Arc 461 Lecture 7

ARC 461
BUILDING SERVICES II
LECTURE 7
SANITARY SYSTEMS
SANITATION SYSTEMS
Sanitary systems are a combination of different functional units that together allow managing
and reusing or disposing the different waste flows from households, institutions, agriculture
or industries in order to protect people and the environment. The main objective of a
sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean
environment and breaking the cycle of disease. This involves collection, transport,
treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and
associated hygiene promotion.
TYPES OF SANITATION
Community-led total sanitation.
Dry Sanitation.
Ecological sanitation.
Emergency sanitation
COMPONENTS OF SANITATION
Seven components of sanitation, namely,
(1) Handling of drinking water,

(2) Disposal of human excreta,
(3) Disposal of waste water,
(4) Disposal of garbage and cattle dung,
(5) Home sanitation
(6) Food hygiene, personal hygiene, and
(7) Village sanitation.
TYPES OF SANITARY
(1) WC,
(2) urinal,
(3) bath,
(4) shower,
(5) washbasin,
(6) sink,
(7) bidet and
(8) drinking fountain.
It also includes appliances that are not connected to a water supply (e.g. composting toilet) or
drain (e.g. waterless urinal). They collect and remove waste matter. To properly clean any of
these appliances, use warm water and soap. To disinfect an area, you can use a diluted
household bleach solution, an alcohol-based solution with at least 70% alcohol, household
cleaners, or you can create your own bleach solution.
SEWAGE
Sewage means harmful materials that are collected and disposed properly to avoid health
problems. Example faeces and urine. In order to avoid health problems, the following
methods are used in disposing of sewage:
 The bucket latrine method.

 The pit latrine method.
 The water system.
 The septic tank and soak-away system.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Sewage disposal is the process of removing and destroying or converting the noxious
substances of sewage especially by ammonification and nitrification through bacterial action.
The treatment of sewage is part of the field of sanitation. Sanitation also includes the
management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management.
The term "sewage treatment plant" is often used interchangeably with the term "wastewater
treatment plant"
WASTE DISPOSAL
Methods of Waste Disposal include:
 Landfill. In this process, the waste that cannot be reused or recycled are separated out and
spread as a thin layer in low-lying areas across a city
 Incineration
 Waste Compaction
 Biogas Generation
 Recycle – the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.
 Reuse - is to make use of a material more than once, or for a subsequent time. Instead of
throwing something away after using it once, ask yourself if there's any way you can reuse it.
 Composting – a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure, used as a fertilizer.
WASTE DISPOSAL
SEWAGE AND WASTE DISPOSAL
Sewage and waste disposal is the disposal of waste matter such as faeces or dirty water
from homes and factories. It is carried away in sewers or drains for dumping or conversion
into a form that is not toxic.
(B) DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as 'drainage' and the network of
such channels is called a 'drainage system'. The drainage pattern of an area is the outcome of
the geological time period, nature and structure of rocks, topography, slope, amount of water
flowing and the periodicity of the flow.
Drainage can be either natural or artificial. Many areas have some natural drainage. That
is, excess water flows from the farmers' fields to swamps or to lakes and rivers. Natural
drainage, however, is often inadequate and artificial or man-made drainage is required. There
are numerous desalinization processes including ion exchange, distillation, electrodialysis
and reverse osmosis. Of these processes, reverse osmosis is considered to be the most
promising for the treatment of agricultural drainage water mainly due to its comparatively
low cost.
SEWAGE SYSTEM
Sewerage (or sewage system) is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff
(stormwater, meltwater, rainwater) using sewers or drains. It encompasses components
such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and screening
chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
In a developing country like Nigeria with old cities and communities, wastewater or sewage
generated are often discharged into pit latrines in rural areas while they are discharged
into septic tanks, soak ways and cesspools in towns and cities. UPVC pipes, which have a
high intensity and working pressure, are used as wastewater pipes for drainage. They are
environmentally friendly, chemical resistant, and long-lasting
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Majorly, four methods of sewage water treatment are followed – physical, biological,
chemical, and sludge water treatment. By following these methods, the wastewater is
disinfected from all the sewage materials and converted into treated water that is safe for both
human usage and the environment
The stages of sewage treatment include
pre-treatment,
Primary sewage water treatment entails filtration and sedimentation of solid waste inside
the water.
Secondary sewage water treatment includes biofiltration, oxidation, and aeration.
Tertiary sewage water treatment involves the removal of inorganic chemicals such as
nitrogen and phosphorus. This last stage usually involves the use of UV light to ensure all
bacteria and/or viruses are removed.

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ARC 461

Community-led total sanitation.

Seven components of sanitation, namely,

(1) Handling of drinking water,

 The bucket latrine method.

(B) DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT

The stages of sewage treatment include

Secondary sewage water treatment includes biofiltration, oxidation, and aeration.

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