P - Exercise No. 1

JOHN MARCO M.
SERRANO
BSCE – 2B
GEOLOGY FOR ENGINEER’S

Exercise No. 1
Read carefully and answer correctly the following questions. Write the answer in white clean paper.
1. How does permeability and porosity relate to each other.
Both porosity and permeability are crucial characteristics of materials, especially in the
context of fluid movement. While permeability describes how easily fluids can pass through a
material, porosity describes how much void or empty space there is within a material.
Porosity and permeability generally have a positive connection, which means that
materials with larger porosity are often more permeable to fluid movement. This is due to the
fact that a material with a larger porosity has more connected void spaces within it, which
makes it easier for fluid to pass through it.
The size, shape, and nature of the void areas as well as the fluid itself can all have an
impact on permeability. This is vital to keep in mind. A few materials may also have high
porosity but poor permeability due to obstructions or a lack of communication between the void
spaces, for example. Porosity and permeability are therefore related, but they are not always
inversely proportional to one another.
2. Discuss the vertical distribution of ground water.
Water that is found underground in the minuscule pores of soil, rock, and sediment is
known as groundwater. How groundwater is spread vertically with regard to depth under the
surface of the Earth is referred to as the vertical distribution of groundwater.
Several variables, such as topography, geology, and climate, can have a significant
impact on the vertical distribution of groundwater. In general, less permeable layers of rock or
silt act as barriers between layers or aquifers when groundwater is present.
It is possible for the water table to be relatively close to the surface and for the
groundwater to be shallow and easily accessible in some places, such as flat, low-lying coastal
plains or river valleys. The water table may be significantly deeper and the groundwater may be
harder to reach in some areas, such as those that are mountainous or have extensive rock
formations.
Additionally, the chemistry and quality of groundwater can differ significantly depending
on its depth. The appropriateness of deeper groundwater for drinking or other uses may be
impacted by increasing concentrations of dissolved minerals or other contaminants.
In general, maintaining and safeguarding this vital natural resource depends on an
understanding of the vertical distribution of groundwater. It can assist detect potential sources
of contamination or other hazards to the quality of groundwater and can provide information
about where to place wells or other groundwater extraction systems.
3. What are the engineering considerations in site with moving sand dunes? Discuss it briefly.
There are a number of technical considerations that must be made when designing
buildings or infrastructure in a region with shifting sand dunes. These factors include, among
others:
a. Stability of foundations: Sand dunes that are shifting can cause the earth to move, which
can make foundations unstable. It's crucial to make sure that any structure's
foundations are sturdy enough to withstand shifting sand.
b. Wind loads: In places with shifting sand dunes, wind loads can be high. Structures must
be designed to handle these loads, which may necessitate unique factors like wind-
resistant characteristics.
c. Soil erosion: Sand dunes' movement can result in soil erosion, which can bring about soil
instability. It's crucial to take action to stop soil erosion, such growing vegetation or
erecting retaining walls.
d. Access and transportation: Building or constructing infrastructure near sand dunes that
are in motion can have a big influence on the ecosystem. Any construction project
should be evaluated for its potential impact on the environment, and any adverse
effects should be mitigated.
Overall, careful consideration of a range of elements, from stability and wind loads to access
and environmental impact, is required when engineering in a region with rolling sand dunes.
Engineers may create structures that are safe, useful, and sustainable in these difficult
conditions by taking these considerations into consideration.

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JOHN MARCO M.

GEOLOGY FOR ENGINEER’S

2. Discuss the vertical distribution of ground water.

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