et al., 1998; Brauer et al., 2000; Zhu et al.,
2022). The volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from e-cigarettes
and other tobacco products is one of the air pollutants that
contain many harmful chemicals tohuman health (Mueller et
al., 2011; Schober et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2018; Schober et al.,
2019). It is reported that thousands of chemicals can be found in
tobacco smoke, many ofwhich are known to be harmful; breathing
even small amounts of tobacco smoke can be harmful for humans
(Kitamura and Kasai, 2007; Rogers, 2008; Fagerström, 2011).
It is well known that tobacco smoking could cause many diseases,
including cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and other chronic
diseases (Eyre et al., 2004; Halpin et al., 2010; Stanton et al.,
2016). Researchers should face up to the fact that although the
law tightens anti-smoking restrictions in many countries,
smoking is still allowed in some special smoking areas (Louka et
al., 2006). Gaining insights into tobacco smoke would be useful
for understanding the properties of smoking behavior. Chemical
analysis is one of the powerful analytical strategies for
understanding tobacco smoke at the molecular level (Borgerding
and Klus,2005; Orr, 2014; Jiang, 2020). The
existence mode and thermal stability of
nicotine have a direct impact on its transfer efficiency
into smoke. For example, it is reported that nicotinecarboxylic
acid salts can be transferred to the gas phase via three
mechanisms: deprotonation, carboxylic acid anion
decomposition, and disproportionation in the lower temperature
(Elias and Ling, 2018). Additionally, nicotine salts are more
stable, more soluble in water, and less volatile than regular
nicotine.
As a result, the creation of nicotine saltsand their thermal stability
have become hot topics in tobacco research (Riggs and Perfetti,
2001; Jasiewicz et al.,2014; Yang et al., 2019). Different typesof
nicotine salts are usually added into e-cigarettes to change the
smoke, resulting in different pyrolysis reactions in the heating
process of the e- cigarette. Moreover, pyrolysis kinetic parameters
will affect the reactant selection and the reaction process
operating conditions (Çepelioğullar et al., 2016). Therefore,
kinetic analysis and thermodynamic properties would help
understand the pyrolysis products of nicotine salts from e-
cigarettes (Cardoso et al., 2011), many of which are mainly
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in various application fields
and has been
successfully used for investigating the pollution in chemistry,
environmental science, and human health (Daughton, 2001). To
date, various mass spectrometry methods have advanced many
applications in environmental analysis (Richardson, 2001). Many
environmental applications of various MS approaches have
focused on air studies. These include investigations and
measurements of aerosols, particulates, and VOCs (Richardson,
2001; Cai et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; Hu, 2022). Pyrolysis-
gaschromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS) is one of the
powerful MS methods for chemical analysis in which the sample
is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules. Py-
GC/MS has brought significant advances in the field of
environmental analysis. By the use of Py-GC/MS, the
decomposition products are separated
using the GC system and detected using the MS approach. Py-
GC/MS has been successfully used for the investigation of semi-
volatile and volatile air pollutants (Gregoris et al., 2023).
In this work, we investigated the volatile pyrolysis products
released from six typical nicotine salts (namely, nicotine
benzoate, nicotine tartrate, nicotine citrate, nicotine malate,
nicotine lactate, and nicotine levulinate) that are commonly used
in e-cigarettes by using Py-GC/MS and thermogravimetric
methods. The thermogravimetric characteristics and product
release behavior of different nicotine salts were analyzed.
Moreover, the kinetic models and thermodynamic parameters
were also obtained. Overall, our results showed that thermal
properties and kinetic analysis would help understand the
pyrolysis products of nicotine salts
from e-cigarettes, highlighting the potential impact of e-
cigarettes on the air environment.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals and materials
Ethanol was purchased from Sichuan Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd.
(Sichuan, China). The nicotine salts were purchased from Nanjing
Jingge Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., whose purity was greater
than 99%, and the basic physical properties are shown in
Supplementary Table S1.

2.2 Thermogravimetric analysis

Thermogravimetric analysis wascarried out using a TGA/DSC 1
LF (Mettler Toledo, Germany) instrument. Samples (10.0 ± 0.2
mg) were placed inalumina crucibles. An empty alumina
crucible was used as the reference. Nicotine salts were heated
from an ambient temperature to 350°C in a 20 mL/min flow of
air at heating rates of 10°C/min. Continuous recordings ofsample
temperature, sample weight, and heat flow were made.

