TEST 7

PART A
Part 1. For questions 11-15, listen to an interview with Kevin Langtree, who has
just been voted Best Young Chef of the Year and choose the answer A, B, C or D
which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. How does Kevin account for his success?
A. He tries to love every minute of the work.
B. He learns a lot from the diversity of food and people he meets.
C. He envisions how takeaway meals will become in the future.
D. He learns to stop being unkind towards fast food.

2. What is Kevin's opinion about fish and chips?

A. He is ambivalent about having them every day.
B. He finds them indispensable in Britons' diet.
C. He thinks they do not bring the diversity that he loves.
D. He wants to incorporate them into food from different countries.

3. What does Kevin think about restaurants and takeaways in Britain?

A. Finding a parking slot to have meals is a major problem.
B. They should be restructured to display more variety.
C. Too many of them are from India and China.
D. They're all very difficult to get to without a car.

4. What does Kevin say about the American fast-food outlets?

A. They target children and young people.
B. They are cheaper than the other restaurants.
C. They make every customer look cool.
D. They are slowly taking over other fast-food outlets.

5. On mentioning root vegetables, what point does Kevin want to make?

A. British people are becoming more and more xenophobic.
B. There is greater choice, but imported foodstuffs are expensive.
C. The root vegetables produced in Britain in the past were best.
D. Cosmopolitan food reflects a generally less insular society.

Part 2. For questions 16-25, listen to a radio presenter named Finbarr Baird
discussing reports in the news about first-born children being the smartest
siblings and complete the sentences. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
taken from the recording in each blank.
• Baird is not happy with deceptive (16) _______________ appearing in the news this
week.
• According to research, the reason for first-borns' superior performance lies in more
parental care taken of them, rather than their (17) _______________.
• Baird suggests it is natural for parents to feel (18) _______________ on the birth of
their second child and subsequent children.
• The research confirmed that first-borns get (19) _______________ in the early days
of childhood and this gives them an advantage, which is evident from as early as one
year of age.
• Such advantage is repeatedly manifested in (20) _______________.
• The research accounts for what scientists term (21) _______________, which sees
children born later into a family being more likely to earn and achieve less.
• As a matter of fact, it is only (22) _______________ that is missing for younger
siblings at times; the (23) _______________ they enjoy is more or less the same as
that for first-borns.
• The conclusions drawn from the research make sense to Baird as (24)
_______________ from parents for each of their kids is disproportionate to the
number of children they have.
• Much as Baird finds the research interesting and useful in confirming our intuitions,
he is annoyed by the (25)_______________, which is why he wants to explain the
findings clearly.

Part 3. You will hear five short extracts in which students talk about the people
who have inspired them. You will hear the recording twice. While you listen, you
must complete both tasks.
Task 1: For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H), why the speaker looks
up to that particular individual.
A They never gave up on their dream.
B They offered a safe haven and guidance during a troubled time.
C They are battling with a serious health issue.
D They possess a kind and charitable spirit.
E They have shown great courage and strength of character.
F They became hugely successful in their field.
G They have used their talent to do charity fundraising.
H They have shown great ambition.
Speaker 1 21 __________
Speaker 2 22 __________
Speaker 3 23 __________
Speaker 4 24 __________
Speaker 5 25 __________

