This document provides definitions and examples of different literary forms that existed during the pre-colonial and Spanish colonization periods in the Philippines, including:
1. Folk speeches/riddles - Short poems or sayings employing poetic devices and referring to a specific object. Examples include riddles about animals or plants.
2. Folk songs - Songs originating from traditional culture that reflect people's outlook, including children's songs about homes or farming.
3. Folk narratives - Stories handed down orally from generation to generation, such as folktales about animals with lessons.
4. Indigenous rituals - Place-based traditions and offerings that connect past, present and future to ensure balance and harmony
This document provides definitions and examples of different literary forms that existed during the pre-colonial and Spanish colonization periods in the Philippines, including:
1. Folk speeches/riddles - Short poems or sayings employing poetic devices and referring to a specific object. Examples include riddles about animals or plants.
2. Folk songs - Songs originating from traditional culture that reflect people's outlook, including children's songs about homes or farming.
3. Folk narratives - Stories handed down orally from generation to generation, such as folktales about animals with lessons.
4. Indigenous rituals - Place-based traditions and offerings that connect past, present and future to ensure balance and harmony
This document provides definitions and examples of different literary forms that existed during the pre-colonial and Spanish colonization periods in the Philippines, including:
1. Folk speeches/riddles - Short poems or sayings employing poetic devices and referring to a specific object. Examples include riddles about animals or plants.
2. Folk songs - Songs originating from traditional culture that reflect people's outlook, including children's songs about homes or farming.
3. Folk narratives - Stories handed down orally from generation to generation, such as folktales about animals with lessons.
4. Indigenous rituals - Place-based traditions and offerings that connect past, present and future to ensure balance and harmony
This document provides definitions and examples of different literary forms that existed during the pre-colonial and Spanish colonization periods in the Philippines, including:
1. Folk speeches/riddles - Short poems or sayings employing poetic devices and referring to a specific object. Examples include riddles about animals or plants.
2. Folk songs - Songs originating from traditional culture that reflect people's outlook, including children's songs about homes or farming.
3. Folk narratives - Stories handed down orally from generation to generation, such as folktales about animals with lessons.
4. Indigenous rituals - Place-based traditions and offerings that connect past, present and future to ensure balance and harmony
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Lesson #2
PRE-COLONIAL / SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD LITERARY FORMS
LITERARY FORM DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Refers to the dialect, or style of speaking, unique to people living Munting anghel na lilipad-lipad, dala-dala'y within a geographic area. liwanag sa likod ng pakpak. - alitaptap Includes riddles, proverbs, and short poems. Isang reynang maraming mata nasa gitna ang mga When told in the native Tagalong espada. – pinya 1. Folk speeches/ riddles language, the riddles employ many poetic devices. They usually rhyme Pagkahaba-haba man daw ng prusisyon, sa and they often rely on simile and simbahan din ang tuloy. metaphor to other clues. The riddles tend to be one or two lines and Daig ng maagap ang masipag. refer to a specific object. A song that originates in traditional popular culture or that is written in such a style. A song of the people of a culture or Bahay kubo - is a children's song. The song lyrics region that reflects their outlook contain the name of indigenous and traditional and life. vegetables. 2. Folk Songs A song originating among the Paru-parung bukid - A traditional folk song people of a country or area, passed originated from "Mariposa Bella". by oral tradition from one singer or Magtanim ay Di Biro - A rice-planting song. generation to the next, often existing in several versions, and marked generally by simple, modal melody and stanza, narrative verse. The Monkey and the Turtle The Monkey and the Turtle is a perfect example of folktale short story written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal. The story focuses on the monkey and turtle who started as friends. They both saw a floating banana plant on the water. They thought of splitting it so they could plan it. The monkey chose the upper part of the plant for he thought it was better. Meanwhile, the turtle got the bottom part with the roots so he grew an abundant plant. Also known as “Legends”, and Since the turtle couldn’t climb the tree to get the “Fairy Tales”. fruits, he asked the monkey to get it for him. Stories handed down from the Instead, the monkey betrayed the turtle and ate 3. Folk Narratives remote past by words of mouth every fruit. The turtle planned a revenge to him from one generation to another, which ended to the monkey’s death. The friends of reflecting the people’s tradition, the monkey also planned a revenge but they did feelings, beliefs, and judgments. not win over the turtle. The Necklace and the