2.3 Pyrolysis-GC/MS
Each of the nicotine salts was formulated into a solution with a
concentration of about 10 mg/mL using chromatographic grade
absolute ethanol as a solvent; then, 1.0 μL of the solution was
added to the quartz tube, and pyrolysis was performed using a
Pyroprobe 6200 (CDS Analytical, United States) pyrolyzer. The
sample was heated from room temperature to 350°C at a rate of
30°C s-1 under an air atmosphere, while the temperature ofthe GC
oven was raised from 40°C to 240°C at a rate of 10°C min -1 and
then to
280°C at a rate of 20°C/min, and the shunt ratio was 100: 1. The
Agilent DB-5MS capillary column with a column length of 30 m,
column ID of 0.25 mm, and thickness of 0.25 m was used. The
MS was set to the following parameters: 230°C ion source
temperature, 280°C transmission line temperature, 29–450 amu
mass scanning range, and 2.5 min solvent delay. The
chromatograms obtained from the analysis were analyzed using
Agilent (NIST 17.0)software after they had been run.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Pyrolysis analysis
Figure 1 shows the results of qualitative and semi-quantitative
analyses of thevolatile components of six nicotine saltsunder low-
temperature heating conditions. In general, the
thermalecomposition products of nicotine salts did not undergo
more complex reactions at low temperatures, such as
polymerization and condensation, so the cracking product
components were relatively simple. However, there were
differences between the cracking products of different nicotine
salts; the released substances were primarily nicotine, anhydrides,
carboxylic acids, N-heterocycles, and other compounds. Organic
acids were detected in nicotine lactate, nicotine benzoate, and
nicotine levulinate, which are thermal decomposition products
as listed in Supplementary Table S2, while theorganic acids in
the remaining nicotine salts were cleaved into small molecules.
Figure 1
Thermogravimetric analysis

Figure 2 epicts the TG and DTG curves of six nicotine salts at a heating rate of
10°C min-1. The temperature. corresponding to the maximum weight loss rate of
nicotine levulinate and nicotine lactate was 169.34°C and 181.27°C, respectively.
For the remaining nicotine salts, two pyrolysisstages were observed. The
temperaturecorresponding to the maximum weightloss rate was
234.39°C for nicotinebenzoate, 206.02°C for nicotine tartrate, 178.55°C
for nicotine citrate, and 199.07°C for nicotine malate. Thetemperature
needed to achieve the maximum weight loss rate was the lowest for
nicotine levulinate and the highest for nicotine benzoate; thetemperature
needed to begin pyrolysiswas the lowest for nicotine benzoate at66.72°C
and the highest for nicotine lactate at 142.10°C; and thetemperature
needed to completepyrolysis was the lowest for nicotine levulinate at
181.93°C and the highestfor nicotine benzoate at 256.65°C.
Figure 2
 FIGURE 2. TG–DTG curves of six nicotine salts:
(A) nicotinebenzoate,
(B) nicotinetartrate,
(C) nicotine citrate,
(D) nicotinemalate,
(E) nicotinelevulinate,and
(F) nicotine lactate.
The combination of the aforementioned analysis shows that the
nicotinic salts of levulinate and benzoate require higher
temperatures for initiation and complete decomposition, have a
wider range of release temperatures andrelatively slower release
rates, andexhibit better thermal stability. The main thermal
decomposition temperature of nicotine ranges
from 80°C to 180°C; in this study, the nicotine salts released
nicotine at a temperature between 150°C and 260°C, where the
greater temperature range indicates that the thermal stability of
nicotine salt is stronger than that of nicotine itself. It
can be introduced that the aforementioned nicotine salt is
transferred to the e-cigarette aerosol in the proton state of nicotine
in the environment of e-cigarette smoked temperature below 150
°C. As a result, adding nicotine salts to e-cigarettes produces a
softer and smoother smoking experience rather than directly
adding nicotine, with a weaker sense of throat hit.