Task Two
For questions 26-30, choose from the list (A-H) how that person has affected the
speaker.
A They have given the speaker the strength to cope with severe adversity.
B They have made the speaker feel kinder towards people.
C They have guided the speaker's personal life choices.
D Their 'tough love' attitude made the speaker see sense.
E They have involved the speaker in charity work.
F They saved the speaker's life
G They have inspired the speaker to be a good parent
H The speaker aspires to emulate them in their professional life.
Speaker 1 26 __________
Speaker 2 27 __________
Speaker 3 28 __________
Speaker 4 29 __________
Speaker 5 30 __________
PART B
Section 1. Choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions
and write your answers in the correspondent numbered boxes provided.
1. As the maestro lifted his baton the theater was so still you could hear _________.
A. his heartbeat B. a pin drop C. bird wings D. the drum beating
2. Improving the overall environmental quality is a long-term battle in which we do
want the participation of everyone in society in order to ________ results.
A. realize B. reap C. bear D. generate
realize results: thu được kết quả
3. The Jacksons won’t contribute to the Red Cross unless you _____.
A. go down on your knees B. stand on your own feet
C. are on your last legs D. keep your head
4. "If you want to ask me, just ask; don't beat _________ the bush."
A. around B. for C. round D. towards
5. hat woman sees nothing _________ in letting her children run around as they wish.
A. awry B. amiss C. afraid D. alike
see nothing amiss: không thấy gì sai
6. “Did Jane pass her exam?”
“Yes, but only just. It was _________. The pass mark was forty – five percent and
she got forty – six”.
A. a narrow escape B. a tight spot C. a clear cut D. a close thing
7. He escaped by _________
A. a hair’s breadth C. the breadth of a hair
B. the hair’s breadth D. a breadth of a hair
8. The manager told his assistant to _________ the mistake immediately.
A. rectify B. maltreat C. sanction D. banish
9. I always get _________ in my stomach before visiting the dentist.
A. worms B. butterflies C. crabs D. hedgehogs
10. When the funds finally _________, they had to abandon the scheme.
A. faded away B. clamped down C. petered out D. fobbed off
11. Leili said she found learning languages as easy as __________. She had a gift for
it.
A. sliding off a branch B. falling off a log
C. diving off a climb D. branching off a bough
12. Peter is a librarian but this job is not suitable for him because he has chances of
traveling ______. He should be a tour guide.
A. in a mind B. on the head C. on the brain D. in the heart
13. This is the time of the year when stores_____ their prices, so you can get good
deals.
A. mark on B. mark through C. mark up D. mark down
14. After years of working together, the partners found themselves ________ linked.
A. permanently B. perpetually C. inextricably D. indelibly
15. Without written evidence , we don’t have a ______ on.
A. leg to stand B. foot to stand C. leg to lean D. foot to lean
16. I knew my mother would ________ a face the minute she saw my new hair cut.
A. drag B. lift C. pull D. race
17. When she started borrowing my clothes without asking, I had to put my ______
down.
A. stamp B. show C. fish D. foot
18. If you are going to town, keep your eyes ________ for that book I was telling you
about.
A. peeled B. clean C. wide D. fresh
19. He was a tall, intimidating persson, with a firm tone of voice and a very short
______ .
A. fuse B. line C. patience D. temperament
20. I'd just met his parents for the first time so I was on my best ______ .
A. manners B. conduct C. behaviour D.
demeanour
Part 2. For questions 1-10, read the text which contains 10 mistakes. Underline the
mistakes and write the correction in the spaces provided.
Line
1. First come the PC, then the internet and e-mail; now the e-book is
2. upon us, a hand-held device similarly in size and appearance to a video
3. cassette. The user simply rings off the website on their PC, selects
4. the desired books, downloads them onto their e-book machine and
5. sits down to read them. For turning a page, the user simply taps the
6. screen. E-book technology is evolving rapidly, and with some of
7. the newest handholds you will even get internet access.
8. But why would one want an e-book machine with reference to a book?
9. Well, one selling point companies emphasized, when these devices
10. hit the market a few years ago, which is the space they save when going
11. on holiday. E-books enlighten the load, literally. Ten large novels can
12. be put onto a device that weighs less than the average paperback. One
13. can understand why commercial interests seem to want us to change.
14. After all, the whole production process at first plan by author
15. until delivery to the printer had been doing electronically for a while
16 now, so why not save a few million trees and cut out the hard copy?

