BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: A STUDY OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS

AVAILABLE LOCALLY

NAME:
CLASS: XI
SECTION: B
ROLL NUMBER:
 NASTURTIUM (Tropaeolum maju)
KINGDOM: Plantae
DIVISION: Anthophyta
CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Geraniales
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae
GENUS: Tropaeolum
SPECIES: Tropaeolum maju
FLORAL FORMULA:
A SHORT DESCRIPTION: The English word for Tropaeolum, nasturtium, came from the Latin words nasus
(nose) and torqueo (twist). This originated from the reaction of people when they tasted the plants peppery
bittersweet taste. The scientific name, Tropaeolum, was actually given by Carl Linnaeus, named the "father of
taxonomy." The Latin word for tropaeolum is trophy. Linnaeus settled on this description because he
believed that the trophy-like flowers and flat leaves of nasturtium reminded him of battle helmets and
shields.

The plant can be compact or trailing in form and can be somewhat climbing with support. The
brilliant yellow, orange, or red flowers are funnel-shaped and have a long spur that contains sweet nectar.
The large green leaves are nearly circular with smooth or wavy margins and are peltate, meaning that the
petiole (leaf stalk) is attached near the centre of the lower leaf surface. Each of the three segments of the
tri-lobed fruit contains a single seed.

Name also: Indian cress

Growing form: Annual herb.

Height: 20–40 cm. Stem usually twining.

Flower: Corolla irregular (zygomorphic), orange–yellow–red, 2.5–6 cm (1–2.4 in.) wide; petals 5, of
which the lowest 2 are smaller. Sepals 5, one with 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in.) long spur. Stamens 8, different
lengths. Gynoecium composed of 3 fused carpels, ovary trilocular, style solitary. Flowers solitary in
axils.

Leaves: Alternate, long-stalked, peltate. Blade round, with large-toothed or winding margins,
glabrous, juicy.

Fruit: 3-sectioned schizocarp.

Habitat: Ornamental, found in gardens and parks

Flowering time: November-February

 ROSE (Rosa chinensis)
KINGDOM: Plantae
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta
CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Rosales
FAMILY: Rosaceae
GENUS: Rosa
SPECIES: Rosa chinensis
FLORAL FORMULA:
A SHORT DESCRIPTION: A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa. There are more than
a hundred species of wild roses, which are endemic (native) only to the Northern Hemisphere. The
term is also used to refer to the flower of this shrub. Roses are members of the family Rosaceae,
which is one of the largest families of flowering plants with about 3,400 species including apples,
berries, peaches, plums, cherries, the hawthorn tree, the mountain ash, and many others.

Habitat: Perennial herb

Root: Tap root system

Stem: Woody, having prickle

Leaf: Compound, alternate

Inflorescences variable: determinate or indeterminate

Flower: Complete, actinomorphic, Calyx 5 (4-many) sepals, connate, Corolla 5 (4-many) petals,
Androecium 10-many stamens, Gynoecium covers nearly all possible variation, however apocarpy is
common in many members

Fruit: Drupe, pome, aggregate of follicles, achenes

Economic Importance
⮚ Ornamental
⮚ Used for preparing cosmetics
⮚ Used for making perfumes and synthetic flavours
⮚ Used for preparing food like jam, jelly etc.
⮚ Used for preparing drinks
⮚ Also used as medicinal virtue
 HIBISCUS (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheophyta
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Hibiscus
Species: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

FLORAL FORMULA:
A SHORT DESCRIPTION: Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The
genus is quite large comprising several hundred species that native to
warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for
their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely
known as rose mallow. Other names include hardy hibiscus, rose of sharon, and tropical hibiscus.

Habit: Perennial shrub.

Root: Tap root system.

Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, woody and branched.

Leaf: Simple, Alternate, petiolate, stipulate, serrate, glabrous, apex acuminate with multicostate
reticulate venation.
Inflorescence: Solitary cyme and axillary.

Flower: Pedicel jointed, bracteate, bracteolate, bisexual, large, showy, pentamerous,

dichlamydeous, actinomorphic, complete and hypogynous and mucilage is present in floral parts.
Epicalyx: 5 to 8 bracteoles outer to the calyx. They are green and free. 

