Q.1 Identify Different Modern Technologies That May Help in School Mapping
Q.1 Identify Different Modern Technologies That May Help in School Mapping
Q.1 Identify Different Modern Technologies That May Help in School Mapping
Thanks to the educational methods of the 21st century, it is easier for the
teachers to impart knowledge, as well as recognize their students’ potential. On
the other hand, the students’ learning itself is hugely facilitated through the use
of audio visual and interactive software and gadgets. This strategic synergy of
technology and teaching is what opens up new possibilities in education, and
some methods have stood out as especially noteworthy.
Distance learning
Distance education as a form of education has been used for decades, but it has
gained importance with the rapid advancement of the means of communication.
Now it is possible to attend class in real time from another end of the planet,
and
Even actively participate. The prerequisites for online education are an internet
connection and a computer or another smart device, and adequate
communication software.
Of course, in order for all this to be possible, students and teachers must have
access to tablets or computers, so that modern methods of education could be
equally available to everyone?
Cloud technology
One of the best examples of the usefulness of learning technology is the
implementation of cloud technology. Earlier use of computers in education was
limited, as the sharing of data was comparatively complicated. Nowadays,
school devices are interconnected using online software that keeps data in a
cloud. This means that all information available on the server is accessible to all
students.
Now it is much easier to solve team tasks, and share information and
multimedia using cloud services such as Office365 or Google Drive. There are
also specific educational apps that introduce children to this type of data
exchange. The additional benefit of these cloud services is the price, which is a
lot lower than that of buying specific software for each school device. This
technology is especially important in eLearning, when a teacher uploads
assignments and multimedia content for students.
VR technology
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are relatively new
advancements in technology that bring a new dimension to the classroom. Using
VR headgear, students can visit remote areas and encounter ancient civilizations
or dinosaurs. This is an excellent supplement in the learning process, where one
can gain close experiences not feasible in reality (climbing a mountain, going to
space).
Robotics
In addition to facilitating the learning process, new technology helps students
get acquainted with the world of modern work through problem solving. School
science projects are reimagined through the introduction of robotics,
programming and 3D printing. These are the foundations of many professions
that are already popular on the job market, with a great potential for future
growth and expansion.
Robotics helps students get acquainted with all branches of the STEM system
(science, technology, engineering and mathematics), which opens the door to
future professional advancements. Creating a robot does not mean only
designing it and making its parts through 3D printing, but also programming its
behavior. This might sound complicated, but at many schools, even the younger
students are introduced to the basics of robotics and other technological
advancements (according to age and intellectual development).
Organizational Theories:
Classical, Neo-Classical, Decision-Making and Modern Theories.
The theories of, or approaches to, organization may be classified as follows:
1. The classical or traditional theory.
2. The Human Relations or Neo-classical theory.
3. The decision-making theory.
4. The systems approach.
The chief contribution of the classical school is the definition and analysis of
the tasks that have to be considered in building up an organization. The
emphasis is on structural frame work in which grouped activities are assigned to
people, authority relations are established, individual efforts are properly
coordinated and responsibilities fixed. The structure is built to help accomplish
enterprise goals more effectively.
The theory has been criticized on many counts, especially by the behavioral
scientists. The approach of the classical writers is too concerned with the formal
structure, not sufficiently with the individuals who make the structure work. It is
a static approach, paying too little attention to the many interactions that take
place between different parts of an organization. The principles of organization
are too broad to provide much help in the actual work of organizing.
Some of the principles are contradictory. Herbert A. Simon describes some of
the principles as “no more than proverbs” and being simple generalizations
devoid of predictive power. Since the classical theory ignores major facts of
human nature, the newer theorists have developed some new approaches to the
study of organization.
The Hawthorne studies, and many subsequent ones, have shown that the way
the people behave at work is affected by many other factors than monetary
consideration. The organization is composed of individuals with different needs
that can be studied and of groups of people who develop their own ways of
doing things and their own code of conduct.
The proponents of the human relations school are research oriented. They try to
find out what happens before seeking to explain it. This approach to the study of
organizations has contributed much that can be of value to the manager – If he
looks at a job only from the classical point of view, he will think of the tasks
that have to be done. If he adopts the human relations approach, he will
appreciate what it is like for the person who has to perform the tasks.
The human relations school has also its limitations. Some of its supporters have
claimed too much for what can be achieved by thinking about peoples’ needs
and behavior. Much bigger limitation is that although we have learnt a lot about
people in organizations, there is still a great deal that we do not understand
about human behavior.