Part 3.For questions 1-10, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the
numbered space
provided.
1. With increasing numbers of people choosing to teach English as a foreign
language, the need to gain a(n) ________ (credit) qualification has never been more
important.
2. A campaign is calling for the reversal of a decision to scrap A-level archaeology -
saying it would cause _______(revoke) harm to the development of future
archaeologists.
3. Sir Adrian was a true gentleman. He was ________ (fail) polite to everyone he met
within the business and was on first name terms with many of them, regardless of
where they worked.
4. An eight-month inquiry by the all party group on ________ (mind) found frontline
public servants could be less likely to fall ill with stress, or quit altogether, if they
engage in the increasingly popular meditation practice.
5. ________ (absent) is an issue of growing concern among employers in the UK
owing to changing legislation, but there is virtually no robust data on its direct or
indirect costs.
6. A decision to allow ________ (hear) evidence in disciplinary proceedings against a
doctor linked to child abuse claims was ________ (law).
7. Slavoj Žižek was born in communist Yugoslavia in 1949, and received a thorough
grounding in Marxism and the principles of ________ (dialect) materialism.
8. Can you make up a(n) ________ (four) for tennis tomorrow?
9. These wonderful books ________ (capsule) moments in history in truly
unforgettable ways .
10. Proposals to protect the right of mentally ________ (capacity) people to be
involved in important decisions about their life have been published by the
government.
Part 4. Read the text below and decide which answer (a, b, c or d) best fits each gap.
A marvel of research 
Postgraduate students occasionally write (1) ____ on rather bizarre topics. Some
might seem (2) ___ ridiculous to the casual onlooker and it's anyone's guess as to the
researcher's (3) ___ behind exploring such a topic. One studies jumping height
differences between cat fleas and dog fleas, another (4) ___ that mosquitoes may be
more attracted to Limburger cheese than humans are and a third gives a(n) (5) ___ of
the dangers of sword swallowing. In terms of the study of life, mankind leaves no
stone unturned. 
A perhaps more useful but still unusual subject was published by a researcher at
University College London. An authority (6) ____ neuroscience, Eleanor Maguire
studied the brains of London's black cab drivers. Having to memorise routes along
more than 25,000 streets, a cabbie of the British capital has anything (7) ___ a poor
memory. Maguire learned that these (8) ______ drivers have larger posterior
hippocampi – the part of the brain responsible for spatial memory. This serves as
proof that a brain is like a muscle and it's imperative that we flex it.
1. a. agendas b. syllabuses c. dissertations d.
assignments
2. a. barely b. utterly c. slightly d.
reasonably
3. a. motive b. apparatus c. scope d. thesis
4. a. reasons b. rationalizes c. surmises d.
hypothesizes
5. a. analysis b. review c. argument d.
acknowledgement
6. a. with b. to c. in d. on
7. a. of b. but c. for d. not
8. a. assiduous b. invasive c. intelligible d.
inexplicable
Part 5. For the following questions, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answer in
corresponding numbered boxes. (10pts)
THE CHANGING ENGLISH LANGUAGE
All languages change (0) ____over_____ a period of time, for reasons which are
imperfectly understood. Speech is really so integral a (1) __________of human
activity that it cannot be regarded as an entity (2) _________itself. For this (3)
_________, it is more exact to say that each generation behaves linguistically in a
slightly different manner from its predecessors.
Young people are impatient of what they often consider to be the stilled
vocabulary and pronunciation of their elders, and like to show how up-to-date they are
using the latest slang. (4) _________, as the years go by. some of that slang becomes
standard usage. In any case, people slowly grow far (5) _________receptive to
