Coir Epoxy Composite
Coir Epoxy Composite
Coir Epoxy Composite
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07221-6
Abstract
This article speculated the physical, mechanical, tribological, and surface morphology of the coir filler-reinforced polymeric
composite. The investigation has been carried out regarding different weight percentages (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5%)
of coir filler. Moreover, a novel framework for inferring the optimal reinforcement condition of coir in epoxy resin has also
been proposed in the form of Schweizer–Sklar fuzzy TOmada de Decisão Interativa e Multicritério (TODIM) approach. The
proposed framework is reliable as it does away with the expert’s biased evaluations and gives due consideration to their risk
appetite. The optimal reinforcement condition has been deduced with due consideration to tribological, tensile, flexural and
fracture properties of the fabricated composites. Through the investigation, it has been observed that the polymeric composite
fabricated using 5 wt.% coir filler yields the most favourable results with regard to the considered mechanical and tribological
properties.
Keywords Coir filler · Biocomposite · Mechanical properties · Adhesive wear · Surface morphology · TODIM
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functions as a cleaner and polisher, assisting in improv- performance of 5-mm fibre length at optimum load by pro-
ing composite’s adhesive wear performance by roughly tecting the contacting composite surface and reducing matrix
10%. Later, Yousif [12] looked into the wear and frictional wear [17].
behaviour of polyester-based multi-layer of coir fibres in There are various benefits of taking coir filler as an alterna-
another research. He discovered that coir fibre composites tive of coir fibre for developing the composite. These include
with three layers performed better in wear and friction than easy processing, handling, minor defect issue, no orientation
those with four layers and plain polyester. This is due to the problem like fibre material, and cost-effectiveness [18, 19].
high interfacial adhesion between the four layers of coir fibres The filler’s surface contains numerous contaminations such
and the polyester matrix, which can tolerate fibre removal as dust, oil, and wax which developed a major constraint
at the interface. Further, Yousif et al. [13] researched the in composite fabrication. Therefore, surface modification is
influence of various chemical modifications on coir fibre essential to remove the impurities existing on the filler sur-
composite wear performance. According to the study, the face and improve the bonding among the matrix and fillers
friction coefficient of the untreated composite was higher [20–23]. Many studies have found that adding different nat-
at all loads, whereas alkali-treated composite showed less ural fibres like betelnut fibres, sugarcane fibres, sisal fibres
friction coefficient value. Impurities were also eliminated by with polymers that are sliding against steel improves their
alkali treatment, which improved the interlinking capabilities wear resistance. However, the performance is affected by the
of the fibre and polymer. factors such as size, shape, volume fraction, the orientation
On the other hand, surface enhancement by bleaching was of the fibre, and the test condition such as load, speed, sliding
ineffective since pollutants were present on the outside sur- time, and temperature [24–26].
face. Other than tribological studies, some researchers also The study’s novelty is to investigate the adhesive wear
investigated on the mechanical properties of the coir fibre- behaviour of micro-coir filler-reinforced epoxy composite.
reinforced composite. Das G and Biswas [14] inspected on The other contribution of the presented work is the proposal
the erosion wear performance coir fibre-reinforced polymer of a novel decision-making framework that aids in inspect-
composite filled with alumina. The effect of impingement ing the optimal reinforcement condition. The current study
angle on erosive wear of neat polymer revealed semi- inspected the influence of coir filler content (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5,
ductile erosive wear, with the peak erosion rate occurring 10 and 12.5 Wt.%) on the mechanical and dry sliding wear
at a 60° impingement angle. The composites with alumina characteristics of coir filler supported polymer composite.
filler, on the other hand, respond to solid particle contact The effect of variation of load (5–20 N), sliding distance
in a semi-brittle manner, with peak erosion occurring at a (0–2000 m), and sliding velocity (0–2 m/s) is examined to
75° impingement angle. The erosion wear performance of find the volume loss of material, frictional performance, and
coir fibre-reinforced epoxy composites is also influenced temperature variation of the developed coir filler-reinforced
by impact velocity. It has been discovered that regardless polymer composite. The study also discussed the surface
of other factors, increasing impact velocity upsurges the morphology analysis of the worn-out parts of the composite.
rate of wear of the composites. Khuntia and Biswas [15] To find the optimal reinforcement condition through a novel
investigated on the flammability and dynamic mechanical fuzzy-based decision-making tool has also been presented
analysis (DMA) of coir fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) towards the end of the work.