Calyx: Sepals 5, green, gamosepalous showing valvate aestivation and odd sepal is posterior in
position.
Corolla: Petals 5, variously coloured, polypetalous but fused at the base and showing twisted
aestivation.

Androecium: Numerous stamens, monadelphous, filaments are fused to form a staminal tube
around the style. Staminal tube is red. Anthers are monothecous, reniform, yellow, transversely
attached to the filament, dehisce transversely and extrorse.
Gynoecium: Ovary superior, pentacarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary pentalocular with many ovules
per locule on axile placentation. Style simple, long, slender and passes through the staminal tube.
Stigma 5, capitate and coloured.
Fruit: Mostly abortive.
 TULSI (Ocimum tenuiflorum)
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheophyta
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Ocimum
Species: Ocimum tenuiforum
A SHORT DESCRIPTION: Ocimum tenuiflorum, commonly known as tulsi is an aromatic perennial plant
in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant
throughout the Southeast Asian tropics. Tulsi is cultivated for religious and traditional medicine purposes,
and also for its essential oil. It is widely used as a herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda, and has a place
within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees perform worship.

Habit: An erect, much branched, pungent odoured perennial herb with stems and branches sub-
quadrangular, often tinged with purple somewhat woody at the base, softly, densely hairy.

Leaves: Petiolate, aromatic, ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute at apex, annulate or

narrowed at base, shallowly and distant by serrate along margins, closely gland-dotted with long
hairs on both sides, Petiolate, pubescent.

Inflorescence: Verticillaster.

Flowers: Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes of compact whorls, floral axis as long as calyx
slender, simple, sometimes branched, at times entire, inflorescence purple.

Fruit: Nutlets 4, ellipsoid, smooth, brown matted with minute yellow and black spots, covered with
short fringe of hygroscopic mucilaginous hairs.

Significance:
● The juice of leaves possesses diaphoretic, antiperiodic, stimulating and expectorant
properties.
● It is used in catarrh and bronchitis, applied to the skin, in ringworm and other cutaneous
diseases and dropped into the ear to relieve earache.
● An infusion of the leaves is used as a stomachic in gastric disorders of children.

● A decoction of the root is given as a diaphoretic in malarial fevers.

● The seeds are mucilaginous and demulcent, and are given in disorders of genito-urinary
systems.
 STONE APPLE (Aegle marmelos)

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Sub division: Angiosperm

Class: Dicotyledons

Order: Sapindales

Family: Rutaceae

Genus: Aegle

Species: Aegle marmelos

SHORT DESCRIPTION: Aegle marmelos is a deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 13

metres (43 feet) tall with slender drooping branches and rather open, irregular crown.The bark is pale brown
or grayish, smooth or finely fissured and flaking, armed with long straight spines, 1.2–2.5 centimetres (1⁄2–1
inch) singly or in pairs, often with slimy sap oozing out from cut parts.It occurs in dry, open forests on hills
and plains at altitudes from 0–1,200 m (0–3,937 ft) with mean annual rainfall of 570–2,000 mm (22–79 in). It
has a reputation in India for being able to grow in places that other trees cannot. It copes with a wide range
of soil conditions (pH range 5–10), is tolerant of waterlogging and has an unusually wide temperature
tolerance from −7–48 °C (19–118 °F). It requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit.

HABIT: A thorny deciduous tree, with grayish - white or grayish - brown, smoothbark.

ROOT: taproot, 20-25 cm long

STEM: Woody, erect, cylindrical and branched.

FRUITING TIME: January - late May

SOIL AND CLIMATE: Good sandy loam soil, sunny situation, warm humid climate are suitable
for cultivation of this plant.

Significance:

● It is used in the manufacture of medicines

● It helps aid digestive issues

● It is good for the kidneys and cures liver issues and high blood pressure

● It is effective against respiratory issues

● Beverages made of stone apples are consumed extensively during summer and it helps
prevent heat strokes
● In Hindu mythology it is believed to symbolize the trident held in Lord Shiva’s right hand and is
used extensively for worship of God. It is said that every part of the bael tree contains
Goddess Parvati.
 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum

Species: Solanum tuberosum

SHORT DESCRIPTION: Potato, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown
for its edible tubers. The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves consisting of
leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the
leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white
or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. The potato tubers grow underground and are generally located in
the top 25 cm (10 in) of the soil. The tubers can range in color from yellow to red or purple depending on
the variety. Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown as annual plants,
surviving only one growing season. Potatoes may also be referred to as, spud, Irish potato, white potato or
Spanish potato and originates from South America.