linguistic novelties so that that by the time they reach their forties, they decry the
slovenly speech of the younger generation.
In the respect, language is a little (6) _________fashions in dress. The formal
clothes of one generation become the everyday wear of the (7) _________. Similarly,
just as many young doctors and office workers (8) _________out their duties in
casual clothes, so expressions which were once confined (9) _________slang and
familiar conversation are (10) _________ into their normal vocabulary.
Part 6.Read the text below and choose the best answer to each question.
If you think that we are the only creatures on Earth with a moral sense, then you're in
good company. Most experts in behavior believe that morality is a uniquely human
trait, without which our complex social life would never have emerged - yet I'm
convinced that many animals can distinguish right from wrong. Decades spent
watching wild and captive animals have persuaded me that species living in groups
often have a sense of fair play built on moral codes of conduct that help cement their
social relationships. The notion of Nature being naturally ruthlessly and selfishly
competitive doesn't hold true for those of us who have observed and analyzed animal
relationships.
That's not all. I suspect that herein lies the origin of our own virtue. Biologists have
had real problems trying to explain why people are frequently inexplicably nice to
each other. It just doesn't make sense in evolutionary terms, unless there are ulterior
motives behind our seemingly altruistic actions. Perhaps we expect a payback
somewhere down the line, or maybe our good deeds are directed only towards kin,
with whom we share a biological heritage. Nobody has really considered the
possibility that being considerate to your neighbors might sometimes be the best way
to survive. But I'm starting to find evidence that a well-developed sense of fair play
helps non-human animals live longer, more successful lives.
I'm particularly interested in social play amongst youngsters because it has its own
special rules of engagement, allowing participants to reinterpret acts that might
otherwise seem aggressive. My studies of infant dogs, wolves and coyotes reveal that
they use a special signal to prevent misinterpretation of playful actions. They perform
a 'bow' - which entails crouching on the forelimbs while keeping the rear upright -
when initiating play, or in association with aggressive actions such as biting, to
modify their meaning. And role reversal is common, so that during play a dominant
animal will often allow a subordinate to have the upper hand. Such behaviors reduce
inequalities in size, strength and dominance between playmates, fostering the co-
operation and reciprocity that are essential for play to occur. Indeed, on the rare
occasions when an animal says 'Let's play' and then beats up an unsuspecting animal,
the culprit usually finds itself ostracized by its former playmates.
My belief is that a sense of fairness is common to many animals, because there could
be no social play without it, and without social play individual animals and entire
groups would be at a disadvantage. If I'm right, morality evolved because it is
adaptive. It helps many animals, including humans, to survive and flourish in their
particular social environment. This may sound like a radical idea, particularly if you
view morality as uniquely human and a sort of mystical quality that sets us apart from
other animals. But if you accept my argument that play and fairness are inextricably
linked, you're halfway there.
[A] As with any behavioral trait, the underlying genetics is bound to be complex, and
environmental influences may be large. [B] No matter. Provided there is variation in
levels of morality among individuals, and provided virtue is rewarded by a greater
number of offspring, then any genes associated with good behavior are bound to
 accumulate in subsequent generations. [C] And the observation that play is rarely
unfair or uncooperative is surely an indication that natural selection acts to weed out
those who don't play by the rules. [D]
