Cne Micro PDF

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYSTEM
Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education
Certificate of completion
of Micro-project assessment at the end of the Diploma
programme
(By respective Head of the Department and Head of the institute)
This is certify that Mr Amaan virani, Umair malkani, Shoaib
ansari, Aquib durrani with enrollment no
2100020169,2100020163,2100020147,2100020155 has successfully
completed Computer Network(22417) micro-projects as in the
enclosed ‘Portfolio’ during his/her tenure of completing the
Diploma programme in Information Technology from M.H.
SABOO SIDDIK POLYTECHNIC Institute with institute code
0002.
Signature
Signature Seal of
institute
Head of the Department Head of the Institute
Page 1 of 14
HOST TO NETWORK LAYERED PROTOCOL (22417)

MICRO- PROJECT
We the students of Second Year / 4 th Semester

Information Technology department would like to
present our MICROPROJECT on HOST TO
NETWORK LAYERED PROTOCOL(22417).
We will be covering the topic “Host to network layered
protocols” for the project.
Group Members:
SR NO. NAME ROLL NO.
1 AMAAN VIRANI 210821
2 UMAIR MALKANI 210813
3 SHOAIB ANSARI 210810
4 AQUIB DURRANI 210819
As a group we learn spirituality, team-spirit and co-

operation among ourselves. We would like to thank our
respected Ms. Sameera Khan for her guidance and
support for making our project a successful one.
Page 2 of 14
ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM’S
M.H. SABOO SIDDIK POLYTECHNIC
8, Saboo Siddik Polytechnic Road, Mumbai-08
Introduction to Host to network layered protocols

Aim: To Ensure that the topic is well understood by all the
team members, is explained well in the project and follows and
satisfies the rules and requirements set by the subject teacher.
Benefits: Helps to understand, what is a Database, its definition,
its meaning, different types of database, different types of
database system, examples of database system.
Course outcomes addressed:

o Worked in group as a team and shared responsibilities.
o Satisfied all requirements.
o Successfully understood the topic and explained it
completely.
o Listed the Whole intro of different databases; its types,
their differences, their applications.
o Listed the applications and examples.
Page 3 of 14
o Completed the project before date.

Actual methodology followed:
I. Week 1: The teacher made a group of students and gave the

micro-project topic.
II. Week 2: The Micro-project was divided into group members.
III. Week 3: The information was searched on the internet and
noted.
IV. Week 4: The members collected information and compiled it.
V. Week 5: The Report was being made.
VI. Week 6: The report was completed
VII. Week 7: The Project & report was submitted to the teacher.
ACTION PLAN
Sr. Details of Activities Planned Start Planned Finish Name of responsible
No Date Date team members
1. Project overview and 15th MARCH 16th MARCH AMAAN, UMAIR,
planning SHOAIB, AQUIB
2. Programme and report 17th MARCH 28th MARCH AMAAN, UMAIR,
editing AQUIB ,SHOAIB
3. Finalizing report and 29th MARCH 4th APRIL AQUIB, SHOAIB
presentation planning
4. Report was completed 5th APRIL 5th APRIL AMAAN, UMAIR,

SHOAIB, AQUIB
Page 4 of 14
INTRODUCTION HOST TO NETWORK

LAYERED PROTOCOLS
The Host-to-Network Layer in TCP/IP

Model :-
The host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of
the TCP/IP model and is concerned with the
physical transmission of data. It is also called a
network interface layer or link layer.
It can be considered as the combination of
physical layer and data link layer of the OSI
model.
The functions of this layer are −
 It defines how bits are to be encoded into
optical or electrical pulses.
 It accepts IP packets from the network layer
and encapsulates them into frames. It
synchronizes the transmission of the frames as
well as the bits making up the frames, between
the sender and the receiver.
 It states the transmission mode, i.e. simplex,
half duplex or full duplex
 It states the topology of the network, i.e.
bus, star, ring etc.
The protocols that this layer supports are −
 Ethernet
 Frame Relay
 Token Ring
 ATM
Page 5 of 14
TCP/IP supports the following

protocols:
ARP
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
It is used to associate an IP address with the