HABIT: It is cultivated around the world, grows best in cool climates, with higher temperatures

ROOT: Potatoes produce a fibrous root system. These roots are approximately 24 cm long.

STEM: Soft green stem

PLANT HEIGHT: Plants can grow up to a height of 100cm

SOIL AND CLIMATE: It can grow in a range of soil types, but is sensitive to drought stress and
therefore can only be cultivated where there is adequate rainfall or the ability to irrigate

Significance:

● It is the third most important food crop in the world

● Cultivation is especially sustainable because the potato produces more food faster on less
land, using less water than any other important food crop.
● With zero percent fat, potatoes contain many important nutrients and are a source of vitamins
B1 and B6, potassium, copper, vitamin C, manganese, phosphorus, niacin, dietary fibre and
pantothenic acid. Potatoes are also extremely low in sodium and have a high water content.
● The potato plays an increasingly important role in guaranteeing food security for a growing
world population. The need for sustainable potato cultivation is increasing.
 BANYAN (Ficus benghalensis)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae

Genus: Ficus

Species: Ficus benghalensis.

SHORT DESCRIPTION: Banyan tree is a huge tree with very extensive branches. It is said that at one time
more than 10, 000 people can sit under its shade at one time. It is an evergreen tree. Its branches spread
out and send trunk-like roots to the ground in order to support itself. It grows to a height of more than 21
meters and lives for many years. The leaves are 10 -20 cm long and have many aerial roots. The leaves are
broad, oval and glossy. White milky fluid oozes out of leaves, if broken. It can grow into giant trees covering
several hectares.

HABIT: It is considered native to tropical Asia, from India through Myanmar, Thailand, southern
China, and Malaysia

LEAVES: The leaves of the banyan tree are large, leathery, glossy, green, and elliptical, the leaf bud
is covered by two large scales, As the leaf develops the scales abscise, Young leaves have an
attractive reddish tinge.

ROOT: Initially, the banyan tree has a tap root system. The branches of the plant get extremely hefty
as it grows. As a result, prop roots emerge from vertically downward-growing stem branches to give
additional support. When they reach the ground, they bear adventitious roots for stabilisation. Aerial
prop roots evolve into thick, woody trunks in older banyan trees, which can become
indistinguishable from the central trunk with age.

STEM: It has a heavy and broad stem which when combined with the aerial roots of the tree
becomes even more thick and broad.

PLANT HEIGHT:The banyan reaches a height up to 30 metres (100 feet) and spreads laterally
indefinitely. Aerial roots that develop from its branches descend and take root in the soil to become
new trunks that help in providing support

SOIL AND CLIMATE:

Significance:

● Banyan is an ecological linchpin, and it creates huge crops of figs that sustain numerous
species of fruit bats, birds, primates besides other creatures
● Different parts of the tree is used for the production of medicine

● In Hinduism, the leaf of the banyan tree is said to be the resting place for the God Krishna.
● At the time when India was struggling to get independence from Britain, the British killed
numerous rebels by hanging them from banyan trees, and when India became independent,
then they made the banyan the national tree of India.
 PADDY (Oryza sativa)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Mangnoliopata

Class: Liliopsida

Order: Cyperales

Family: Poaceae

Genus: Poales

Species: Oryza sativa

SHORT DESCRIPTION: It is cultivated in flooded fields in the countries of southern and eastern Asia.
Wet-rice cultivation is the most prevalent method of farming in the Far East, where it utilizes a small fraction
of the total land yet feeds the majority of the rural population. Rice was domesticated as early as 3500 BC,
and by about 2,000 years ago it was grown in almost all of the present-day cultivation areas, predominantly
deltas, floodplains and coastal plains, and some terraced valley slopes.

PLANT HEIGHT: The cultivated rice plant grows to about 1.2 meters (4 feet) in height. It is an annual grass.

ROOT: fibrous root systems, consisting of an ephemeral seminal root, nodal roots, and their lateral roots. The
seminal root originates from the embryo and lives only about 30 days through the early period of plant
growth. Nodal roots emerge from the basal internode of stems and are called nodal roots

STAMEN:

● There are 6 stamens in each rice flower.