What does this tell us about human morality? First, we didn't invent virtue - its origins
are much more ancient than our own. Secondly, we should stop seeing ourselves as
morally superior to other animals. True, our big brains endow us with a highly
sophisticated sense of what's right and wrong, but they also give us much greater
scope for manipulating others - to deceive and try to benefit from immoral behavior.
In that sense, animal morality might be 'purer' than our own. We should accept our
moral responsibility towards other animals, and that means developing and enforcing
more restrictive regulations governing animal use. While animal minds may vary
from one species to another, they are not so different from our own, and only when
we accept this can we truly be moral in our relations with nature as a whole.
1.In the first paragraph, what does the writer state about morality?
A. Humans are the only creatures that demonstrate true emotional behavior.
B. A well-developed moral code does not lead to civilization.
C. Humans and animals share the same selfish instincts for survival.
D. There is a common misconception that animals are not moral.
2.What point does the writer make in the second paragraph?
A. People who are generous to others are not always sure why they behave that way.
B. People who do not possess good social skills achieve less in life.
C. People who behave considerately to others have selfish reasons for doing so.
D. People who treat acquaintances better than relatives are unusual.
3.Neighbors are mentioned as an example to ___________.
A. illustrate the fact that another aspect of the driving force may have been
overlooked
B. reiterate the notion that being nice to others is not hereditary
C. strengthen his belief that longevity does come into play concerning how kind we
are
D. report that many folks are becoming increasingly disillusioned with their
proclivity to helping others
4.The word ALTRUISTIC in paragraph two most likely means _____________.
A. strange B. democratic C. selfless
D. immaterial
5.What has the writer deduced about social play from his observation of animals?
A. It provides an opportunity for physically weaker animals to develop survival
skills.
B. It allows animals to prove who is dominant in the group without using real
aggression.
C. It requires animals to abide by the rules or they will be excluded from the group.
D. It demonstrates that certain animals possess a large range of emotions.
6.Which of the following best summarizes the writer’s argument in the fourth
paragraph?
A. There are different degrees of morality between various cultures.
B. Humans adopted moral behavior as a means of survival.
C. Groups benefit from social play more than individuals do.
D. Spirituality and morality are inseparable.
7.What does the writer state about the evolution of morality?
A. There may be a particular gene responsible for morality.
B. Moral development depends on physical hardships.
 C. There is little point in seeking the origin of moral behavior.
D. Animals that behave fairly are more likely to breed.
8. In the final paragraph, according to the writer, people _____________.
A. must treat animals on equal terms with humans.
B. should be less arrogant in their view of themselves.
C. are more advanced as they use immorality to their advantage.
D. should discriminate between which animals display morality and those that do not.
9. The writer concludes that in our relations with nature as a whole, _____________.
A. an open mind is of paramount importance
B. any exploitation should be dispensed with
C. bilateral responsibility is not always conducive to a long-standing relationship
D. virtue should be perceived with a new level of intricacy
10.“I am not putting the case forward for a specific gene for fair or moral
behavior”.
The sentence is extracted from somewhere in paragraph five. Where should this sentence
be located?
A. [A] B. [B]
C. [C] D. [D]
Part 7
The reading passage below has SIX paragraphs, A-F. Reading the passage and
do the tasks below. (15 points)
Acquiring the principles of mathematics and science

