Handout Foundation of Special Education
Handout Foundation of Special Education
Handout Foundation of Special Education
Accommodation: giving minimal assistance to the LSEN, but using the same task as
everyone else
Modification: changing some parts of the task to help the LSEN
Individualization: completely changing the task according to the ability of the LSEN
→ The first SPED school in the Philippines was established in 1908 at Harrison, Pasay City
which originally caters to people with deafness.
RA 9442: an act amending RA 7277 by adding more privileges to PWD such as discounts
RA 5250: an act promoting a ten-year training program for SPED teachers in the Philippines
and authorizing the appropriation of funds thereof
Types of Disabilities:
1. Intellectual Disability: characterised by someone having an IQ below 70 (the median IQ
is 100), as well as significant difficulty with daily living such as self-care, safety,
communication, and socialisation.
• Fragile X Syndrome: is the most common known cause of an inherited intellectual
disability worldwide. It is a genetic condition caused by a mutation (a change in the
DNA structure) in the X chromosome.
• Down Syndrome: is not a disease or illness, it is a genetic disorder which occurs
when someone is born with a full, or partial, extra copy of chromosome 21 in their
DNA.
• Developmental Delay: when a child develops at a slower rate compared to other
children of the same age
• Prader-Willi Syndrome: is a rare genetic disorder which affects around 1 in 10,000 –
20,000 people. This disability is quite complex and it’s caused by an abnormality in
the genes of chromosome 15.
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: refers to a number of conditions that are caused
when an unborn foetus is exposed to alcohol.
2. Physical Disabilities
• Cerebral Palsy: is a physical disability resulting from injury to the developing brain
during pregnancy, birth, or shortly after birth
• Stroke: is a physical disability resulting from bleeding in the brain or interruption of
the central nervous system's blood supply
• Spina Bifida: is a type of physical disability, which occurs during pregnancy where
there is incomplete closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord, leaving the
spinal nerves exposed
• Arthritis: is a physical disability that causes inflammation and pain in joints, bones,
and muscles
• Spinal Cord Injury: result from a lack of sufficient blood and oxygen supply to the
spinal cord
• Epilepsy: is a neurological condition where an individual tends to have recurring
unprovoked seizures
• Muscular Dystrophy: occurs when the muscles responsible for controlling movement
become weak
3. Learning Disabilities
• Dyslexia: a disorder that impacts reading, writing, and comprehension
• Dysgraphia: have trouble converting their thoughts into writing or drawing
• Dyscalculia: disabilities related to mathematical calculations
• Dyspraxia: is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination
• Auditory Processing Disorder: difficulty processing sounds
• Language Processing Disorder: arises when an individual has specific challenges in
processing spoken language, impacting both receptive and expressive language
• Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: refers to difficulties in decoding nonverbal behaviors
or social cues
• Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit: exhibits poor hand-eye coordination, often
lose their places when reading, and have difficulty with pencils, crayons, glue,
scissors, and other fine motor activities
4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): is a mental disorder that affects the
brain’s regulation of behavior. The symptoms of ADHD include difficulty paying attention,
hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
6. Sensory Disabilities
• Blindness and Low Vision: is defined by permanent vision loss, which cannot be
corrected using glasses and affects daily functioning
• Hearing Loss and Deafness: is the loss of the hearing sensory
• Deaf-Blindness: is a type of sensory disability is characterized by loss of both hearing
and seeing
• Sensory Processing Disorder: is a disability where an individual has difficulties
receiving and responding to information coming in via senses
7. Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa: people with anorexia generally view themselves as overweight,
even if they’re dangerously underweight
• Bulimia Nervosa: people with bulimia frequently eat unusually large amounts of food
in a specific period of time
• Binge Eating Disorder: people who typically eat unusually large amounts of food in
relatively short periods of time and feel a lack of control during binges
• Pica: involves eating things that are not considered food
• Rumination Disorder: describes a condition in which a person regurgitates food they
have previously chewed and swallowed, re-chews it, and then either re-swallows it or
spits it out
• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake: individuals with this disorder experience disturbed
eating either due to a lack of interest in eating or distaste for certain smells, tastes,
colors, textures, or temperature
• Purging Disorder: individuals with purging disorder often use purging behaviors, such
as vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, or excessive exercising, to control their weight or
shape. However, they do not binge
• Night Eating Syndrome: individuals with this syndrome frequently eat excessively,
often after awakening from sleep
Aptitudes
• Intellectual Quotient (IQ): our ability to comprehend, solve problems, think and
express our thoughts
• Emotional Quotient (EQ): our ability to deal with our emotions and with others’ as
well
• Adversity Quotient (AQ): our ability to face problems and pass through them without
losing ourselves
• Social Quotient (SQ): our ability to build, handle and maintain relationships
𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑔𝑒
( ) x 100
𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑔𝑒