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    Microprocessor and Applications

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    Nabaraj Khatiwada
    The document discusses the history and applications of microprocessors. It describes how early microprocessors from the 1970s were 4-bit and 8-bit and used in calculators and other embedded systems. Later microprocessors became 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit, offering faster speeds and more capabilities. Microprocessors are now used in a wide range of applications from computers and industrial controllers to games and communication systems. The document also provides a basic overview of the components of a microcomputer system including the central processing unit, memory, input/output, and buses that connect these components.

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    Microprocessor and Applications

    Uploaded by

    Nabaraj Khatiwada
    47 views4 pages
    The document discusses the history and applications of microprocessors. It describes how early microprocessors from the 1970s were 4-bit and 8-bit and used in calculators and other embedded systems. Later microprocessors became 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit, offering faster speeds and more capabilities. Microprocessors are now used in a wide range of applications from computers and industrial controllers to games and communication systems. The document also provides a basic overview of the components of a microcomputer system including the central processing unit, memory, input/output, and buses that connect these components.

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    The document discusses the history and applications of microprocessors. It describes how early microprocessors from the 1970s were 4-bit and 8-bit and used in calculators and other embedded systems. Later microprocessors became 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit, offering faster speeds and more capabilities. Microprocessors are now used in a wide range of applications from computers and industrial controllers to games and communication systems. The document also provides a basic overview of the components of a microcomputer system including the central processing unit, memory, input/output, and buses that connect these components.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    47 views4 pages

    Microprocessor and Applications

    Uploaded by

    Nabaraj Khatiwada
    The document discusses the history and applications of microprocessors. It describes how early microprocessors from the 1970s were 4-bit and 8-bit and used in calculators and other embedded systems. Later microprocessors became 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit, offering faster speeds and more capabilities. Microprocessors are now used in a wide range of applications from computers and industrial controllers to games and communication systems. The document also provides a basic overview of the components of a microcomputer system including the central processing unit, memory, input/output, and buses that connect these components.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    MICROPROCESSOR AND APPLICATIONS

    Microprocessor: A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip). The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4- and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds of automation etc, followed rather quickly. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing also led to the first general purpose microcomputers in the mid-1970s. Evolution of Microprocessor: The 4004 is the first microprocessor the word size is 4- bit, which was introduced in 1971 by Intel Corporation. The microprocessors introduced between 1971 and 1973 were the first-generation systems. It has P-type MOS technology, this is the low cost technology and slow speed. In 1973, the second-generation microprocessors, Motorola 6800 and 6809, Intel 8085, and Zilog Z80 were evolved. This processor was fabricated using the N-type MOS technology. Which offered faster speed and higher density than PMOS. Intel 8085A was fabricated using HMOS technology. Thus, Intel offers a highspeed version of the 8085A called the 8085AH. The price of the 8085AH is higher than that of the 8085A After 1978, the third-generation microprocessors were introduced. The processors were Intel 8086/80186/80286 and the Motorola 68000/68010. These processors were 16 bits wide. Which were designed using the Highdensity MOS technology. HMOS provides the following advantages over NMOS: Speed-Power-Product (SPP) of HMOS is 4 times better than that of NMOS. That is, NMOS = 4 Pico joules (PJ) HMOS = 1 Pico joules (PJ) In 1980, the fourth-generation microprocessors evolved. Intel introduced 32-bit microprocessors 80386/80486, and the Motorola has introduced 68020/68030/68040 processors. These processors are fabricated using the lowpower version of the HMOS technology called HCMOS, and they include an on-chip RAM called the cache memory to speed up program execution. Intel 80960 and Motorola 88100 are RISC microprocessors. The trend in microprocessors is not toward introduction of 64-bit microprocessors. Classification Of Microprocessor: The microprocessor is identified with the word size of data. For E.g. The ALU can perform a 4-bit data operation at a time these microprocessor is called as 4-bit microprocessor. 4-Bit Processors INTEL 4004 8-Bit Processors 8008 8080/ 8085 MOTOROLA 6800 (M6800) 16-Bit Processors 8086 8088 Zilog Z800 80186 80286

    32-Bit Processors Intel 80386 80387 80486 PENTIUM PENTIUM PRO Advantages Of Microprocessor:

    Computational/Processing speed is high. Intelligence has been brought to systems. Automation of industrial process and office automation.
    Flexible. Compact in size. Maintenance is easier.

    Applications of Microprocessors:

    Calculators. Accounting system. Games machine. Complex Industrial Controllers. Traffic light Control. Data acquisition systems. Multi user, multi-function environments. Military applications.
    Communication systems. Introduction to Micro Computer:

    Fig1.0: Block Diagram of Microcomputer The figure 1.0 shows the basic block diagram of microcomputer.

    A Microcomputer has three units: 1. A Central Processing Unit, 2. A Memory Unit, 3. Input/Output unit. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU of the microcomputer is called the microprocessor. The CPU performs arithmetic and logic operations, which is made of LSI technology. Memory Unit: The Memory Unit stores both data and instructions. The memory section typically contains ROM and RAMS chips. The ROM can only be read and is nonvolatile. Which retains its contents when the power is turned off? Input Output (I/O) Unit: An I/O unit transfers data between the microcomputer and the external devices. The transfer involves data, status, and control signals. The Microcomputer Bus: The microcomputer contains three buses 1. Address 2. Data 3 .Control The buses are connecting the microprocessor (CPU) to each of the RAM, ROM, and I/O. Through the buses information transfer takes place between the CPU and the I/O devices. In the microcomputer can perform the data read and write operations with the memory. When the memory is receiving data from microcomputer, it is called a WRITE operation, and data is stored into a selected memory location. When the memory is sending data to microcomputer element is called a READ operation.. Address Bus: The address bus is unidirectional bus. In this bus, information transfer takes place in only one direction, from the microprocessor to the I/O devices. Therefore, the 8-bit microprocessor has 16 bits address bus. The CPU can generate 216 = 65,536 different addresses on this bus. If the microprocessor wants to transfer information between itself and a certain memory location or I/O device, it generates the 16-bit address, which then appears on the address bus. These 16 address bits are decoded to determine the desired memory location or I/O device. Data Bus: This bus is a bi-directional bus. In this bus, data can flow in both directions, to or from the microprocessor. Where the lower 8 bits of the address are multiplexed on the data bus. Control Bus: This bus consists of a number of signals that are used to synchronize the operation of the individual microcomputer elements. The microprocessor sends some of these control signals to the other elements to indicate the type of operation being performed. Clock Signals:

    Fig 1.2 clock signal Figure 1.2 shown the clock signal, these signals are generated by the microprocessor. The clock signals frequency can vary from one microprocessor to another. Some processors have the internal clock generator circuit to generate a clock signal. These microprocessors require an external crystal or an RC network. A crystal or an RC network connected to the appropriate microprocessor pins sets the operating frequency for the clock signals, which are generated on the microprocessor chip. Some microprocessors, such as the Intel 8086 and the Motorola 68000, require an external circuit to generate the clock signals.

    Microprocessors 8085, 8086, 68000 operate from a single clock signal. Earlier microprocessors 8080, 6800, 6502 used a two-phase clock system with no overlapping pulses. Note that there are microprocessor clocks that are used for operations within the microprocessor and that there are memory clocks used to time the busy / idle states for memory.

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