A. It has been pointed out that learning mathematics and science is not so much
learning facts as learning ways of thinking. It has also been emphasised that in
order to learn science people often have to change the way they think in
ordinary situations. For example, in order to understand even simple concepts
such as heat and temperature, ways of thinking of temperature as a measure of
heat must be abandoned and a distinction between ‘temperature’ and ‘heat’ must
be learned. These changes in ways of thinking are often referred to as
conceptual changes! But now do conceptual changes happen? How do young
people change their ways of thinking as they develop and as they learn in
school?
B. Traditional instruction based on telling students how modem scientists think
does not seem to be very successful. Students may learn the definitions, the
formulae, the terminology, and yet still maintain their previous conceptions.
This difficulty has been illustrated many times, for example, when instructed
students are interviewed about heat and temperature. It is often identified by
teachers as a difficulty in applying the concepts learned in the classroom;
students may be able to repeat a formula but fail to use the concept represented
by the formula when they explain observed events.
C. The psychologist Piaget suggested an interesting hypothesis relating to the
process of cognitive change in children. Cognitive change was expected to result
from the pupils’ own intellectual activity. When confronted with a result that
challenges their thinking - that is, when faced with conflict — pupils realise that
they need to think again about their own ways of solving problems, regardless of
whether the problem is one in mathematics or in science. He hypothesised that
conflict brings about disequilibrium, and then triggers equilibration processes
that ultimately produce cognitive change. For this reason, according to Piaget
and his colleagues, in order for pupils to progress in their thinking they need to
 be actively engaged in solving problems that will challenge their current mode
of reasoning. However, Piaget also pointed out that young children do not
always discard their ideas in the face of contradictory evidence. They may
actually discard the evidence and keep their theory.
D. Piaget’s hypothesis about how cognitive change occurs was later translated into
an educational approach which is now termed ‘discovery learning’. Discovery
learning initially took what is now considered the ‘lone learner’ route. The role
of the teacher was to select situations that challenged the pupils’ reasoning; and
the pupils’ peers had no real role in this process. However, it was subsequently
proposed that interpersonal conflict, especially with peers, might play an
important role in promoting cognitive change. This hypothesis, originally
advanced by Perret-Clermont (1980) and Doise and Mugny (1984), has been
investigated in many recent studies of science teaching and learning.
E. Christine Howe and her colleagues, for example, have compared children’s
progress in understanding several types of science concepts when they are given
the opportunity to observe relevant events. In one study, Howe compared the
progress of 8 to 12-year-old children in understanding what influences motion
down a slope. In order to ascertain the role of conflict in group work, they
created two kinds of groups according to a pre-test: one in which the children
had dissimilar views, and a second in which the children had similar views.
They found support for the idea that children in the groups with dissimilar views
progressed more after their training sessions than those who had been placed in
groups with similar views. However, they found no evidence to support the idea
that the children worked out their new conceptions during their group
discussions because progress was not actually observed in a post-test
immediately after the sessions of group work, but rather in a second test given
around four weeks after the group work.
F. In another study, Howe set out to investigate whether the progress obtained
through pair work could be a function of the exchange of ideas. They
investigated the progress made by 12-15-year-old pupils in understanding the
path of falling objects, a topic that usually involves conceptual difficulties. In
order to create pairs of pupils with varying levels of dissimilarity in their initial
conceptions the pupils’ predictions and explanations of the path of falling
objects were assessed before they were engaged in pair work. The work sessions
involved solving computer-presented problems, again about predicting and
explaining the paths of falling objects. A post-test, given to individuals, assessed
the progress made by pupils in their conceptions of what influenced the path of
falling objects.