Thus, the systems approach is concerned with the interaction between the
different aspect of the organization, people, technology, formal structure, the
physical setting, and environment. The advantage of approaching any problem
is that it enables us to see the critical variables and constraints and their
interaction with one another. It keeps us alert and constantly aware that one
single element, phenomenon, or problem should not be treated without regard to
its interacting consequences with other elements.
It is also important to remember that the systems approach does not view
organization as a static arrangement of jobs but calls for identifying the
functions required in terms of the decision areas involved in achieving goals. It
calls for developing a pattern of inputs, outputs, feed backs, delays, and flows of
materials and information. Frequent internal and external changes cause
disturbances in the organization.
Consequently, for survival and growth of the enterprise the management must
adjust different variables so that they should function in an orderly fashion and
preserve organizational, integrity. Organization should be viewed as an open
system, for neither objectives nor plans can possibly be set in the vacuum of a
closed company system; Markets, government regulations, competitors,
technology and many other elements of an enterprise environment affect plans
and objectives and cannot be overlooked.
Thus, the manager has to always bear in mind that the organization exists within
a wider system of its community, of the government and of the country, all of
which may affect it. In other words, it is a part of a larger system with which it
reacts.
Q.4 Explain the developing management control instruments. What
are the effects of control on educational employees in the context of
Pakistan?
Management
As you know, management is about organizing people and processes in a
manner that helps the organization achieve specific objectives. The management
process wants to ensure different parts work together to attain these goals.
How can this be done? Well, this in most instances means dealing with different
resources and allocating them to correct roles and purposes. Management
includes guidance and monitoring of these resources as well. You are essentially
managing how other people perform a specific role and use resources, instead of
doing it yourself. As a manager, you are essentially a facilitator – if a needs to
be done, you find B to do it and provide him the strategy and the resources to do
it.
OK, so that explains the core concept, but what about the functions of
management? You need to identify and understand the key components of
management as well. The first component is the different functions of
management. The definitions can be different depending on the situation, but
generally, five functions are identified as the core functions of management.
These are planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.
The other key part of management is the resource types it entails. The most
common forms of resourcing include: human resources, financial resources,
technological resources and natural resources. You could use the above
functions to allocate, control and monitor the different forms of resources. In
essence, you are combining the functions you have at hand – planning, staffing
and so on – with the resources, such as financial resources. The clearest
example is having the function of staffing and using the human resource
funding to hire in new staff.
The definition of management in the context of MCS is important because of
how organizations can be viewed. Think of an organization as a system. Now
the role of management is therefore facilitating the production of beneficial
outcomes from the system. If you want the system, i.e. the organization, to
produce a result A, you use management to gather the resources, i.e. the human
and other resources, to guarantee A gets done. You are essentially the engine,
which gathers the other parts together to move the car forward.
The key to systems, especially in the case of MSCs, is the structure of which
they are formed and often perform. Every system comes with input, output and
feedback mechanism. The system is able to maintain itself even when the
surroundings are changing and it has a specific set of boundaries within which
is operates. The picture here illustrates the idea of a system in a business context
perfectly.
You have an input, the business system and the output. You also have the
feedback mechanism. The business system would be the strategy the business
uses to create a specific output. If the output is to provide cheap shoes, the
business strategy is manufacturing of the shoes with the specific elements this
entails.
The input, therefore, is the resources (materials, labor, and equipment) you need
to achieve the output. So, you take the resources, you implement them with your
chosen strategy and you get the results. The results then provide feedback to
inputs on the performance of the system. Perhaps you didn’t receive as many
shoes as you wanted and so, you can increase input. The objective of the system
is to achieve a pre-determined result each time it is executed.
This is where the element of educational leadership that directs and guides the
entire process of educational management and administration takes on particular
importance. Leadership includes both manager and teacher professional ethics
and is expressed within a variety of theories of ethical leadership in education
that respond to cultural imperatives in differing societies. Educational
management must be responsive to both global and local changes due to
technological developments that directly impact teaching and learning through
changes in curriculum in terms of pedagogical and assessment practices. It is in
how educational management as a discipline evolves to effectively meet the
needs of educational systems contingent upon the challenges derived from
technological, social, cultural, and economic changes sweeping the globe in the
first decades of the 21st century that will determine the effectiveness and
efficacy of management practices going forward. Effectively and innovatively
managing change is the
Primary challenge facing educational management locally, regionally, and
globally in the decades ahead.