MAC address.
Each device on the network is recognized by

the MAC address imprinted on the NIC.
Therefore, we can say that devices need the
MAC address for communication on a local area
network. MAC address can be changed easily.
For example, if the NIC on a particular machine

fails, the MAC address changes but IP address
does not change. ARP is used to find the MAC
address of the node when an internet address
is known.
How ARP works

If the host wants to know the physical address of
another host on its network, then it sends an ARP
query packet that includes the IP address and
broadcast it over the network.
Every host on the network receives and processes

the ARP packet, but only the intended recipient
recognizes the IP address and sends back the
physical address.
The host holding the datagram adds the physical

address to the cache memory and to the datagram
header, then sends back to the sender.
Page 6 of 14
Steps taken by ARP protocol
If a device wants to communicate with

another device, the following steps are taken
by the device:
The device will first look at its internet list,

called the ARP cache to check whether an IP
address contains a matching MAC address or
not. It will check the ARP cache in command
prompt by using a command arp-a.
If ARP cache is empty, then device

broadcast the message to the entire
network asking each device for a matching
MAC address.
Page 7 of 14
There are two types of ARP entries:

Dynamic entry: It is an entry which is created
automatically when the sender broadcast its
message to the entire network. Dynamic
entries are not permanent, and they are
removed periodically.
Static entry: It is an entry where someone

manually enters the IP to MAC address
association by using the ARP command utility.
RARP
RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol.
If the host wants to know its IP address, then

it broadcast the RARP query packet that
contains its physical address to the entire
network. A RARP server on the network
recognizes the RARP packet and responds
back with the host IP address.
The protocol which is used to obtain the IP

address from a server is known as Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol.
The message format of the RARP protocol is

similar to the ARP protocol.
Like ARP frame, RARP frame is sent from one

machine to another encapsulated in the data
portion of a frame.
Page 8 of 14
ICMP
ICMP stands for Internet Control Message
Protocol.
The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by

hosts and routers to send the notifications of IP
datagram problems back to the sender.
ICMP uses echo test/reply to check whether

the destination is reachable and responding.
ICMP handles both control and error messages,

but its main function is to report the error but
not to correct them.
An IP datagram contains the addresses of both

source and destination, but it does not know
the address of the previous router through
which it has been passed.
Page 9 of 14
The Format of an ICMP message
The first field specifies the type of the

message.
The second field specifies the reason for a

particular message type.
The checksum field covers the entire ICMP

message.
Error Reporting
ICMP protocol reports the error messages to
the sender.
Five types of errors are handled by the ICMP protocol:
o Destination unreachable
o Source Quench
o Time Exceeded
o Parameter problems
o Redirection
Page 10 of 14
Destination unreachable:
The message of "Destination Unreachable" is sent

from receiver to the sender when destination
cannot be reached, or packet is discarded when the
destination is not reachable.
Source Quench:
The purpose of the source quench message is

congestion control. The message sent from the
congested router to the source host to reduce the
transmission rate. ICMP will take the IP of the
discarded packet and then add the source quench
message to the IP datagram to inform the source
host to reduce its transmission rate. The source
host will reduce the transmission rate so that the
router will be free from congestion.
Time Exceeded:
Time Exceeded is also known as "Time-To-Live". It

is a parameter that defines how long a packet
should live before it would be discarded.
Page 11 of 14
IGMP
IGMP stands for Internet Group Message Protocol.
The IP protocol supports two types of

communication:
Unicasting: It is a communication between one

sender and one receiver. Therefore, we can say that
it is one-to-one communication.
Multicasting: Sometimes the sender wants to send the