For questions 1-6, choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of
headings below Write the correct number, i-ix.
List of Headings
i. A suggested modification to a theory about learning.
ii. The problem of superficial understanding.
iii. The relationship between scientific understanding and age.
iv. The rejection of a widely held theory.
v. The need to develop new concepts in daily life.
vi. The claim that a perceived contradiction can assist mental development.
vii. Implications for the training of science teachers.
 viii. Evidence for the delayed benefits of disagreement between pupils.
ix. An experiment to assess the benefits of exchanging views with a partner.

1. Paragraph A …….
2. Paragraph B …….
3. Paragraph C …….
4. Paragraph D ….…
5. Paragraph E …….
6. Paragraph F …….

For questions 7-10, complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
How children learn
Piaget proposed that learning takes place when children are (7)
…………………. ideas that do not correspond to their current beliefs. The
application of this theory gave rise to a teaching method known as (8)
……………….. At first, this approach only focused on the relationship between
individual pupils and their (9)…………………… Later, researchers such as
Perret-Clermont became interested in the role that interaction with (10)
………………. might also play in a pupil’s development.
Part 8.
1. People may be unaware of something that is causing disease in their body.
2. Cutting back too much can be harmful.
3. If you feel self-conscious, this could be for you.
4. A shocking hygiene confession is made.
5. This could be a flexible way to monitor your activity and performance levels.
6. A change in body reaction could be dangerous.
7. Drastic measures may not achieve the expected results.
8. You should reassess your lifestyle to see if it is causing a bad habit.
9. People need to be aware of the dangers of something that seems safe.
10. A high-profile health problem boosts manufacturers’ turnover.
Health advice magazine
A. There are now five times as many cases of food poison- ng as there were 20 years
ago. It's partly down to the fact that we eat out more often. Consider that one in
three men and one in five women admit that they don't wash their hands after
going to the toilet or before
preparing food; it's enough to put you off popping out for a quick bite on a Friday
night. And before you reach for one of those mints sitting on the counter by the till,
think how many non-hand-washers have dipped their fingers into that bowl. But the
problem isn't restricted to grubby eateries. More than half of food poisoning infections
are contracted in the home. This may be because people are eating more pre-prepared
food and shopping less often, so food is stored for longer. But most food poisoning is
pre- ventable if you know what you're doing.
B
Next time you have a headache, don't automatically reach for the painkillers. Using
them too often could be more dangerous than you think. For a vulnerable minority,
the route to addiction can be alarmingly fast. It's thought that overusing painkillers
leads to changes in the way the orain handles pain signals, so it becomes oversensitive
to stimuli that wouldn't normally cause pain. As the pain mreshold lowers, people
seek out stronger medication and increase the dosage and soon they are hooked.
Somewhere along the line we have become blase about me dangers of these
medicines which are available in petrol stations, news agents and supermarkets.
People must not assume that over the counter drugs are safe because clearly this is not
the case.
C
The basic premise of detox is that we need to clear the toxic waste from our bodies
every so often in order to stay healthy. It sounds a reasonable idea, but nutrition
experts are quick to point out that there's no evidence to support it. Detoxing is a
concept that underestimates the abilities of our liver and kidneys. Any toxins that do
get absorbed are very efficiently dealt with and secreted by jur bodies. The concept of
detox diets is irrational and unscientific. Those promoting detox diets often claim that
n order to detoxify, we should avoid foods such as wheat and dairy products. The
reality is that these foods pro-vide us with important nutrients, and it is unnecessary
and potentially harmful to exclude them from the diet.
D
There is a lot of publicity about the dangers of having 'high cholesterol' at the moment
- mainly coming from companies that make special foods that claim to lower it for
you. It is a widespread problem though: according to the British Heart Foundation
around two thirds of British people have a blood cholesterol level above the suggested
healthy target figure. And as there are no symptoms until it causes disease, many
people with high cholesterol may not be aware that they have it. However we need
some cholesterol because the body wouldn't function without it! It is a key part of cell
membranes and it is also found in bile, which is important for digestion and
absorption of fat.
E
Just like a real-time personal trainer (PT), an online coach discusses personal goals,
tailors exercise schedules and offers advice to clients of all abilities. Instead of face-
to- face guidance, however, the virtual trainer gives feedback via emails and texts -
perfect for the self-concious exerciser! While critics say that it is impossible to
effectively train clients without meeting them, online coaches offer a valuable
compromise when it comes to training. First they are a cost-effective alternative.
Second, they represent a more flexible option, especially if your work takes up much
of your time or makes it difficult for you to commit to regular sessions. And just
because your coach is in cyberspace, it doesn't mean he won't be keeping tabs on you.
The mere thought of the next email should have you racing to put on your sports kit.
F
Most of us are unclear as to where social drinking stops and alcohol dependency
starts. A heavy-drinking student is fairly normal, but a 40-year-old party animal? A
sozzled 60-year-old? At what point do the questions demand a serious answer?
Recommendations from the government are that men should consume no more than
three to four units of alcohol a day and women only two to three units. Of course,
committed social drinkers of all ages often ignore units, taking comfort from the fact
that they are not reaching for the bottle before lunchtime, and their friends are
drinking as much as they are so it must be alright. But you can even test yourself
online by looking at Alcohol Concern's website to determine if alarm bells should be
ringing. Most people can reduce their alcohol consumption without professional help
but it's not just about cutting down, it's about editing your life to remove the reasons
you are drinking too much.

Part 9.
You are going to read a magazine article about watching wildlife. Six paragraphs have
been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A – G the one which fits
each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Close encounters of the wild kind

The rise of wildlife-watching experiences.

