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    CH 3 8

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    Sifatullah Hamidi
    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotes, including the four kingdoms - protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It focuses on protists, fungi, and plants. Protists are mostly unicellular but some are multicellular, living in water and soil, with both autotrophic and heterotrophic members. Fungi include mushrooms and molds, absorbing nutrients from their environment. Plants are divided into nonvascular seedless, vascular seedless, and vascular plants. Vascular plants reproduce via flowers and seeds. The document compares differences between vascular and nonvascular plants, and outlines seed structure and the groups of vascular seeded plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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    CH 3 8

    Uploaded by

    Sifatullah Hamidi
    12 views17 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotes, including the four kingdoms - protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It focuses on protists, fungi, and plants. Protists are mostly unicellular but some are multicellular, living in water and soil, with both autotrophic and heterotrophic members. Fungi include mushrooms and molds, absorbing nutrients from their environment. Plants are divided into nonvascular seedless, vascular seedless, and vascular plants. Vascular plants reproduce via flowers and seeds. The document compares differences between vascular and nonvascular plants, and outlines seed structure and the groups of vascular seeded plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotes, including the four kingdoms - protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It focuses on protists, fungi, and plants. Protists are mostly unicellular but some are multicellular, living in water and soil, with both autotrophic and heterotrophic members. Fungi include mushrooms and molds, absorbing nutrients from their environment. Plants are divided into nonvascular seedless, vascular seedless, and vascular plants. Vascular plants reproduce via flowers and seeds. The document compares differences between vascular and nonvascular plants, and outlines seed structure and the groups of vascular seeded plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views17 pages

    CH 3 8

    Uploaded by

    Sifatullah Hamidi
    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotes, including the four kingdoms - protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It focuses on protists, fungi, and plants. Protists are mostly unicellular but some are multicellular, living in water and soil, with both autotrophic and heterotrophic members. Fungi include mushrooms and molds, absorbing nutrients from their environment. Plants are divided into nonvascular seedless, vascular seedless, and vascular plants. Vascular plants reproduce via flowers and seeds. The document compares differences between vascular and nonvascular plants, and outlines seed structure and the groups of vascular seeded plants - gymnosperms and angiosperms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Ministry of Education

    Kandahar Shah Hussain Hotak Af-


    Turk Marif School
    Department of Biology
    8th class

    Eukaryotes
    3rd part

    Teacher; Mohibullah Mohabbat


    Date; 2022,9,24
    1
    Eukaryotes
    In this Domain consists of organisms with eukaryotes cells (cell which has
    nuclear membrane around the nucleus).

    Plants & animals are also in this Domain.

    This domain has four kingdoms

    1. Protists

    2. Fungi

    3. Plants

    4. Animals

    2
    1. Protists

    • Most are unicellular but some are simple multicellular

    • Some of them form clusters life (colonies)

    • They live in fresh water, ponds, streams, sea & soil.

    • Some of them are parasites.

    3
    )Research Methodology
    Continue ( ‫د څېړين کړنالره‬

    • Some like Euglena & algae are Autotrophs (get food as plants)

    • Some like amoeba, paramecium & mold are heterotrophs (get food as
    animals)

    • Reproduce sexually and asexually.

    • Many protists are motile by flagella like Euglena & some by cilia like
    paramecium.

    4
    2. Fungi
    Mushrooms, molds & yeast are all in the kingdom of Fungi.
    1. Cellular structure
    Fungi are eukaryotes and multicellular.
    2. Animal/plant confusion
    Fungi are similar with algae (plants)
    But also different by no really root, stem, flower.
    3. Nutrition
    They absorb the food from soil and don’t have photosynthesis.
    They are also saprophytes(decomposer) & pathogens (cause disease).
    4. Reproduction
    Sexually & asexually, also contain spores to reproduce.
    5. Habitat
    On roots of trees, inside mammal’s, moisten places. 5
    3. Plants

    Plants are multicellular with chloroplast, which produce organic material


    via photosynthesis and cell wall made of cellulose around cell membrane.
    Cell wall storage polysaccharides (starch).
    Plants are three groups;
    1. Nonvascular seedless
    2. Vascular seedless
    3. Vascular plants

    6
    1. Nonvascular seedless plants

    Bryophytes which live in terrestrial deserts. Stems and roots are not fully
    developed for water taking, they survive in very humid environment.
    They have root like Rhizoid for water taking, a leaf & stem.
    They live in humid environment, tree bark, waterfronts, on soil, rocks.
    Reproduce sexually & asexually.

    7
    2. Vascular seedless
    Ferns which have vascular bundles and simple root, leave & stem are in this
    group.
    They live in humid and temperate places.
    Subsoil stems are Rhizome.
    Reproduction is sexually and asexually with spore.
    They are 300 million years old and have role in formation of coal.

    8
    3. Vascular plants

    These plants reproduce flower & seed, also contain real roots, leaves and
    stems. Reproduction is sexually and asexually.
    After fertilization start to form a structure with embryo & food.
    Ovule form seed, seed develops and matures in ovarium with the fruit.

    9
    10
    Differences btw Vascular & Nonvascular plants

    Vascular plants Nonvascular plants


    Have vascular tissues (xylem & No vascular tissues
    phloem)
    Capable of regulation water Lack mechanism against
    concentration dessication
    True leaves, stems, roots No true leaves, root and stems
    More diverse Less diverse
    Inhabit diverse habitat Habitats are damp, swampy
    places
    Ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

    11
    Structure of a seed

    All seeds contain three major parts;

    1. Seed coat
    Surrounds and protect the seed from outside impacts, also swells with
    water and than explode during germination.

    2. Embryo
    It is formed by the division and multiplication of zygote.
    Embryo has root, stem and prophyll.

    3. Endosperm
    A food storage connected to embryo and supplies food for embryo.
    Some like bean & chickpea don’t have it, but get food from cotyledon. 12
    13
    Groups of vascular seeded plants

    There is two kinds of seeded plants; Angiosperm & Gymnosperm.

    1. Gymnosperm
    These plants are with naked seed, which can not produce fruit & real ovule.
    Some are in the form of trees, some are bushy & some like small trees.
    Flowers are gonochoristic (male cone separate from female cone).
    Seed produced when pollination & fertilization develops on female flake
    cone.

    14
    2. Angiosperm

    The largest group in plants & More developed than gymnosperms, usually
    in the form of grassy, woody, bushy. The ovarium has ovula & ovariums,
    which developed into fruit.
    A flower contains stalk, sepals, petal, pistil & stamens.

    15
    Groups of Angiosperm

    There is two kinds of Angiosperms; Monocotyledon & Dicotyledons

    16
    Thanks from your attention!

    Ask the Questions?

    17

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