composite. The flame propagation speed of coir/PP com-
posites was found to be maximum in composites having
20 wt. percent coir fibres and then decreased as the coir 2 Materials and Methodology
fibre concentration rose. DMA thermograms revealed that
the coir/PP composites had a greater storage modulus value 2.1 Materials
than neat PP, indicating that the composites are stiffer and
had less damping properties. Some studies are also conducted The coir filler material has been carefully picked as the rein-
on the castor oil-based fibre-reinforced epoxy composite in forcing material as it holds high strength and good thermal
recent times. Egala and Gangi Setti found that alkali-treated constancy [12]. Coconut fruits were collected from the local
castor oil fibre-reinforced epoxy composite displays better market of Silchar, Assam. Coir fillers were removed from the
mechanical performance related to untreated and KMnO4 external shell of coconut casing. Then, they were converted to
treated composite [16]. Later they investigated on the tri- powdered particles through the grinding and ball milling pro-
bological performance of the same composite. The study cess. The unwanted dust particles adhered to the fillers were
reveals that the 5-mm chopped fibre length yielded bet- removed by washing several times. Then, they were dried
ter tribological findings than the 10, 15, and 20 mm fibre in a furnace for 8 h at 60 °C and renamed as untreated coir
lengths. A fibre-rich surface, high chemical bonding, and filler. Then, sieving of coir fillers was done with the help of
high cross-linking may be responsible for the improved wear a 100-micron sieve for achieving micro-coir particles. Siev-
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ing reduces the coir particle size to less than 100 microns on 2.3 Composite Fabrication
average. The process of converting raw coconut to micro-coir
particulates is shown in Fig. 1. Composite fabrication was done by the hand layup method.
The present study explores the use of epoxy resin HSC Firstly, the mixture of treated coir fillers and epoxy resin
7400 as the matrix material for composite development. was placed in a sonicator machine that uniformly mixes the
Aliphatic amine-based hardener HSC 8210 was used for two components. After that, the moisture removal opera-
curing the epoxy resin. The reason for choosing the afore- tion was done with the use of a vacuum desiccator. On the
said matrix is its low viscosity, i.e. 10,000–12,000 mPa, other side, silicon rubber mould cavities have been prepared,
and its superior mechanical properties. The pot life of the and heavy-duty silicon-free oil was sprayed in the mould,
resin-hardener mixture is 24 h at room temperature. 10:1 which performs as a releasing mediator to avoid the mould’s
is the mixing ratio of the resin and hardener as per the composite sticking. The filler-epoxy mixture was gradually
datasheet obtained from the supplier. The density of the coir poured into the mould cavity and kept the mould in room
filler is calculated 0.6 g/cm3 , and the density of the epoxy temperature for 24 h. After the curing process, the speci-
resin is 1.10 g/cm3 which was provided by the technical mens were drawn out from the mould and used in further
datasheet. testing. Figure 2 shows the process flowchart of composite
fabrication.
2.2 Pre-Treatment
3 Characterization Performed
The fillers were treated with a 5% NaOH solution during the
pre-treatment process. 8 g of coir filler was mixed into the 3.1 Static Mechanical Characterization
5 wt.% aqueous NaOH solution and stirred on a magnetic
stirrer at 870 rpm for 8 h at 48 °C. Later, the fillers were To determine the static mechanical property of the developed
cleaned numerous times with distilled water and acetone till composite, tensile and flexural test has been conducted. The
the pH shrinks to 7. Finally, the coir particulates were dried tensile and flexural experiment is done according to the stan-
in a furnace at 60 °C for 6–8 h. Treated composites were dard ASTM D 638 and ASTM D 790. Both the experiments
retitled as alkali-treated coir filler composite (ATCFC). are carried out on the crosshead velocity of 1 mm/min. The
The motive behind the alkali treatment of filler was to measurement of the specimen for the tensile test is 65 × 10 ×
eliminate the OH− from the surface of the fillers and thus 4 mm, and the measurement for the flexural testing sample
lessen the moisture attraction capability of the particulates. is 80 × 15 × 4 mm. The tensile and flexural findings are the
During pre-treatment of coir fillers, NaOH is dissociated into averages of six samples tested.