Wildlife observation has always proved inspirational for humans, it led Charles
Darwin to provide us with a better understanding of how we evolved and it has
inspired such everyday innovations as Velcro. US author Peter Matthiessen wrote:
‘The variety of life in nature can be compared to a vast library of unread books, and
the plundering of nature is comparable to the random discarding of whole volumes
without having opened them and learned from them’.
41
‘What is interesting is how much people are willing to pay to be in a wilderness
environment’, says Julian Matthews, director of Discovery Initiatives, a company
which takes people on small-group trips to more than 35 countries. It’s still a small
part of the tourism industry but it’s undoubtedly expanding. There are definitely more
and more people seeking wildlife experiences now’.
42
Matthews recognises the contribution that television has made to our knowledge of
nature, but he says ‘there’s no way to compare seeing an animal in the wild with
watching one on TV. While a filmmaker may spend six months shooting an animal
and will get closer to it than you ever will, there’s no greater pleasure than seeing an
animal in its own environment. On film, you’re only getting the visuals and the sound.
As impressive as they may be, it’s not the real thing.’ And the good thing is that
tourists can now watch wildlife ‘live’ while helping to protect it – a concept that
comes under the broad label of ‘ecotourism’.
43
In practice, this means that many tour operators, guided by ethical policies, now use
the services of local communities, train local guides and have close ties to
conservation projects. Tour operator Rekero, for example, has established its own
school – the Koyiaki Guide School and Wilderness Camp – for Maasai people in
Kenya.
44
Conservation organisations have also realised that tourism can help educate people
and provide a valuable source of revenue and even manpower. The World Wildlife
Fund, for example, runs trips that give donors the chance to see for themselves how
their financial aid is assisting conservation projects in the field, and some
organisations even allow tourists to take part in research and conservation.
45
Similarly, Biosphere Expeditions takes about 200 people every year on what its field
operations director, Dr Matthias Hammer, calls an ‘adventure with a conscience’.
Volunteers can visit six destinations around the world and take part in various
activities including snow leopard, wolf and bear surveys and whale and dolphin
research.

46
Of course, going in search of wildlife doesn’t always mean you will find it. That
sightings of animals in large wild areas don’t come automatically is a fact of life.
Although potentially frustrating, it makes sightings all the more rewarding when they
are made. And the opportunity to do something to help both the environment and
local people can only add to the experience.

A He is confident that, if done properly, this combination of tourism and conservation

can be ‘a win-win situation’, ‘People have a unique experience while contributing to
conservation directly. Local people and habitats benefit through job creation, research
and an alternative income. Local wildlife benefits from our work.’
B While there is indeed much to learn from many species not yet known to science,
it’s the already opened texts that attract the majority of us, however. And we are
attracted in ever increasing numbers.
C As people are able to travel to more extreme places in search of the ultimate
wildlife experience, it’s worth remembering that you don’t have to go to the ends of
the earth to catch rewarding glimpses of animals. Indeed, some of the best wildlife-
watching opportunities are on our doorstep.
D This growth has been stimulated by the efforts of conservation groups and natural
history documentaries. Greater awareness of the planet has led to an increased
demand for wildlife tours or the addition of a wildlife-watching component to
traditional holidays. People want to discover nature at first-hand for themselves – not
just on a screen.
E Despite being an important part of the population there, they have largely been
excluded from the benefits brought to the region by tourism. This initiative is a
concerted effort to enable them to take up jobs and run programmes themselves.
F Earthwatch is a non-profit international environmental group that does just that.
‘Participation in an Earthwatch project is a positive alternative to wildlife-watching
expeditions, as we offer members of the public the opportunity to be on the front line
of conservation,’ says Claudia Eckardt, Earthwatch programme manager.
G It is a term which is overused, but the principle behind it undoubtedly offers hope
for the future of many endangered species, as money from tourism directly funds
conservation work. It also extends to the consideration of the interests of people living
in the places that tourists visit
Part 10. Essay writing
Write an essay of about 300 words on the following topic
In recent years, online education is becoming more and more popular. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon? Use specific details and examples
to explain your opinion.