Comb The Necklace and the Comb tells the story of Inday who adored her necklace and comb. She was given these as family heirloom during her sixteenth birthday. She would keep with her the necklace and comb even while working so to avoid spoiling them, she put those on the cloud. Her necklace and comb went up later on with the sky. Time came, the comb became the quarter moon and then the necklace turned into the stars. Ritual of Tambalan - Before tilling and cultivating land for their crops, Cebuanos were known to perform this ritual. (Consisting of meat from a white chicken or white pork along with wine or Buyo, these offerings Processes that are place-based, in would be set on a table in the open field as gifts relationship with the natural world, for the unseen owner or spirit of the land.) which draw together past, present, Tagalogs called upon their gods such Lakan- and future into a space in which 4. Indigenous Rituals bakod, who they worship for an abundant harvest personal and collective of their fruit bearing plants and trees. Their rituals transformations occur. The focus is were often celebratory in nature where they held on balance and harmony among a a feast in the fields under a canopy. They would vast network of relationships. build an altar and wooden statue of Lakan-Bakod wherein it’s genital was gilded and sized to represent the desired rice stalk height. They would give these statues food offerings and wine for assurance of a bountiful harvest season. Tinikling - This dance imitates the movements of the tinikling bird walking through tall grasses and tree branches. It requires two bamboo poles. The challenge of this dance is to try not to get your A style of dance that simply imitates feet hurt between the poles. 5. Mimetic Dance behaviour found in nature, Cariñosa - The name cariñosa means “loving or particularly of animals. affectionate one”. It is basically a dance meant for flirting. A fan or a handkerchief is usually plays a vital role in performing this dance. The Philippines National Dance.
AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD LITERARY FORMS
LITERARY FORM DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter 1. Free Verse Poems written in free verse can have lines of any length, from a single word to much longer. Brief fictional prose narrative that is shorter than a novel and that usually deals with only a few characters. Dead Stars – A short story written by the Filipino Usually concerned with a single author Paz Márquez Benítez. The story was the first effect conveyed in only one or a few story by a Filipino writer to be written in English. It significant episodes or scenes. The was published in 1925 in the “Philippine Herald.” form encourages economy of The story focuses on a man, Alfredo, who is 2. Modern Short setting, concise narrative, and the engaged to one woman but falls in love with Story omission of a complex plot; another. character is disclosed in action and The Bread of Salt - a short story that was written by dramatic encounter but is seldom N. V. M. Gonzalez in 1958. Written in the first fully developed. Despite its person, it tells of a simple fourteen-year-old boy relatively limited scope, though, a who is infatuated with the niece of a rich plantation short story is often judged by its owner. ability to provide a “complete” or satisfying treatment of its characters and subject. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) - Written by Dr. Fictitious prose narrative of book 3. Novels Jose Rizal, is the most controversial and well-known length, typically representing piece of literature the Philippines has. The book has character and action with some impacted the country so much that it is included in degree of realism. the current education curriculum of Filipino high An invented prose narrative of school students. The author, Dr. Rizal, the nation’s considerable length and a certain national hero, raised the social awakening of the complexity that deals imaginatively Filipinos through this controversial piece. The with human experience, usually awakening happened during the Spanish colonial through a connected sequence of era. During this time, Rizal could not swallow the events involving a group of persons injustices the Spanish priests and the ruling in a specific setting. government gave the Filipinos. Noli Me Tangere was written to expose and shed some light on the issues of the Philippines’ society during the Spanish colonial era. Florante at Laura - written by Francisco Balagtas is another well-known masterpiece in the literature industry of the Philippines. Florante at Laura is written in the form of “awit” or “poetry” if translated to English. This means there are four lines per stanza and twelve syllables per line. Set in the fictional kingdom of Albania, the book takes us to the journey of Duke Florante and Princess Laura, who is also being pursued by Duke Florante’s enemy, Count Adolfo. The Philippines a Century Hence - an essay written A short nonfictional piece of formal by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal to forecast the writing assigned to students to future of the country within a hundred years. Rizal improve their writing skills or assess 4. Essays felt that it was time to remind Spain that the their knowledge of a given subject. circumstances that ushered in the French Composed of Introduction, Body, Revolution could have a telling effect for her in the and Conclusion. Philippines.