Na+ and OH− ions. The OH− ion combined with an H+ ion
present in filler and was replaced as water. Na+ ion that was 3.2 Tribological Characterization
adhered to the filler surface was removed by washing with
distilled water numerous times, bringing the pH of the filler The wear tests have been steered on a pin-on-disc (POD)
particles to the neutral state. TR-705 machine supplied from DUCOM. The shape of the
sample is cylindrical with 10 mm × 15 mm according to the
ASTM G99 standard. The wear disc is built of EN-31 steel,
and the dimension is 100 mm × 8 mm thick. The disc has a
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hardness of 62 Hrc and a surface roughness of 1.6 Ra . Before the density of solid particle. A test specimen is weighed, and
every test, the wear disc and composite specimen were pol- its mass is recorded in the air. After that, it’s submerged in a
ished by an abrasive paper of 2000 grade for highly intense liquid, and its apparent mass is measured. Equation 2 can be
contact. The diameter of the wear track is fixed at 35 mm. used to measure the total percentage of void in the formed
After every test, the specimen’s weight is weighed on a Wen- composite material.
sar weight balance machine with an accuracy ± 0.001 g.
100
3.3 Morphological Characterization Td R r
(1)
D + d
The microscopic analysis of the worn-out composite is exam-
Td − Md
ined using a field emission scanning electron microscope V × 100 (2)
Td
(FE-SEM) operating at 15 kV. The surface of the fillers is
viewed vertically and before the assessment, covered with a
platinum coating to elude charging under the beam. where V is the void content percentage of the composite, and
Td and Md are the theoretical and measured density of the
composite material. R and r represent the wt.% of resin and
4 Results and Discussion coir filler reinforcement of the composite. Similarly, D and d
denote the corresponding density of the resin and coir fillers.
4.1 Void Percentage The quantity of void % produced in the prepared compos-
ite is depicted in Fig. 3. According to the findings, the void
The amount of void formed due to the filler addition and percentage of composite material gradually increases as the
trapped air bubble must be determined by examining the void filler weight % increases. The neat polymer composite dis-
present in the developed material. The void test is performed plays the lowermost void fraction among all the developed
under the ASTM standard D2734-16. Both experimental and samples. The neat epoxy has a void percentage of 0.09 per
theoretical values for the material are determined to assess the cent, and when the filler material is added to the matrix, the
produced material’s void percentage. Using a water immer- void percentage increases. This is due to the reduction of
sion density measurement unit, the formulated material’s epoxy and increment of hydrophilic filler material, the ten-
experimental density is examined, and the material’s theoret- dency of moisture absorption capacity increases, and thus,
ical density is calculated using the mathematical expression the void fraction of the composite increases. The highest
in Eq. 1. As described in ASTM D 792 and ISO 1183-1, the void percentage of the composite is 4.2% which is found
immersion method is the most used method for determining at 12.5 wt.% coir filler reinforcement.
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Fig. 8 a Volume loss versus sliding velocity for various coir filler-
reinforced composite. b COF versus sliding velocity for various coir
filler-reinforced composite. c Temperature versus coir filler loading at
different sliding velocities
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Fig. 10 Worn surface of the neat epoxy sample at a 20 N, 1 m/s and 1 km, b 10 N, 2 m/s and 1 km, c 10 N, 1 m/s and 2 km
Temperature is measured by the help of a thermocouple increased normal load. The heat generation between the inter-
sensor which is placed in the disc surface. The friction pro- faces is also higher in the previously reported work [12,
duced between the composite and counterface depends on the 13], ranging from 30 to 60 °C. This is because the compos-
load and heat generation. As the standard load rises, contact ite and the counterface material are highly frictional, which
pressure of the surface increases. Due to high contact pres- increases the temperature. In the current work, heat genera-
sure, friction coefficient between the composite exterior and tion is less, so there is better wear resistance capacity.