3.3 Kinetic analysis of different nicotinesalts

From Figure 3, it can be seen that all kinetic models showed a
regression coefficient (R2) greater than 0.9, and these can be
considered best fittedmodels. In region Ⅰ, the reaction modelfor
nicotine lactate was a one- dimensional diffusion-controlled
model (D1), and the reaction model for the rest of the nicotine
salts was a 1.5-order
chemical reaction-controlled model (F1.5); in region Ⅱ, the reaction
modelfor nicotine salts was a two-order chemical reaction-controlled
model (F2). The different kinetic models of nicotine salts at each region
indicate the complexity of the thermal decomposition process, whereas
lower average activation energy values represent that the lower the
energybarrier that must be overcome for the reaction to occur, the easier
it is for thenicotine salt to begin decomposing when heated. It follows
that nicotine benzoate was the first to undergo thermal decomposition,
and conversely,nicotine lactate was the latest to beginthermal
decomposition. A larger indexfront factor indicates a faster reaction
rate of the sample at the sametemperature; therefore, nicotinebenzoate
and nicotine citrate requiredthe lowest temperatureto
reach the maximum weight loss rate in
the first and second stages, respectively, and the aforementioned kinetic
analysis wasconsistent with the thermogravimetric conclusion
FIGURE 3. Comparison of thermokinetic parameters of different
nicotine salts in the main thermal decomposition stages.
Further calculation and comparison of the thermodynamic
parameters of each
nicotine salt sample at the main decomposition stages show that
the enthalpy changes (ΔH) of the nicotine salts were all positive
and increased with the increase in the system temperature,
indicating that the nicotine salt pyrolysis is a heat- absorbing
reaction. Nicotine salts’ enthalpy changes varied between 18.21
and 63.14 kJ mol-1 in region Ⅰand 45.16 and 69.82 kJ mol-1 in
region Ⅱ. The difference between the enthalpy change and
activation energy of nicotine citrate was the smallest, indicating
that it was more conducive to the formation of activation
complexes. The enthalpy change was proportional to the
activation energy E), and the difference was less than 5 kJ mol -1.
The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is a measure of the increase in total
energy of the reaction system that occurs during the formation
of the activation complex (Sriram and Swaminathan, 2018). The
higher the entropy change (ΔS), the faster the formation of an
activation complex and the further away the reaction system is
from thermodynamic equilibrium. According to Supplementary
Table S4, nicotinelactate has the best thermal stability and the
highest ΔG of 85.65 kJ mol -1, suggesting that it requires the most
energy to pyrolyze. In conclusion, it canbe demonstrated that the
thermal degradation of nicotine salts is not aspontaneous reaction
of heat absorption.
 4 Conclusion
In this work, our results showed thatmain pyrolysis products of
nicotinesalts are nicotine, acid anhydrides,
carboxylic acids, N-heterocycles, and other compounds, and more than
90%of the nicotine of citrate, tartrate, and malate was transferred to
smoke. Thesepyrolysis products of nicotine salts could be the source of
air pollutants that were released into the ambient airenvironment. These
transferred andconverted products of nicotine under the heating condition
could provide newindicators for monitoring the air pollutants in e-
cigarettes. Moreover, thekinetic models and thermodynamic parameters
of nicotine salts showed that there were significant differences in the
thermogravimetric characteristicparameters. Our data also indicatedthat
the pyrolysis of the nicotine salts isa non-spontaneous heat absorption
process
.
CHAPTER-6

FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND

CONCLUSION
Environmental pollution is increasing gradually and causing a serious
impact on living organisms including humans. It can be reduced by
microorganisms or plants that have biosynthetic pathways for the
degradation or accumulation of environmental pollutants from soil
and water. Lack of genetic components in natural microorganisms or
plants lessens their ability to degrade or accumulate pollutants and
hence is currently released at high rates. Recent advances in
CRISPR- Cas9 technology have been used to editthe genome of
microorganisms or plants in order to improve the degradation and
accumulation efficiency to a higher rate for controlling
environmental pollutants. We discuss recent developments in
CRISPR-Cas9 based microorganisms and plant genome editing for
bioremediation of environmental pollution in order to clean our
environment for healthy animal life on earth.
Conclusion

