Grain Oriented Electrical Steels: M-2, M-3, M-3X Lite Carlite Goes M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6 Mill-Anneal Goes

Grain oriented
Electrical steels
M -2, M -3, M -3X Lite carlite ® GOEs
M -2, M -3, M - 4, m -5, m - 6 m ill-An n eal Goes
Large Generators
Transformers
AK Steel Grain Oriented

Electrical Steels (GOES) are used
most effectively in transformer cores having
wound or sheared and stamped laminations
with the magnetic flux path entirely, or
predominately, in the rolling direction. They
also are used in large generators and other
apparatus when the design permits the
directional magnetic characteristics to be
used efficiently.
Lite CARLITE® and Mill-anneal GRAIN ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS
Product Description
Grain Oriented Electrical Steels are iron-silicon alloys that were MILL-ANNEAL SURFACE INSULATION
developed to provide the low core loss and high permeability required The Mill-Anneal insulation coating is formed at very high temperatures
for efficient and economical electrical transformers. First produced during the final annealing operation. It is a tightly adherent magnesium-
commercially by AK Steel, these magnetic materials exhibit their silicate type of coating equivalent to ASTM A976 C-2. Mill-Anneal
superior magnetic properties in the rolling direction. This directionality coating provides insulative properties suitable for transformers operated
occurs because the steels are specially processed to create a very high at flux densities where the induced voltage is at or below 10 volts per
proportion of grains within the steel which have similarly oriented atomic turn such as distribution transformers and other devices.
crystalline structures relative to the rolling direction.
The Mill-Anneal surface provides good resistance to abrasion during
In iron-silicon alloys, this atomic structure is cubic and the crystals are winding into core form and will withstand stress-relieving anneal without
most easily magnetized in a direction parallel to the cube edges. By a loss of insulative value. No danger of transformer oil contamination
combination of precise steel composition, rigidly controlled cold rolling exists with this coating. Prolonged exposure to oils or air at transformer
and annealing procedures, the crystals of these oriented electrical steels operating temperatures does not endanger insulating qualities.
are aligned with their cube edges nearly parallel to the direction in which
the steel is rolled. Consequently, they provide superior permeability and CARLITE 3 SURFACE INSULATION
lower core loss when magnetized in this direction.
AK Steel’s LITE CARLITE Grain Oriented Electrical Steels (GOES)
Since the inception of grain oriented electrical steels in 1933, products are supplied with CARLITE 3 insulative coating, an inorganic
AK Steel Research has continued to develop new and improved grades coating equivalent to ASTM A976 C-5. LITE CARLITE is ideal for
to provide the electrical industry with core materials for the manufacture materials that will be used in distribution transformers and other
of more efficient electrical apparatus. magnetic apparatus with low to moderate volts per turn where the cores
AK Steel Oriented Mill-Anneal finish and LITE CARLITE Electrical are stress-relief annealed. In addition to supplying the basic benefits
Steels are suitable for those types of transformers where a stress of C-5 Insulation, LITE CARLITE provides other important advantages
relief annealing treatment of the magnetic core is used and the which include:
magnetic flux path is entirely, or predominately, in the rolling direction. • Potential for reduced transformer building factor from added
The technology used for oriented LITE CARLITE provides superior resistance to elastic strain damage
transformer performance when compared to oriented electrical steels
• Potential for reduction of magnetostriction related transformer noise
with Mill-Anneal finish. This is accomplished by:
• High stacking factor
• Excellent response to stress-relief annealing
• Easy assembly due to smoothness of coating (low coefficient of friction)
• High tension CARLITE® 3 coating
FORMS AND STANDARD SIZES

Nominal Thickness
M-2: 0.007 in. (0.18 mm)
M-3: 0.009 in. (0.23 mm)
M-3: 0.011 in. (0.27 mm)
M-5: 0.012 in. (0.30 mm)
M-6: 0.014 in. (0.35 mm)
Width
Standard: 36.00 in. (914 mm)
Maximum: 36.22 in. (920 mm)
Minimum: 0.50 in. (12.7 mm)
Inside Coil Diameter
Master Coil 20.0 in. (508 mm)
Slit Width Coil 16.0 and 20.0 in. (406 and 508 mm)
Sample chemically etched to reveal grain structure
1
Specifications
In terms of maximum core loss, AK Steel Oriented Mill-Anneal and
LITE CARLITE electrical steel specifications are determined at 17 kG at
60 Hz. Induction is specified at 10 Oe. All test grading is conducted
using stress-relief annealed Epstein test samples which are tested in
the direction of rolling in accordance with ASTM testing procedure
A343. Samples are secured from each end of the coil and the higher
core loss value is used for certification of conformance to product
grade guarantees.
Table 1 – Guaranteed Core Loss
Maximum Core Loss, W/lb.

Approximate Nominal Assumed Resistivity, Minimum
Product Grade ASTM Thickness, Density, Ω-m, Induction at
50 Hz 60 Hz
Grades in. (mm) g/cm³ x10-6 10 Oe, kG
15 kG 17 kG 15 kG 17 kG
Oriented M-2 – 0.007 (0.18) 0.307 0.479 0.395 0.609 18.0

Lite M-3X – 0.009 (0.23) 7.65 51 0.305 0.453 0.395 0.580 18.0
CARLITE M-3 – 0.009 (0.23) 0.313 0.477 0.405 0.610 18.0
M-2 18G041 0.007 (0.18) 0.307 0.488 0.395 0.620 18.0
23G045
M-3 0.009 (0.23) 0.316 0.484 0.410 0.630 18.0
23H070
27G051
Oriented M-4 0.011 (0.27) 0.390 0.560 0.510 0.740 18.0
27H074 7.65 51
Mill-Anneal
30G058
M-5 0.012 (0.30) 0.440 0.630 0.580 0.830 17.8
30H083
35G066
M-6 0.014 (0.35) 0.500 0.710 0.660 0.940 17.8
35H094
2
Specifications
Table 2 – Typical Core Loss
Typical Core Loss, W/lb.

Approximate Nominal Assumed Resistivity, Typical
Product Grade ASTM Thickness, Density, Ω-m, Induction at
50 Hz 60 Hz
Grades in. (mm) g/cm³ x10-6 10 Oe, kG
15 kG 17 kG 15 kG 17 kG
Oriented M-2 – 0.007 (0.18) 0.292 0.446 0.375 0.567 18.4

Lite M-3X – 0.009 (0.23) 7.65 51 0.301 0.449 0.390 0.575 18.4
CARLITE M-3 – 0.009 (0.23) 0.305 0.461 0.395 0.590 18.4
M-2 18G041 0.007 (0.18) 0.295 0.462 0.379 0.587 18.4
23G045
M-3 0.009 (0.23) 0.303 0.464 0.393 0.594 18.4
23H070
27G051
Oriented M-4 0.011 (0.27) 0.352 0.525 0.461 0.680 18.4
27H074 7.65 51
Mill-Anneal
30G058
M-5 0.012 (0.30) 0.391 0.567 0.514 0.738 18.2
30H083
35G066
M-6 0.014 (0.35) 0.440 0.614 0.582 0.806 18.2
35H094
The core loss and exciting power of the AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steel grades are determined by magnetic tests performed in accordance with general procedures approved by the American Society for
Testing and Materials. The following conditions apply:
1. Epstein test specimens sheared parallel to the rolling direction of the steel from fully processed coils and stress-relief annealed per ASTM A876.
2. Tested per ASTM A343.
3. Density of all grades is 7.65 g/cm³ per ASTM A34.
ASTM A664 is a grade identification system for electrical steels. While this system has not been widely adopted by the manufacturers and consumers of electrical steels, it is used in ASTM A876 to designate
various grades of grain oriented electrical steel.
3
Surface Insulation & Lamination Factor Curves

Surface insulation curves Figure 1
The graph on the right shows the variation of surface insulation Test Pressure, MPa.
resistance versus pressure and provides a guide to users interested 0.69 6.89
100000 0.006
in knowing the relative insulative capabilities of the available surface
finishes. Resistance values are typical of tests made on such surfaces
by the Franklin Test (ASTM A717). However, the user should
0.013
recognize that the normally small variations in mill oxide and coating
thickness within a lot necessitate allowing for some test values lower
as well as higher than those shown in the curves.
Lamination Factor LITE 0.031

CARL
Lamination factor is the measure of compactness of an electrical ITE ®
steel core. This is also referred to as “stacking factor” and “space
factor.” Lamination factor is the ratio of the equivalent “solid” volume, 10000
calculated from weight and density of the steel, to the actual volume
of the compressed pack, determined from its dimensions. Special
Apparent Insulation Resistivity, Ω mm2/Lamination (Two Surfaces)
processing gives AK Steel's Oriented Electrical Steels exceptionally 0.114

and consistently high lamination factors.
Test Method
The lamination factor of electrical steels is determined from 0.244
measurements of a stack of Epstein strips under known pressure
Franklin Current, (A)

in accordance with ASTM A719. The graph below illustrates how
the ASTM lamination factor varies as a function of pressure for 1000
LITE CARLITE and Mill-Annealed Oriented Electrical Steels. The
values shown are representative of the lamination factor determined
by this test.
Figure 2
TEST PRESSURE - MPa
Test Pressure, MPa.
Mi
ll-
0.07 0.14 0.35 0.70 1.4 3.5 7.0

An
99.5
ne
0.763
al
99.0
eal
Factor,-%percent
n
ill-An
-6 M
98.5
.35mm M
- 5&0 nnea
l Mill Anneal
100
mm M Mill-A
0.30 M-4
mm
98.0 0.27
FACTOR
l
nnea
Mill-A
97.5 mm M-3
0.23 l
nnea
Mill-A
Lamination
mm M-2
97.0 0.18
LITE
LAMINATION
E CAR
M- 3 LIT
96.5 0.2 3 mm
LITE
E CAR
mM -2 LIT
0.18 m
96.0
95.5
95.0 10 0.985
10 20 50 100
100 200 500 1000
Test Pressure, psi. 100 1000

TEST PRESSURE - psi
Representative lamination factors for AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steels at various pressures. Test Pressure, psi.
Typical surface insulation characteristics of AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steels at various pressures as
determined by the Franklin Test.
4
Representative Mechanical Properties

Table 3
Ultimate Tensile Strength in rolling direction, psi (MPa) 51,000 (352)
Yield Strength in rolling direction, psi (MPa) 48,000 (331)
Percent Elongation in 2" (50.8 mm) in rolling direction 9 –
Microhardness (Knoop Hardness Number, HK) 167 –
Equivalent Rockwell B Scale Hardness 81 –
Modulus of Elasticity, psi (MPa)*
in rolling direction 17,700,000 (122,000)
at 20° to rolling direction 20,800,000 (143,000)
at right angles to rolling direction 29,000,000 (200,000)
*Values may vary as much as plus or minus 5%.
Magnetostriction
The magnetostriction coefficients are inherent to Mill-Anneal finish and
LITE CARLITE Oriented owing to the degree of grain orientation.
The information below, while purely comparative in nature, is
considered to be representative of AK Steel’s Mill-Anneal finish and
LITE CARLITE Oriented products.
Table 4 – Comparative Magnetostriction

Magnetostriction x 108
Nominal Thickness,
Product Grade 60 Hz
in. (mm)
15 kG 17 kG
M-2 0.007 (0.18) -64 -78
Oriented LITE
M-3X 0.009 (0.23) -67 -83
CARLITE
M-3 0.009 (0.23) -67 -83
M-2 0.007 (0.18) -55 -63
M-3 0.009 (0.23) -59 -69
Oriented
M-4 0.011 (0.27) -77 -93
Mill-Anneal
M-5 0.012 (0.30) -67 -86
M-6 0.014 (0.35) -66 -83
Test Method
The above data is meant for comparative purposes only and was developed
using stress-relief annealed Epstein specimens from representative samples
which were prepared in accordance with ASTM A876 and tested in
accordance with ASTM A343. While there are no agreed upon standard
testing methods for magnetostriction, these data were acquired using an
accelerometer-based measurement of crossover-to-tip displacement of
many individual Epstein strips which were tested at a frequency of 60 Hz at
the inductions shown above. The magnetostriction values are, to our best
knowledge, believed to be representative of commercially produced materials.
5
Stress-Relief Annealing
In wound or formed cores, there is a substantial amount of both
plastic and elastic strain which substantially degrades the magnetic
properties of the electrical steel. When the strain is low, the strain will
be elastic and removal of the load or restraining force will permit the
steel to return to essentially a stress-free condition. However, if the
steel is plastically deformed, it will retain stresses even after the load
is removed. In these circumstances, stress-relief annealing is needed
to return the material to a stress-free condition.
General Requirements
Although a thermal flattening treatment is part of the process for
application of CARLITE 3 insulation coating to LITE CARLITE Oriented
electrical steel, both AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE and Oriented
Mill-Anneal products require stress-relief annealing to fully develop the
magnetic properties. The annealing should be conducted for a suitable
time and temperature in a protective atmosphere to prevent adverse
changes to the steel chemistry. The parameters of time, temperature
and atmosphere are not interchangeable with those procedures used
for annealing of semiprocessed non-oriented or carbon lamination steel
products. Conditions that create excessive thermal gradients should be
avoided since these can reintroduce stresses and/or distort the shape
of the steel.
Temperature Cycle
While a soaking temperature of 1450 – 1500 °F (790 – 820 °C) for
a time of at least 15 minutes is recommended, stress-relief annealing
should be conducted for the shortest time possible without producing
excessive thermal gradients. It is recommended that higher stress-
relief annealing temperatures be employed only after experimentation
with the cores being annealed shows it is clearly beneficial as higher
annealing temperatures can result in increased “sticking” and/or
“flaking” of the CARLITE coating.
6
Stress-Relief Annealing
Proper specification of annealing time must take into account the Annealing Atmosphere Conditions
size and weight of the finished cores being annealed, the degree of to Avoid
exposure to heating and cooling during annealing and the amount of AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steels are produced under exacting controls
plastic deformation imparted by core fabrication. The furnace heat of composition and processing to provide a steel that is extremely low
input should be adjusted so that the heating rate is not too great when in impurities such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The Mill-Anneal
approaching the soaking temperature. Forcing cores to heat rapidly insulation coating provides very limited protection to contaminants
to soak temperature should be avoided owing to incomplete annealing in the annealing atmosphere, significant degradation of the magnetic
and/or thermal distortion is likely. If the cores are not well exposed, the properties will occur if these impurities are reintroduced into the steel.
length of the soaking period should be extended. The CARLITE insulation coating of the Oriented LITE CARLITE electrical
Proper specification of the cooling time requires similar consideration. steels does provide some protection, degradation of the magnetic
It is recommended that the rate of cooling after annealing does not properties will also occur if these above mentioned impurities are
exceed 185 °F (85 °C) per hour from soaking temperature to 1400 °F reintroduced into the steel. Annealing atmospheres which contain
(750 °C) and not exceed 330 °F (165 °C) per hour to a temperature high chemical potentials of carbon, oxygen or their compounds
of 1200 °F (650 °C). Steel cores or laminations usually can be may contaminate the steel under certain circumstances and should
removed from the protective atmosphere at 600 – 700 ° F be avoided.
(325 – 375 °C) without ill effect.
Annealing Atmosphere
The Mill-Anneal finish (sometimes referred to as Glass Film) is
developed at very high temperatures in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Consequently, it is completely compatible with hydrogen-nitrogen
mixtures ranging from 0 to 100% nitrogen without adversely affecting
the interlaminar resistance quality of the insulation coating. However,
for economy and safety, the hydrogen content usually is maintained
below 10%. Vacuum annealing gives very satisfactory results with a
Mill-Anneal surface, but may be too costly.
AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE is supplied with a CARLITE 3 type
of insulation coating. The qualities of the CARLITE coating are best
maintained or enhanced when stress-relief annealing is conducted in an
atmosphere that is neutral or slightly oxidizing to iron. An oxygen-free
nitrogen atmosphere or a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture containing 5%
hydrogen or less is recommended for batch annealing where exposure
times in excess of one hour are typical. Vacuum annealing of CARLITE
insulated materials is not recommended.
Continuous stress-relief annealing of slit widths or single laminations
may be carried out in air if the exposure time is only a matter of minutes.
7
Thickness, Width, Camber & Flatness Tolerances

Table 5 – Thickness Tolerances
Nominal Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)
Grade Thickness,
in. (mm) Minimum Maximum
M-2 0.007 (0.18) 0.0060 (0.152) 0.0080 (0.203)
M-3 0.009 (0.23) 0.0075 (0.191) 0.0100 (0.254)
M-4 0.011 (0.27) 0.0095 (0.241) 0.0120 (0.305)
M-5 0.012 (0.30) 0.0105 (0.267) 0.0130 (0.330)
M-6 0.014 (0.35) 0.0125 (0.318) 0.0150 (0.381)
The thickness values are based on the test sample weight plus typical
coating thickness such as would be measured using a contacting
micrometer. The typical coating thickness is 0.0002 – 0.0004 in.
(0.005 – 0.010 mm). Thickness measured at any point on the sheet
not less than 0.375 in. (10 mm) from an edge shall not deviate more
than +/- 0.0008 in. (0.020 mm) from the average thickness of
the test lot or coil.
Table 6 – Width Tolerances

Tolerance over, Tolerance under,
Specified Width, in. (mm)
in. (mm) in. (mm)
To 4 (102) inclusive 0.005 (0.127) 0.005 (0.127)
Over 4 to 9 (102 to 229) inclusive 0.007 (0.178) 0.007 (0.178)
Over 9 to 15 (229 to 381) inclusive 0.010 (0.254) 0.010 (0.254)
Over 15 (381) 0.016 (0.406) 0.016 (0.406)
Camber Tolerances
The deviation of a side edge from a straight line over a length of
80 in. (2 m), or a fraction thereof, shall not exceed 0.1 in. (2.54 mm).
Flatness Tolerances
While a thermal flattening treatment is part of the process for
application of CARLITE 3 insulation coating, the conventional flattening
methods for electrical steel products were not used in the production
of AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE due to their effects on magnetic
quality after stress-relief annealing. Because of this circumstance,
AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE typically has a small amount of coil
set remaining in the delivered product. Thereby, it is not feasible to
employ flatness tolerance tables for flat rolled steel. Some applications,
and certain types of fabricating techniques for construction of magnetic
cores, are tolerant of certain flatness deviations. However, it is generally
recognized that sharp, short waves and buckles are objectionable
and should be avoided as much as possible. The producer should
determine the flatness requirements for its particular application and the
suitability of this electrical steel.
8
Manufacturing Specifications
Table 7
Thickness 0.007 in. (0.18 mm) Oriented M-2
0.009 in. (0.23 mm) Oriented M-3
Width Master coils are available in widths up to 36.0 in. (914 mm)
and 36.22 in. (920 mm)
For the 36.22 in. (920 mm) width, we reserve the option of
furnishing cutdowns, in 35.43 in. (900 mm) and 34.65 in.
(880 mm) widths, not to exceed 10% of the ordered quantity.
For the 36.00 in. (914 mm) width, we reserve the option
of furnishing cutdowns, in 33.07 in. (890 mm) and
34.25 in. (870 mm) widths, not to exceed 10% of the
ordered quantity.
Coils-Slit Minimum width 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)

Narrower Inquire
Inside diameters 16.0 in. (406 mm)
20.0 in. (508 mm)
Coils-Not Slit Inside diameter 20.0 in. (508 mm)

Approximate Coil Weight 335 lb. per in. of width (600 kg per 100 mm of width)
9
Typical Values of Core Loss

Table 8 – At 50 and 60 Hz for Typical Epstein Specimens of AK Steel Oriented
Electrical Steels
Core Loss (W/lb.) – ASTM A343

Flux
Density 0.007 in. 0.009 in. 0.009 in. 0.007 in.
(kG) M-2 LITE CARLITE M-3X LITE CARLITE M-3 LITE CARLITE M-2 Mill-Anneal Oriented
50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz
1 0.00140 0.00182 0.00150 0.00195 0.00155 0.00202 0.00148 0.00193
2 0.00528 0.00688 0.0056 0.00734 0.00576 0.00753 0.00547 0.00716
3 0.0117 0.0152 0.0123 0.0160 0.0126 0.0164 0.0119 0.0156
4 0.0205 0.0265 0.0214 0.0279 0.0219 0.0285 0.0206 0.0269
5 0.0316 0.0409 0.0329 0.0429 0.0336 0.0437 0.0316 0.0412
6 0.0451 0.0584 0.0469 0.0611 0.0478 0.0621 0.0450 0.0585
7 0.061 0.0788 0.0633 0.0824 0.0643 0.0836 0.0607 0.0789
8 0.0791 0.102 0.0821 0.107 0.0833 0.108 0.0788 0.102
9 0.0995 0.129 0.103 0.135 0.105 0.136 0.0994 0.129
10 0.122 0.158 0.127 0.166 0.129 0.167 0.122 0.159
11 0.148 0.191 0.154 0.200 0.155 0.202 0.148 0.192
12 0.176 0.228 0.183 0.239 0.185 0.241 0.177 0.230
13 0.208 0.269 0.217 0.282 0.219 0.285 0.210 0.271
14 0.246 0.317 0.255 0.331 0.258 0.335 0.248 0.320
15 0.292 0.375 0.301 0.390 0.305 0.395 0.294 0.379
16 0.352 0.451 0.360 0.464 0.367 0.473 0.358 0.459
17 0.446 0.567 0.449 0.575 0.461 0.590 0.462 0.587
18 0.607 0.768 0.603 0.767 0.617 0.784 0.638 0.807
19 0.797 1.00 0.796 1.01 0.805 1.02 0.84 1.06
10
Typical Values of Core Loss

Electrical Steels
Core Loss (W/lb.) – ASTM A343

Flux
(kG) M-3 Mill-Anneal Oriented M-4 Mill-Anneal Oriented M-5 Mill-Anneal Oriented M-6 Mill-Anneal Oriented
1 0.00147 0.00194 0.00194 0.00256 0.00212 0.00281 0.00261 0.00343
2 0.00556 0.00735 0.00719 0.00953 0.00789 0.0105 0.00956 0.0129
3 0.0122 0.0161 0.0155 0.0205 0.0170 0.0228 0.0205 0.0275
4 0.0212 0.0279 0.0265 0.0351 0.0293 0.0391 0.0350 0.0470
5 0.0326 0.0428 0.0402 0.0532 0.0446 0.0596 0.0528 0.0709
6 0.0465 0.061 0.0565 0.0747 0.0631 0.084 0.0741 0.0994
7 0.0628 0.0822 0.0756 0.0998 0.0847 0.113 0.0988 0.132
8 0.0817 0.107 0.0976 0.129 0.109 0.145 0.127 0.170
9 0.103 0.135 0.122 0.161 0.138 0.182 0.159 0.212
10 0.127 0.166 0.150 0.198 0.169 0.224 0.194 0.258
11 0.154 0.201 0.181 0.238 0.204 0.271 0.233 0.310
12 0.184 0.239 0.216 0.284 0.242 0.320 0.276 0.368
13 0.217 0.283 0.255 0.335 0.285 0.377 0.324 0.431
14 0.256 0.333 0.299 0.393 0.334 0.440 0.378 0.501
15 0.304 0.393 0.351 0.461 0.391 0.514 0.439 0.582
16 0.367 0.472 0.423 0.551 0.464 0.606 0.512 0.677
17 0.465 0.594 0.527 0.680 0.569 0.738 0.611 0.806
18 0.627 0.795 0.688 0.881 0.723 0.931 0.768 1.010
19 0.806 1.02 0.876 1.11 0.899 1.15 0.953 1.24
11
Typical Values of RMS Exciting Power

Electrical Steels
Exciting Power (rms VA/lb.) – ASTM A343

Flux
(kG) M-2 LITE CARLITE M-3X LITE CARLITE M-3 LITE CARLITE M-2 Mill-Anneal Oriented
1 0.00399 0.00486 0.00379 0.00463 0.00403 0.00493 0.00347 0.00426
2 0.0134 0.0164 0.0127 0.0156 0.0135 0.0165 0.0115 0.0142
3 0.0269 0.0330 0.0255 0.0314 0.0269 0.0332 0.0228 0.0283
4 0.0433 0.0533 0.0412 0.0510 0.0434 0.0536 0.0366 0.0455
5 0.0621 0.0765 0.0593 0.0737 0.0622 0.0772 0.0526 0.0655
6 0.0829 0.102 0.0796 0.0991 0.0834 0.104 0.0703 0.0879
7 0.106 0.131 0.102 0.127 0.107 0.133 0.0900 0.113
8 0.131 0.162 0.127 0.158 0.132 0.165 0.112 0.140
9 0.158 0.196 0.154 0.192 0.160 0.200 0.136 0.171
10 0.188 0.234 0.184 0.230 0.191 0.240 0.162 0.205
11 0.223 0.277 0.218 0.273 0.227 0.284 0.193 0.243
12 0.263 0.328 0.257 0.323 0.268 0.336 0.228 0.288
13 0.314 0.390 0.306 0.383 0.319 0.399 0.272 0.343
14 0.382 0.474 0.370 0.463 0.387 0.483 0.332 0.416
15 0.490 0.604 0.469 0.582 0.491 0.610 0.426 0.531
16 0.698 0.853 0.652 0.803 0.686 0.843 0.608 0.749
17 1.23 1.50 1.11 1.35 1.18 1.43 1.08 1.32
18 3.43 4.17 3.00 3.64 3.23 3.92 3.00 3.66
19 15.0 18.3 13.4 16.3 14.1 17.2 12.7 15.5
12
Typical Values of RMS Exciting Power

Electrical Steels
Exciting Power (rms VA/lb.) – ASTM A343

Flux
(kG) M-3 Mill-Anneal Oriented M-4 Mill-Anneal Oriented M-5 Mill-Anneal Oriented M-6 Mill-Anneal Oriented
1 0.00336 0.00414 0.00378 0.0047 0.00346 0.00436 0.00367 0.00471
2 0.0112 0.0140 0.0125 0.0157 0.0115 0.0147 0.0124 0.0161
3 0.0225 0.0281 0.0249 0.0315 0.0233 0.0299 0.0253 0.0331
4 0.0364 0.0455 0.0403 0.0511 0.0383 0.0494 0.0418 0.0549
5 0.0524 0.0659 0.0582 0.0740 0.0562 0.0728 0.0618 0.0813
6 0.0706 0.0890 0.0786 0.100 0.0770 0.100 0.0850 0.112
7 0.0908 0.115 0.101 0.130 0.101 0.131 0.112 0.147
8 0.113 0.143 0.127 0.162 0.128 0.166 0.141 0.187
9 0.138 0.175 0.155 0.199 0.158 0.206 0.175 0.231
10 0.166 0.211 0.186 0.239 0.191 0.249 0.212 0.279
11 0.197 0.251 0.221 0.285 0.230 0.303 0.254 0.334
12 0.235 0.298 0.262 0.337 0.274 0.357 0.300 0.394
13 0.281 0.356 0.310 0.398 0.327 0.424 0.354 0.465
14 0.344 0.433 0.371 0.475 0.396 0.510 0.420 0.549
15 0.441 0.552 0.459 0.583 0.498 0.635 0.509 0.661
16 0.627 0.774 0.613 0.769 0.687 0.862 0.658 0.842
17 1.11 1.36 1.01 1.24 1.21 1.49 1.04 1.30
18 3.21 3.81 2.90 3.53 3.67 4.46 3.04 3.70
19 13.8 16.3 12.7 15.4 14.7 18.0 12.8 15.6
13
Core Loss Curve – M-2 lite CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Lite CARLITE® and Mill-anneal
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
2 M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES

0.007 in. Thick
CORE LOSS - 50 and 60 Hz
Test: Parallel; ASTM A343
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE LOSS, W/lb.
CORELOSS - W/lb
GRAIN ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS
15
14
Core Loss Curve – M-3X LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
2 M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES

0.009 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE LOSS, W/lb.
CORELOSS - W/lb
14
15
Core Loss Curve – M-3 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE LOSS, W/lb.
CORELOSS - W/lb
16
16
Core Loss Curve – M-2 Mill-Anneal
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
2 M-2 Mill-Anneal GOES

0.007 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE LOSS, W/lb.
CORELOSS - W/lb
17
17
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING
CORE LOSS
POWER,- W/lb.
W/lb
18
18
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.011 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE Loss, W/lb.
CoreLOSS - W/lb
19
19
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.012 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE LOSS, W/lb.
CORELOSS - W/lb
20
20
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.014 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
CORE LOSS, W/lb.
CORE LOSS - W/lb
21
21
Exciting Power Curve – M-2 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.007 in. Thick
EXCITING POWER - 50 and 60 Hz
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER, VA/lb.
EXCITING POWER - VA/lb
23
22
Exciting Power Curve – M-3X LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER, VA/lb.
EXCITING POWER - VA/lb
22
23
Exciting Power Curve – M-3 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER,
EXCITING POWERVA/lb. - VA/lb
24
24
Exciting Power Curve – M-2 Mill-Anneal
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.007 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER,
EXCITING POWER
VA/lb. - VA/lb
25
25
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER,
EXCITING POWER
VA/lb. - VA/lb
26
26
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.011 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER,
EXCITING POWER
VA/lb. - VA/lb
27
27
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.012 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER,
28
28
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.014 in. Thick
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
EXCITING POWER,
29
29
D-C Magnetization Curve – M-2 LITE CARLITE
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.007 in. Thick
D-C MAGNETIZATION CURVE
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,
FIELD STRENGTH Oe - Oe
31
30
D-C Magnetization Curve – M-3X LITE CARLITE
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
30
31
D-C Magnetization Curve – M-3 LITE CARLITE
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.009 in. Thick
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
32
32
D-C Magnetization Curve – M-2 Mill-Anneal
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