the disc increases, leading to heat generation. At low load,
i.e. at 5 and 10 N, temperature increment is almost similar in
all the composite specimens. The maximum variation occurs 4.5.2 Effect of Sliding Velocity
at a high loading condition. Neat polymer material displays
the maximum temperature of 51 °C, while 5 wt.% coir filler Figure 8a displays the variation of volume loss of differ-
loading displays the lowest temperature increment of 42 °C ent filler contents at different velocities. When the sliding
at 20 N load. In composites reinforced with 10 and 12.5 wt.% velocity increases, the volume loss has been observed to be
filler, heat generation has been observed to be significantly low in the fabricated coir filler-reinforced composites. This
higher than the other composites and the temperature incre- is because sliding time reduces when the speed increases for
ment has been revealed to be about 47 °C. As the coir filler a fixed sliding distance and load, which lowers the volume
support increases in the composite, the outer surface of the loss. The other reason may be that the composite and the
composite becomes rougher, leading to an increase in inter- counterface could not rub uniformly due to high speed, and
face temperature during a longer sliding distance. Figure 7d hence, the volume loss decreases. At low velocity, loss of
shows the variation of temperature against filler loading with material is almost similar for all coir filler loadings. In 2.5,
5 and 7.5 wt.% coir filler reinforced composites, better wear
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Fig. 11 Worn surface of the 5 wt. % ATCFC at a 20 N, 1 m/s and 1 km, b 10 N, 2 m/s and 1 km, c 10 N, 1 m/s and 2 km
performance has been observed, i.e. very negligible mate- 4.5.3 Effect of Sliding Distance
rial loss. This is because of the better interaction between
the filler and epoxy that helped safeguard the surface from The variation in the sliding distance also affects the volume
wearing out. Another reason is that for lower filler loading, loss. Figure 9a and b shows the variation of volume loss and
COF is minimum and almost constant for different speeds SWR for different coir filler reinforcements at a different slid-
as shown in Fig. 8b. The heat generation between the com- ing distance. During the alteration of sliding distance, other
posite and counterface is also less for lower filler loading, constraints such as sliding velocity and load were kept con-
as shown in Fig. 8c. Thus, lower wearing has been observed stant. Neat epoxy showed the highest volume loss ranging
in the developed composite specimens. However, for 10 and from 1.5 to 5 mm3 . Similar to other operating parameters,
12.5 wt.% filler loading, volume loss is slightly high and it no significant volume loss and SWR have been observed at
varies from 0.9 to 2.2 mm3 . It is because of the increased the initial phase of sliding distance. However, minimal loss
COF and heat generation at the interface. Neat epoxy sam- of material and SWR have been observed at a higher slid-
ples show the highest loss of material which varies from 1.5 ing distance for 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.% coir filler composites.
to 4 mm3 . Since SWR is not dependent upon sliding velocity, When the specimen rubs on the disc surface for a longer
so here the graphical representation of SWR is the same as period, more asperities come into contact with the counter-
volume loss for all the coir filler loading variation as shown face, which directs the specimen to be worn out.
in Fig. 8a. The main reason for high volume loss or SWR is the COF
between the surfaces. The frictional force is high at lower
sliding distances due to greater surface contact. But with
a gradual increase in the sliding distance, a thin film layer
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Fig. 12 Worn surface of the 12.5 wt. % ATCFC at a 20 N, 1 m/s and 1 km, b 10 N, 2 m/s and 1 km, c 10 N, 1 m/s and 2 km
is generated, due to which the COF value does not increase tions. At a high sliding distance, i.e. 2000 m, high material
further. This is why heat generation at the interfaces also fluc- removal has been observed.
tuates according to the different sliding distances. At lower The experimental study has already noticed that volume
filler loading, COF is minimum, so the temperature varia- loss and SWR are lowest at lesser filler reinforcement. Fig-
tion is also minimum, but at higher filler loading, COF and ure 11 shows the worn surface of the 5 wt.% ATCFC at
temperature variation are comparatively more as shown in various operating conditions. At 5 wt.% filling, coir partic-
Fig. 9c and d. ulates are uniformly distributed within the matrix material.
Thus, the loss of material is comparatively lesser. At 20 N
4.6 Surface Morphology load, few wear fragments are detected to be dispersed on
the surface. Some micro-cracks and significantly less wear
Figure 10 displays the worn surface of the neat polymer sam- debris are found at high velocity and sliding distance. There
ple. It has already been witnessed from the study above that is also evidence of the creation of back film transfer zones
neat polymer displays the maximum loss of material at ele- on the surface, which is the primary cause of the SWR value
vated load, sliding velocity and sliding distance compared to dropping.
the different coir particulate reinforced composite. From FE- In the case of 12.5 wt.% coir filler-reinforced compos-
SEM images, at a higher load of 20 N, it can be observed that ite, a large amount of material removal is noticed at a high
the bulk volume loss happens from the exterior surface of the load due to the large volume of filler corroboration with
composite. Some cracks are also observed, which are prop- the polymer matrix shown in Fig. 12. Some micro-voids are
agated as time increases. At high velocity, i.e. 2 m/s, wear also visible at the surface exterior. At high sliding velocity
damages are noticeable on the surface. Here, the fragments and distance, removal of material is also high but less than
of debris are much lesser compared to high loading condi- high load condition. Moreover, cluster formation of fillers is
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C1 EG L EEG G EL G L
C2 G EG O EG EEG OL EL
C3 OH OL EG OL EL G G
C4 OL L EG OL EL EG EG
C5 EG EG G G G O OL
C6 G G EG EG EG OH OL
C7 EG EG OH OH OH G L
C8 EG EG L L L OH L
C9 FG FG EG EG EG OL EL
C10 EG L EEG G EL G L
*EEG very very good; EG very good; G good; FG fairly good; O mod-
erate; OL moderate low; L low; EL very low
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Table 3 Converted linguistic evaluations for expert 1
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7
C1 [0.70, 0.80], [0.15, 0.25], [0.80, 0.90], [0.60, 0.70], [0.10, 0.15], [0.60, 0.70], [0.15, 0.25],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.55, 0.60] [0.05, 0.10] [0.20, 0.25] [0.70, 0.75] [0.20, 0.25] [0.55, 0.60]
C2 [0.60, 0.70], [0.70, 0.80], [0.40, 0.50], [0.70, 0.80], [0.80, 0.90], [0.30, 0.40], [0.10, 0.15],
[0.20, 0.25] [0.15, 0.20] [0.35, 0.40] [0.15, 0.20] [0.05, 0.10] [0.45, 0.50] [0.70, 0.75]
C3 [0.50, 0.60], [0.30, 0.40], [0.70, 0.80], [0.30, 0.40], [0.10, 0.15], [0.60, 0.70], [0.60, 0.70],
[0.25, 0.30] [0.45, 0.50] [0.15, 0.20] [0.45, 0.50] [0.70, 0.75] [0.20, 0.25] [0.20, 0.25]
C4 [0.30, 0.40], [0.15, 0.25], [0.70, 0.80], [0.30, 0.40], [0.10, 0.15], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80],
[0.45, 0.50] [0.55, 0.60] [0.15, 0.20] [0.45, 0.50] [0.70, 0.75] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20]
C5 [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.60, 0.70], [0.60, 0.70], [0.60, 0.70], [0.40, 0.50], [0.30, 0.40],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.20, 0.25] [0.20, 0.25] [0.20, 0.25] [0.35, 0.40] [0.45, 0.50]
C6 [0.60, 0.70], [0.60, 0.70], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.50, 0.60], [0.30, 0.40],
[0.20, 0.25] [0.20, 0.25] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.25, 0.30] [0.45, 0.50]
C7 [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.50, 0.60], [0.50, 0.60], [0.50, 0.60], [0.60, 0.70], [0.15, 0.25],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.25, 0.30] [0.25, 0.30] [0.25, 0.30] [0.20, 0.25] [0.55, 0.60]
C8 [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.15, 0.25], [0.15, 0.25], [0.15, 0.25], [0.50, 0.60], [0.15, 0.25],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.55, 0.60] [0.55, 0.60] [0.55, 0.60] [0.25, 0.30] [0.55, 0.60]
C9 [0.50, 0.60], [0.50, 0.60], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.30, 0.40], [0.10, 0.15],
[0.25, 0.30] [0.25, 0.30] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.45, 0.50] [0.70, 0.75]
C10 [0.70, 0.80], [0.15, 0.25], [0.80, 0.90], [0.60, 0.70], [0.10, 0.15], [0.60, 0.70], [0.15, 0.25],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.55, 0.60] [0.05, 0.10] [0.20, 0.25] [0.70, 0.75] [0.20, 0.25] [0.55, 0.60]
(9)
r̃i j cikj , dikj , aikj , bikj (5)
Owing to the spatial constraints and to sustain the con-
The normalized values are delineated in Table 4. Once ciseness of the study, the elements of the aggregated decision
the normalization matrix have been shown only for the first four criteria. This
process has been accomplished, values for is tabulated in Table 5. Subsequently, the criteria weights and
supports Sup r̃i j , r̃i j , T r̃ikj and hence the weight vector
k t
relative weights are determined, and the calculated weights
δikj are determined using Eq. (6), Eq. (7) and Eq. (8), respec- are shown in Table 6. The dominance score, overall domi-
tively: nance score, and hence the ranks of the alternatives under
consideration are calculated using relative weights. Table 7
Sup r̃ikj , r̃it j 1 − d r̃ikj , r̃it j (6) depicts the dominance score, overall dominance score, and
material alternatives’ final rankings. In accordance with the
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C1 [0.55, 0.60], [0.05, 0.10], [0.20, 0.25], [0.70, 0.75], [0.20, 0.25], [0.55, 0.60], [0.55, 0.60],
[0.15, 0.25] [0.80, 0.90] [0.60, 0.70] [0.10, 0.15] [0.60, 0.70] [0.15, 0.25] [0.15, 0.25]
C2 [0.15, 0.20], [0.35, 0.40], [0.15, 0.20], [0.05, 0.10], [0.45, 0.50], [0.70, 0.75], [0.15, 0.20],
[0.70, 0.80] [0.40, 0.50] [0.70, 0.80] [0.80, 0.90] [0.30, 0.40] [0.10, 0.15] [0.70, 0.80]
C3 [0.45, 0.50], [0.15, 0.20], [0.45, 0.50], [0.70, 0.75], [0.20, 0.25], [0.20, 0.25], [0.45, 0.50],
[0.30, 0.40] [0.70, 0.80] [0.30, 0.40] [0.10, 0.15] [0.60, 0.70] [0.60, 0.70] [0.30, 0.40]
C4 [0.55, 0.60], [0.15, 0.20], [0.45, 0.50], [0.70, 0.75], [0.15, 0.20], [0.15, 0.20], [0.55, 0.60],
[[0.15, 0.25] [0.70, 0.80] [0.30, 0.40] [0.10, 0.15] [0.70, 0.80] [0.70, 0.80] [[0.15, 0.25]
C5 [0.70, 0.80], [0.60, 0.70], [0.60, 0.70], [0.60, 0.70], [0.40, 0.50], [0.30, 0.40], [0.70, 0.80],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.20, 0.25] [0.20, 0.25] [0.20, 0.25] [0.35, 0.40] [0.45, 0.50] [0.15, 0.20]
C6 [0.60, 0.70], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.50, 0.60], [0.30, 0.40], [0.60, 0.70],
[0.20, 0.25] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.25, 0.30] [0.45, 0.50] [0.20, 0.25]
C7 [0.70, 0.80], [0.50, 0.60], [0.50, 0.60], [0.50, 0.60], [0.60, 0.70], [0.15, 0.25], [0.70, 0.80],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.25, 0.30] [0.25, 0.30] [0.25, 0.30] [0.20, 0.25] [0.55, 0.60] [0.15, 0.20]
C8 [0.70, 0.80], [0.15, 0.25], [0.15, 0.25], [0.15, 0.25], [0.50, 0.60], [0.15, 0.25], [0.70, 0.80],
[0.15, 0.20] [0.55, 0.60] [0.55, 0.60] [0.55, 0.60] [0.25, 0.30] [0.55, 0.60] [0.15, 0.20]
C9 [0.50, 0.60], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.70, 0.80], [0.30, 0.40], [0.10, 0.15], [0.50, 0.60],
[0.25, 0.30] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.15, 0.20] [0.45, 0.50] [0.70, 0.75] [0.25, 0.30]
C10 [0.55, 0.60], [0.05, 0.10], [0.20, 0.25], [0.70, 0.75], [0.20, 0.25], [0.55, 0.60], [0.55, 0.60],
[0.15, 0.25] [0.80, 0.90] [0.60, 0.70] [0.10, 0.15] [0.60, 0.70] [0.15, 0.25] [0.15, 0.25]
M1 0.800 0.900 0.117 0.900 0.610 0.715 0.362 0.745 0.600 0.700 0.367 0.750 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800
M2 0.640 0.743 0.369 0.766 0.600 0.700 0.367 0.750 0.600 0.700 0.367 0.750 0.800 0.900 0.117 0.900
M3 0.500 0.600 0.419 0.700 0.532 0.634 0.422 0.713 0.571 0.673 0.362 0.733 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800
M4 0.500 0.600 0.419 0.700 0.600 0.700 0.367 0.750 0.748 0.856 0.119 0.836 0.743 0.850 0.301 0.831
M5 0.400 0.500 0.486 0.600 0.400 0.600 0.459 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800
M6 0.600 0.700 0.367 0.750 0.600 0.700 0.367 0.750 0.673 0.775 0.296 0.783 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800
M7 0.577 0.678 0.362 0.735 0.500 0.600 0.419 0.700 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800 0.700 0.800 0.299 0.800
wcn 0.161 0.173 0.138 0.132 0.115 0.026 0.088 0.052 0.087 0.028
wcr 0.931 1.000 0.798 0.763 0.665 0.150 0.509 0.301 0.503 0.162
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