Environmental pollution is a significant environmental problem

affecting organisms, and the responses of biomarkers can assess the
consequences. Biomonitoring is a crucial tool for insight into
emerging environmental concerns. The degree ofcontracting of
biomarkers complies with assessing the environmental quality by
physiological, biochemical, genetic, and genotoxic responses.
Identification of biomarkers and quest
to develop and promote biomarkers to assess specific
environmental pollutionis considered an emerging research area.
Further, the usage of biomarkers at the field level and its
integrated with the environmental conditions will help to assess
environmental impact causedby pollution. Therefore, a
significant amount and specific biomarker in the field condition
help to demonstrate the stress. Specific to air pollution, a
comprehensive analysis prescribed, thus integrating the
physicochemicalapproach with biological analysis, provides an
insight into the biomonitoring. Environmental pollution is the
unfavorable alteration of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a
byproduct of man’s actions, through direct or indirect effects of
the changesin the energy pattern, radiation levels, and chemical
and physical constitution and abundance of organisms.
Environmental pollution is a global
problem and is common to both developed as well as
developing countries, which attracts the attentionof human
beings for its severe long- term consequences. The decline in
environmental quality as a consequence of pollution is
evidencedby loss of vegetation, biological
diversity, excessive amounts of harmfulchemicals in the
ambient atmosphere and in food grains, and growing risks
of environmental accidents and threatsto life support systems.
Pollution is viewed from different angles by different people but
is commonly agreed to be the outcome of urban- industrial and
technological revolution and rapacious and speedy exploitation
of natural resources, increased rate of exchange of matter and
energy, and ever-increasing industrial wastes, urban effluents,
and consumer
goods. Holdgate (1979) defined
environmental pollution as the introduction by man, into the
environment, of substances or energyliable to cause
interference with legitimate uses of environment. Singh(1991)
has defined pollution in a very simple manner, i.e.,
“Disequilibriumcondition from equilibrium condition in
any system.” This definition may be applied to all types of
pollution ranging from physical to economic, political, social, and
religious. Over the past couple of decades, various sources of
pollution were identified that altered thecomposition of water, air,
and soil of theenvironment. The substances that cause pollution
are known as pollutants.A pollutant can be any chemical (toxic
metal, radionuclides, organophosphoru s compounds, gases) or
geochemical substance (dust, sediment), biological organism or
product, or physical substance (heat, radiation, sound wave)that is
released intentionally or inadvertently by man into the
environment with actual or potential adverse, harmful, unpleasant,
or inconvenient effects. Such undesirable effects may be direct
(affecting man) or indirect, being mediated via resource
organisms or climate change.
Depending on the nature of pollutants and also subsequent
pollution of environmental components, the pollution may
be categorized as follows:
1.Air Pollution

2.Water Pollution

3. Soil/Land Pollution

4. Noise Pollution

5.Radioactive Pollution

Thermal Pollution
Among these types of pollution, air pollution is the main
type threateningthe environment, humans, plants, animals,
and all living organisms.

RECOMMENDATIONS
To enhance the productivity and effectiveness of EPA's research
efforts, the committee makes recommendationsin three areas: a
general approach to research, core research themes, andproblem-
driven research themes.

Approach to Research
EPA should establish a balance between problem-driven and core
research. Although there is currently an emphasis on problem-
driven research projects in EPA, the core component of EPA's
research program should bedeveloped to be approximately equal
in magnitude.

EPA should develop an internal mechanism for continually

identifying emerging issues and then applying a risk
assessment evaluation to these issues to determine the highest
priorities and areas of greatest uncertainty. One important
method foridentifying emerging issues is to review
and synthesize new findings from the core research program.
EPA research personnel should be fully engaged in the issue
identification and research planning process.

EPA should cooperate closely with agencies, organizations,

municipalities, universities, and industries involved in
environmental research. In addition toproviding research
support,mechanisms for cooperation mightinclude participation
of EPA management in interagency
coordination efforts, participation of staff in scientific meetings
and conferences, and incentives and rewards for individuals
who seek out and work with their counterparts in other
organizations. Collaboration should be maintained in research
endeavors, environmental monitoring, data archiving, and
environmental policy formulation and evaluation. EPA should
continue to act as a coordinator in bringing various
environmental researchers together to exchange information
and ideas, possibly in the form of interdisciplinary workshops
on particular environmental topics. This would also help in
''scanning the horizon" to identify new environmental trends
and emerging problems. Through these meetings, EPA can
discuss the relative risks as well as solutions and policies and
can determine which areas require more research.

EPA should compile, publish, and disseminate an annual

summary of all research being conducted or funded by the agency
in order to facilitate bothbetter cooperation with others and
better internal planning. The report should be organized into
broad strategic categories, with sub- categories describing
program areas. Publications and other output should belisted and
made available upon request.
BIBLIOGRAPHY