0.007 in. Thick
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
31
33
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
M-3 Mill-Anneal GOES

2
0.009 in. Thick
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
34
34
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
M-4 Mill-AnnealGOES
2
0.011 in. Thick
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
35
35
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

2
0.012 in. Thick
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
36
36
20
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6

2
0.014 in. Thick
Test: As-Sheared; 50/50; A596
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
MAGNETIC
37
37
D-C Hysteresis Loops – M-2 LITE CARLITE
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES
0.007 in. Thick
2 D-C HYSTERESIS LOOPS
Peak Magnetic Flux Densities of
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
Test: SRA; Parallel; ASTM A773
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH, Oe
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
38
39
D-C Hysteresis Loops – M-3X LITE CARLITE
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES
0.009 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
38
39
D-C Hysteresis Loops – M-3 LITE CARLITE
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
M-3 LITE CARLITE® GOES
0.009 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
40
40
D-C Hysteresis Loops – M-2 Mill-Anneal
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
41
41
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
42
42
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
0.011 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
43
43
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
0.012 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
44
44
18
16
14
12
10
FLUX DENSITY, kG
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
6
4
0.014 in. Thick
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
0
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
-0.2
45
45
Powering
Progress
SAFETY | QUALITY | PRODUCTIVITY | I N N O VAT I O N
AK Steel Corporation
9227 Centre Pointe Drive
West Chester, OH 45069
844.STEEL99 | 844.783.3599
www.aksteel.com
sales@aksteel.com
Founded in 1847, Cleveland-Cliffs is among the largest vertically integrated producers of differentiated iron ore and steel in North America. With an emphasis on non-commoditized
products, the Company is uniquely positioned to supply both customized iron ore pellets and steel solutions to a quality-focused customer base. AK Steel, a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Cleveland-Cliffs, is a leading producer of flat-rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steel products. The AK Tube and Precision Partners businesses provide customer solutions with carbon
and stainless steel tubing products, die design and tooling, and hot- and cold-stamped components. In 2020, Cliffs also expects to be the sole producer of hot briquetted iron (HBI) in
the Great Lakes region. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland-Cliffs employs approximately 11,000 people across mining and steel manufacturing operations in the United States
and Canada.
Additional information about AK Steel is available at www.aksteel.com.
AK and the AK Steel logo are registered trademarks of the AK Steel Corporation. ©2020 AK Steel. All Rights Reserved. 5.20

Grain Oriented Electrical Steels: M-2, M-3, M-3X Lite Carlite Goes M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6 Mill-Anneal Goes

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Grain oriented

AK Steel Grain Oriented

FORMS AND STANDARD SIZES

Table 1 – Guaranteed Core Loss

Maximum Core Loss, W/lb.

Oriented M-2 – 0.007 (0.18) 0.307 0.479 0.395 0.609 18.0

Typical Core Loss, W/lb.

Oriented M-2 – 0.007 (0.18) 0.292 0.446 0.375 0.567 18.4

Surface Insulation & Lamination Factor Curves

Lamination Factor LITE 0.031

processing gives AK Steel's Oriented Electrical Steels exceptionally 0.114

Franklin Current, (A)

0.07 0.14 0.35 0.70 1.4 3.5 7.0

Test Pressure, psi. 100 1000

Representative Mechanical Properties

Table 4 – Comparative Magnetostriction

Thickness, Width, Camber & Flatness Tolerances

Table 6 – Width Tolerances

Coils-Slit Minimum width 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)

Coils-Not Slit Inside diameter 20.0 in. (508 mm)

Typical Values of Core Loss

Core Loss (W/lb.) – ASTM A343

Typical Values of Core Loss

Core Loss (W/lb.) – ASTM A343

Typical Values of RMS Exciting Power

Exciting Power (rms VA/lb.) – ASTM A343

Typical Values of RMS Exciting Power

Exciting Power (rms VA/lb.) – ASTM A343

2 M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-3 LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-2 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-3 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-4 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-5 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-6 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-3 LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-2 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-3 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-4 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-5 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-6 Mill-Anneal GOES

2 M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-3 LITE CARLITE® GOES

2 M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES

M-3 Mill-Anneal GOES

M-5 Mill-Anneal GOES

M-6 Mill-Anneal GOES

SAFETY | QUALITY | PRODUCTIVITY | I N N O VAT I O N

Additional information about AK Steel is available at www.aksteel.com.

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