JAPANESE COLONIZATION PERIOD LITERARY FORMS
LITERARY FORM DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
The first and last lines of the poem have five syllables, and the second or middle line has Everything I touch by Kobayashi Issa seven, traditionally evoking “Everything I touch images of the natural world. with tenderness, alas, First emerged in Japanese pricks like a bramble.” 1. Haiku literature during the 17th After Killing a Spider by Masaoki Shiki century, as a terse reaction to “After killing a elaborate poetic traditions, spider, how lonely I feel though it did not become known in the cold of night!” by the name haiku until the 19th century. Palay by Idelfonso Santos “Palay siyang matino, Nang humangi’y yumuko; The Filipino Haiku Nguni’t muling tumayo It is an untitled poem of four Nagkabunga ng ginto” 2. Tanaga lines with each line equally Tag-Init by Idelfonso Santos having seven syllables. “Alipatong lumapag Sa lupa — nagkabitak, Sa kahoy nalugayak, Sa puso — naglagablab!” 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD LITERARY FORMS
LITERARY FORM DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Vintage Love by Agay Llanera Synopsis: 26-year-old Crissy Lopez’s life is in dire Genre of fiction which addresses need of a makeover. Her wardrobe revolves around issues of modern womanhood, ratty shirts and beat-up sneaks; her grueling schedule as a TV Executive leaves no room for a often humorously and light- social life; and worst of all, she’s still hung up on the heartedly. Evil Ex who left her five years ago. When her Typically written by female fashionable grand-aunt passes away and leaves 1. Chick Lit authors, centred on female behind a roomful of vintage stuff, the Shy Stylista protagonists, and marketed inside Crissy gradually resurfaces. Soon, she feels toward young women. like she's making progress -- with a budding lovelife to boot! But the grim ghost of her past catches up A fiction by women, for women, with her, threatening to push her back into about women. depression. To finally move on, Crissy learns that walking away is not enough. This time, she needs to take a leap of faith.
A short poetry in a form of
tanaga that is sent through SMS 2. Mobile Phone Text on mobile phone with your Tula friends, families, loved ones, and through netizens (citizens of internet).
A broad term used to describe
genres and sub-genres of literature (and film) that incorporate some form of the fantastic. The Hunger Games 3. Speculative Fiction Any story that does not take The Lord of the Rings place in the real world and does incorporate only real-world elements.
Sunrise by Don Tassone
Haiti awoke in the darkness, slipped out of her small A style of writing which involves house and headed for the beach. She would be back producing very short pieces of in less than an hour, before her daughter and fictional literature. husband awoke. This is quite different to the She followed a dirt path, the moon lighting her way. concept of a short story, which is 4. Flash fiction The waves softly called to her, like old friends. She usually several pages long and took her shoes off, the sand cool on the soles of her can notch up thousands of feet, and sat down where she knew the sand was words. Works of flash fiction, by soft and dry. contrast, can comprise as little Haiti closed her eyes and whispered a prayer, then as a single page or 250 words. opened them just in time to watch the sun rise, as she did every day. A web log: a website containing Corporette - is actually a fashion and lifestyle blog, but it focuses on women with corporate career short articles called posts that 5. Blog paths, such as bankers, lawyers, and consultants. are changed regularly. The site was founded in 2008 by Kat Griffin, a professional litigator for a Wall Street law firm. Watch me weep: Butterflies by Lira Kale Pajarillo “How nice is it to be a butterfly Includes verse with links to sub- One that frolics across the gardens poems or footnotes, poetry Of succulent flowers, all vibrant “generators,” poetry with One that is admired for the beauty movement or images. of being a nature’s gift to man 6. Hyperpoetry It is also known as cyberpoetry. Tell me, one pretty butterfly! Usually highly steeped in the Have time for me soon. visual and sometimes involves Tell me next to your admirers parts that are read in varying About how it is to be orders Adored and paid homage Inside a glistening crystal glass frame.”