same message to a large number of receivers
simultaneously. This process is known as
multicasting which has one-to-many communication.
The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router

to support multicasting.
The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router

to identify the hosts in a LAN that are the members
of a group.
IGMP is a part of the IP layer, and IGMP has a fixed-

size message.
The IGMP message is encapsulated within an IP

datagram.
Page 12 of 14
IGMP Messages
Membership Query message

This message is sent by a router to all hosts on a local area
network to determine the set of all the multicast groups that
have been joined by the host.
It also determines whether a specific multicast group has

been joined by the hosts on a attached interface.
The group address in the query is zero since the router

expects one response from a host for every group that
contains one or more members on that host.
Membership Report message
The host responds to the membership query message with a

membership report message.
Membership report messages can also be generated by the

host when a host wants to join the multicast group without
waiting for a membership query message from the router.
Membership report messages are received by a router as

well as all the hosts on an attached interface.
Page 13 of 14
Resources used:
Sr. Name of Resource / Specifications Qty Remarks

No Material
1 Internet Educational 6 -
websites
2 Lecture notes Ppt’s 1 -
3 Laptop Basic configuration 1 -
4 Application MS Word - -
Summary of the Microproject
 Definition of Host to network layer protocols and meaning:

The host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP
model and is concerned with the physical transmission of
data.
 There are 5 types to TCP/IP.
We have four major types of Error reporting namely:
Destination unreachable, Source Quench, Time Exceeded,

Parameter problems ,Redirection
The host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP

model and is concerned with the physical transmission of
data. It is also called a network interface layer or link layer.
 It can be considered as the combination of physical layer

and data link layer of the OSI model.
THANK YOU!!!!!!!
Page 14 of 14

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INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYSTEM

ansari, Aquib durrani with enrollment no

2100020169,2100020163,2100020147,2100020155 has successfully

completed Computer Network(22417) micro-projects as in the

enclosed ‘Portfolio’ during his/her tenure of completing the

Diploma programme in Information Technology from M.H.

SABOO SIDDIK POLYTECHNIC Institute with institute code

HOST TO NETWORK LAYERED PROTOCOL (22417)

We the students of Second Year / 4 th Semester

As a group we learn spirituality, team-spirit and co-

Introduction to Host to network layered protocols

Course outcomes addressed:

o Completed the project before date.

I. Week 1: The teacher made a group of students and gave the

4. Report was completed 5th APRIL 5th APRIL AMAAN, UMAIR,

INTRODUCTION HOST TO NETWORK

The Host-to-Network Layer in TCP/IP

TCP/IP supports the following

It is used to associate an IP address with the

Each device on the network is recognized by

For example, if the NIC on a particular machine

How ARP works

Every host on the network receives and processes

The host holding the datagram adds the physical

Steps taken by ARP protocol

If a device wants to communicate with

The device will first look at its internet list,

If ARP cache is empty, then device

There are two types of ARP entries:

Static entry: It is an entry where someone

If the host wants to know its IP address, then

The protocol which is used to obtain the IP

The message format of the RARP protocol is

Like ARP frame, RARP frame is sent from one

The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by

ICMP uses echo test/reply to check whether

ICMP handles both control and error messages,

An IP datagram contains the addresses of both

The Format of an ICMP message

The first field specifies the type of the

The second field specifies the reason for a

The checksum field covers the entire ICMP

Five types of errors are handled by the ICMP protocol:

The message of "Destination Unreachable" is sent

The purpose of the source quench message is

Time Exceeded is also known as "Time-To-Live". It

The IP protocol supports two types of

Unicasting: It is a communication between one

Multicasting: Sometimes the sender wants to send the

The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router

The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router

IGMP is a part of the IP layer, and IGMP has a fixed-

The IGMP message is encapsulated within an IP

Membership Query message

It also determines whether a specific multicast group has

The group address in the query is zero since the router

Membership Report message

The host responds to the membership query message with a