Ab English 205

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Beverly Escoto
Professor Johnson Shipman
English 205
19 April 2023
Annotated Bibliography: The Causes of Depression

Gale. “Depression | Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology - Credo Reference.”
Search.credoreference.com,search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegp/depression/
0. Accessed 23 Apr. 2023.
The article entitled “Depression” delves into the different nature of this condition. Depression is
described as an emotional state marked by feelings of lethargy, hopelessness, and sadness among
other symptoms (Gale). The article notes that the term “depression” can denote a syndrome, a
symptom, or mood. It notes that the rates of major depression for American adults escalated from
3.33% to 7.06% between 1991 and 2002. Furthermore, the article delves into the global
prevalence of depression, with at least 5% of the world’s population affected. It notes that
depression can arise from an interplay of physical, environmental, and psychological factors.
Research is cited indicating that some individuals are genetically predisposed to depression. The
article scrutinizes the association between depression and modifications in brain chemistry, such
as disturbances in the balance and operation of neurotransmitters. It delves into an array of life
events that can trigger depression, encompassing physical illness and developmental traumas.
The article delves into diverse theories of depression, including learned helplessness and
cognitive theories. This article provides a comprehensive examination of depression, delving into
its origins and diverse expressions. It accentuates the standards for clinical depression as
delineated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and explores
the intricacies of major depression, including the risk of suicide.

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Paykel, Eugene S. “Basic Concepts of Depression.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 10,
no. 3, Apr. 2022, pp. 279–89, https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2008.10.3/espaykel.
In this intriguing article, Eugene S. Paykel delves into the history and categorization of
depression, providing a comprehensive overview of its fundamental concepts. Paykel
commences by retracing the progression of the concept of melancholia and its transformation
over time to encompass all forms of subdued insanity. He then explores the inception of defined
standards in official diagnostic schemes and the contemporary segregation of depression into
bipolar and unipolar disorder. Paykel proceeds to scrutinize the distinctions between neurotic and
psychotic depression, as well as between reactive and endogenous depression, accentuating the
various elements that can contribute to the onset and severity of depressive symptoms. His
analysis offers a detailed understanding of the complexity of depression, going beyond simple
classifications to examine the shades of this mental health condition. In the article, Paykel draws
from a clinical experience and a wealth of research to provide insights into the latest
advancements in depression research. By giving an informative overview of the fundamental
concepts of depression, Paykel’s article serves as a valuable resource for anyone looking to
deepen their knowledge of this intricate and often misunderstood mental health issue.
Simon, Rachel. "I Didn't Know I Had Depression Until it Hit Me for the Second Time." Gale
Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, part of Cengage Group, 2020.
Rachel Simon, a writer for Teen Vogue, reflects on her journey with depression from her college
years to adulthood. She vividly recalls her initial encounter with the illness, during which she
was in a state of denial and attributed her discontent to being at the wrong university. Continuing
to suffer from depression as an adult, the author describes her symptoms and compares the
circumstances to those of her first experience with depression. Simon resolves to address her
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feelings but worries that she does not have the tools to overcome the problem. The author
reflects on how she denied being depressed during her college years, choosing to focus on
surface-level issues instead of addressing the underlying emotional issues. She acknowledges
that moving to a new environment can help but highlights that it is different from healing. The
author is concerned that people must be willing to acknowledge that they are in need of help for
treatment to be effective.
Stern, Caryl. "Why Depression Is a Silent Killer." Parade, 28 Sept. 1997, pp. 4-5.
The author highlights the concerning increase in suicide attempts among elder Americans and
explores the reasons behind it. Several factors can contribute to suicidal thoughts in the elderly,
such as grief, feeling like a burden, or physical health issues. According to Stern, In 1995, a
study found that around 24,000 older adults aged 65 and over attempted suicide, with over 6,000
succeeding. However, up to 90% of older adults who die by suicide had clinical depression,
which is often undiagnosed in this age group due to lack of awareness or embarrassment. One
75-year-old woman described depression as feeling like being dead. The article also points out
that white men make up 80% of elderly individuals who commit suicide, with the majority using
firearms as their method. In nursing homes, some residents choose to end their lives by refusing
food or medication. Suicide leaves a lasting scar on survivors, as Senator Harry Reid from
Nevada's experience indicates. He conducted Senate hearings on elderly suicide and testified that
his father's suicide had a tremendous impact on him.

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Wiginton, Keri. “Nothing Worked for My Depression - until I Tried Meditation.” Chicago
Tribune, 26 Feb. 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-depression-
meditation-20180226-story.html. Accessed 23 Apr. 2023.
Keri Wiginton, a journalist and photographer, shares her lifelong struggle with depression and
anxiety, and how she found relief through meditation. Wiginton reveals that despite being
moderately depressed her whole life, she only sought professional help during her final year of
high school, after experiencing crying spells, paranoia, and being diagnosed with irritable bowel
syndrome. She was diagnosed with clinical depression and suggested medication but hesitated to
take it. She managed without medication in college, but anxiety worsened when she started her
career as a newspaper photojournalist, and depression set in like a virus. Efforts at positive
lifestyle changes, exercise, and socializing did not make a difference, and talk therapy was not
helpful either. Medication only eased her depressive episodes, but she found side effects
intolerable. Finally, Wiginton turned to meditation and found relief. She began with the
Headspace app and meditated every day, eventually feeling a shift in her thinking and becoming
more aware of her thoughts. Through meditation, Wiginton gained more control over her
negative thought loops and found a sense of peace. Wiginton's personal story emphasizes the
growing body of research that supports the use of mindfulness techniques for preventing
depression relapse.

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Escoto 1

Professor Johnson Shipman

Annotated Bibliography: The Causes of Depression

0. Accessed 23 Apr. 2023.

the intricacies of major depression, including the risk of suicide.

no. 3, Apr. 2022, pp. 279–89, https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2008.10.3/espaykel.

depression, providing a comprehensive overview of its fundamental concepts. Paykel

advancements in depression research. By giving an informative overview of the fundamental

Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, part of Cengage Group, 2020.

his father's suicide had a tremendous impact on him.

Tribune, 26 Feb. 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-depression-

meditation-20180226-story.html. Accessed 23 Apr. 2023.

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