● Each stamen is composed of an anther and a filament.
● An anther includes 4 elongated sacs where pollen grains are stored.
● The filament is a long, thin stem that holds the anther. The vascular bundles in the filament transport
nutrients and water to the anther.

CARPEL:

● The carpel consists of the female parts of the rice flower--the Stigma, the style ,and the ovary.
● The stigma receives pollen grains, which will then be transported into the ovary, where fertilization
occurs.

LODICULE: On a rainy day, or when the temperature is too low or too high ,the lodicules shrink , causing the
spikelet to close, when the floral parts mature, the lodicules will swell and open the spikelet to expose the
mature floral parts.

LEMMA AND PALEA: These are hardened, modified stems that protect the floral organs, The lemma is
relatively larger than the palea, When the spikelet is closed, the lemma partly encloses the palea, The
pointed end on top of the lemma is called an awn.

STERILE LEMMA: The sterile lemmas are much smaller in size than the lemma, and they do not bear
flowers, hence their name "sterile".
PEDICEL: A pedicel branches from every node on the secondary rachis and a flower is produced on top
of it
 MANGO (Mangifera indica)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Embryophyta

Class: Dicotyledonae

Order: Sapindales

Family: Anacardiaceae

Genus: Mangifera

Species: Mangifera indica

SHORT DESCRIPTION: Mango trees are deep-rooted, symmetrical evergreens that attain heights of 90
feet and widths of 80 feet. Mango trees have simple alternate lanceolate leaves that are 12 to 16 inches in
length and yellow-green, purple, or copper in color when young. Mature leaves are leathery, glossy, and
deep green in color. New leaves arise in terminal growth flushes that occur several times a year. Mature
terminal branches bear pyramidal flower panicles that have several hundred white flowers that are about a
1/4 inch wide when open. The fruit weighs about 1/4 pound to 3 pounds. The immature fruit has green skin
that gradually turns yellow, orange, purple, red, or combinations of these colors as the fruit matures. Mature
fruit has a characteristic fragrance and a smooth, thin, tough skin.

LEAVES: Reticulate venation, simple, alternate, borne on 1-12.5 cm long petioles. Leaves are 16-30
cm long x 3-7 cm broad on flowering branches and up to 50 cm long on sterile branches.

ROOTS: Tap root system, may extend well into the soil, which provides good support of the plant
and its survival during times of drought

INFLORESCENCE: large and terminal panicle (Racemose)

PLANT HEIGHT: A mango tree can grow fairly quickly and quite large, reaching a height of 100
feet or more with a canopy of 35 feet or more.

FLOWER: The flowers—small, pinkish, and fragrant—are borne in large terminal panicles (loose
clusters). Some have both stamens and pistils, while others have stamens only.

SOIL TYPE: does not require any particular soil, but the finer varieties yield good crops only where
there is a well-marked dry season to stimulate fruit production

COMMON DISEASES THAT INFECT THE PLANT: In rainy areas a fungal disease known as
anthracnose destroys flowers and young fruits and is difficult to control

PROPAGATION: Grafting or budding

FRUIT AND SEED: Fruit fleshy; indehiscent; a drupe; 1 seeded, seeds are non-endospermic,
cotyledons are two, embryo is curved
 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Sapindales

Family: Meliaceae

Genus: Azadirachta

Species: Azadirachta indica

SHORT DESCRIPTION : Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20 metres (49–
66ft), and rarely 35–40 m (115–131 ft). It is evergreen, shedding many of its leaves during the dry winter
months. The branches are wide and spreading. The fairly dense crown is roundish and may reach a
diameter of 20–25 m (66–82 ft). It is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in
the genus Azadirachta, and is native to the Indian subcontinent. It is typically grown in tropical and
subtropical regions, Corolla made up of 5 petals, polypetalous, imbricate.

SEED: One seeded

ROOT: Deep tap root and extensive lateral roots . Suckers can be produced following damage to the
roots.

LEAVES: Reticulate venation. 20-40 cm long,with 20 to 30 medium to dark green leaflets about 3-
8cm.

INFLORESCENCE: Panicles.

CALYX: made up of 5 sepals, gamosepalous, light green, valvate.

COROLLA: made up of 5 petals, polypetalous, imbricate.
ANDROECIUM: made up of 10, or 8 - 12 monadelphous, filaments unite to form a staminal tube
seated at the base of annular disc, anthers dithecous, introrse.
GYNOECIUM: tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular, two ovules in each locule, axile
placentation, style simple, stigma trifid.

FLOWER: Bracteate, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, complete, hypogynous, scented, deciferous.

White and fragrant flowers are arranged in more-or-less drooping axillary panicles which are up to
25 cm long.. An individual flower is 5–6 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long and 8–11 mm (5⁄16–7⁄16 in) wide.
Protandrous, bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual tree.

FRUIT: Drupe, The fruit is a smooth, olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to
nearly roundish, and when ripe is 14–28 mm by 10–15 mm . The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the
bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous.

USES: Traditional medicine,pest and disease control.

 FRENCH MARIGOLD (Tagetes patula)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophytes

Class: Angiosperms

Order: Asterales

Family: Asteraceae

Genus: Tagetes

Species: Tagetes patula

SHORT DESCRIPTION: Tagetes patula, the French marigold, is a species of flowering plant in the
family Asteraceae, native to Mexico and Guatemala with several naturalised populations in many other
countries. It is widely cultivated as an easily grown bedding plant, with thousands of different cultivars in
brilliant shades of yellow and orange.

PLANT HEIGHT: usually about 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall and 0.3 m (1.0 ft) wide.

FLOWERING SEASON: December-Early February

FRUTING: Achenes ripen and are shed within two weeks of the start of bloom.

INFORESENCE: capitulum (Racemose)

FLOWERS:

● closely packed flowers

● No stalks are present in it and flowers arise at the flattened levels

CALYX: the outermost whorl consisting of sepals, that are green and enclosed, the rest of the flower
is in the bud stage, however they can be absent or prominent and petal-like in some species

COROLLA: the whorl is towards the apex, composed of petals, which are thing, soft and coloured
to attract pollinators

USES:

● It is used to make medicines

● Research suggests that T. patula essential oil has the ability to be used as residual pesticide
against bed bugs
● The dried and ground flower petals constitute a popular spice
● Tagetes patula florets are grown and harvested annually to add to poultry feed to help give
the yolks a golden color
● The florets are used to manufacture food colouring
● The whole plant is harvested when in flower and distilled for its essential oil.
● Used to manufacture perfumes
 CORAL JASMINE (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Oleaceae

Genus: Nyctanthes

Species: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

SHORT DESCRIPTION:Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a shrub or a small tree growing to 10 m (33

ft) tall, with flaky grey bark. The tree is sometimes called the "tree of sorrow", because the flowers
lose their brightness during daytime; the scientific name arbor-tristis also means "sad tree". The
flowers can be used as a source of yellow dye for clothing.West Bengal and of Kanchanaburi
Province, Thailand. It is the state flower of West Bengal.

LEAVES: The leaves are opposite, simple, 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) long and 2–6.5 cm (0.79–2.56 in)
broad, with an entire margin.

PLANT HEIGHT: 8-12 ft

FLOWER:The flowers are fragrant, with a five- to eight-lobed white corolla with an orange-red
centre; they are produced in clusters of two to seven together, with individual flowers opening at
dusk and finishing at dawn.

FLOWERING SEASON: August to December.

SOIL TYPE: Peat soil.

COLOR: Green when young turning to brown as they mature.

USES :

● Beneficial for cold and cough.

● Treat anxiety.
● Treat high blood pressure (hypertension).
● Antidote to snake bites.
● Treat malaria and other nauseous fevers.
● Prevents dental issues
 RADISH (Raphanus sativus)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Brassicales

Family: Brassicaceae

Genus: Raphanus

Species: Raphanus sativus

SHORT DESCRIPTION: Raddishis an edible root vegetable of the family Brassicaceae that was
domesticated in Asia prior to Roman times. Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the
world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad vegetable with a pungent, slightly spicy flavor,
varying in intensity depending on its growing environment. There are numerous varieties, varying
in size, flavor, color, and length of time they take to mature. Radishes owe their sharp flavor to the
various chemical compounds produced by the plants, including glucosinolate, myrosinase, and
isothiocyanate. They are sometimes grown as companion plants and suffer from few pests and
diseases.

PLANT HEIGHT: Radish plants grow 4 to 14 inches tall, 3 to 14 inches wide, and produceROOT:
Taproot, 1-4 inches in diameter, consumed as a vegetable

STEM: The radish plant has a short hairy stem and a rosette

LEAVES: oblong shaped leaves which measure 5–30 cm (2–12 in) in length. The top leaves of the
plant are smaller and lance-like

INFLORESCENCE: Racemose

FLOWER: Ebracteate, pedicellate, mostly actinomorphic, bisexual, heterochlamydeous, dimerous

or tetramerous hypogynous

PETAL COLOUR: blue to purple, pink to red, white (most common)

CALYX: sepals 4, polysepalous, in two whorls of two imbricate aestivation

COROLLA: petals 4, arranged in single whorl alternating with sepals, polypetalous, valvate
aestivation

ANDROECIUM: Stamen 6, polyandrous, arranged in two whorls of 4 and 2, outer two are short
and inner four are long, anther bilobed, basifixed, introse

GYNOECIUM: Bicarpellary, syncarpous initially unilocular and lateral bilocular, one or more ovules
on parietal placentation, style short, stigma bifid, sometimes bilobed, ovary superior
 INDIAN BAY (Cinnamomum tamala)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Laurales

Family: Lauraceae

Genus: Cinnamomum

Species: Cinnamomum tamala

SHORT DESCRIPTION: The bay leaf is an aromatic leaf commonly used in cooking. It can be
used whole, either dried or fresh, in which case it is removed from the dish before consumption, or
less commonly used in ground form. Indian bay leaf or malabathrum differs from bay laurel
leaves, which are shorter and light- to medium-green in colour, with one large vein down the
length of the leaf. Indian bay leaves are about twice as long and wider, usually olive green in colour
and have three veins running the length of the leaf.

PLANT HEIGHT: evergreen shrub or more rarely a tree attaining a height of 15 to 20 meters

SOIL TYPE: Bay leaf grows well in fertile well-drained soils with good organic matter. They thrive
best in the soils with the pH of 6.0 to 8.0.

USES:

● Bay leaf is an herb that is commonly used in cooking.

● The leaves and oil are also used to make medicine.
● Bay leaf can be unsafe if the entire leaf is taken by mouth.
● Ingestion of large quantities of bay leaves can cause drowsiness, as this plant can slow down
the nervous system. Some people may also experience gastrointestinal symptoms, like
diarrhea or headaches.
● It can be used to complement the treatment of many health condition, like:
➔ Liver inflammation
➔ Menstrual cramps
➔ Skin infections
➔ Headaches
➔ Joint pain
➔ Rheumatism
➔ Rheumatoid arthritis
➔ Stress and anxiety
 PETUNIA (Petunia alba)
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Angiospermae

Class: Dicotyledonae

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Petunia

Species: alba
SHORT DESCRIPTION :Petunias have always been known for their vast selection
of colors and patterns, and now more than ever, the options seem almost endless.
New varieties come out every year in novel shades and patterns.These tough plants
are capable of producing loads of blooms all season long and come in a wide variety
of colors and patterns.While most petunias available nowadays are hybrids, they
used to come in roughly two general classes, grandiflora and multiflora. Grandiflora
petunias were bred for their large, showy blooms while multiflora were bred for
quantity over quality, producing numerous smaller blossoms.

ROOT : Tap root,branched.

STEM: Herbaceous,erect,hairy

LEAF: Alternate, opposite in the floral region,petiolate,simple,ovate,hairy.

INFLORESCENCE: Solitary, axillary.

FLOWER: Ebracteate,hypogynous,complete, bisexual,pentamerous, actinomorphic.

CALYX: sepals 5, gamosepalous,valvate aestivation, persistent, inferior,green,hairy.

COROLLA: Petals 5,gamopetalous,infundibuliform,valvate aestivation,white or purplish in colour.

ANDROECIUM: Stamens 5, alternipetalous, epipetalous,another, bithecous, basifixed.

GYNOECIUM: Bicarpellary,syncarpous,ovary superior, obliquely placed, bilocular with axile

plantation, swollen placenta,style long stigma bifid.