in

Respiration
plants
substrate
Respiratory
Glycolysis
fermentation
Krebs 's
cycle
ETS
R -
Q .

2- 2 Of s
 Respiratory substrate
Breaking of C C bonds
of complex compds
-
.

through oxidation
: RESPIRATION
leading to release of

energy .

Onidised substrate
•
Compound :
Respiratory
9in Respiration is released in
energy
-

series of step wise reactions controlled

by enzymes trapped as ATP

Energy Currency
cell
of

Glycolysis
• Term
originated from Greek word
geycos glucose ; lysis splitting
- -
- -

• Also called EMP

pathway ( Embeden -

Paramus )
Meyerhof
-

• common in both aerobic I anaerobic

respiration .
 • Takes
place in CYTOPLASM .

I molecule 2 molecules
→
GLUCOSE PYRUVIC
ACID

• Glucose Glucose -
G -

Phosphate

•
ATP utilised at 2 steps
this
•
During process -

U molecules ATP produced

2 molecules ATP
synthesised
net ATP molecules
gain 2.
:

FERMENTATION
Three
major ways cells can handle
pyruvic acidacid -

• Lactic
fermentation
•
Alcoholic fermentation
• Aerobic Respiration

Alcoholic fermentation
•
Incomplete oxidation of glucose under
anaerobic conditions to coz I ethanol
•
Enzyme
alcohol
Pyuvic acid
decarboxylase and

dehydrogenase catalyse this

Lactic Acid fermentation

•

Dysuria acid converted to lactic acid .

•
Happens in muscle

lactate
• Reaction catalysed by dehydrogenase .
 Krebs 's cycle
•
Pyuvic acid enters into mitochondria .

The overall mechanism Aerobic respiration

•
of
after Glycolysis : -

• oxidative
Keats 's
decarboxylation
•
cycle
• oxidative
phosphorylation (ETS)

Oxidative Decarbonylation
⑥

• 2 molecules of NADH
produced from 2
molecules
of pyruvate acid .
.

•
Acetyl Coett (2 -
C) enters into TCA cycle .

Kreh 's cycle (TCA cycle)

starts with condensation acetyl group
•
of
with onaloacetic acid and water to
catalysed citrate
yield citrate . Reaction
by
synthase
•
During this cycle :
2 Coz molecules
3 N ADN z
2 FAD Nz
2 GTP Are
produced .

whole onidation of
During process of glucose -

6 Coz 2 GTP ( u 2 ATP)

IO N ADN
z
2 FAD Hz
 Process Total ATP

Glycolysis : 2 ATP + 2N ADM

(2×3 ATP)
=
SATP

Onidative :
2NADnz
Decarboxylation = 6 ATP

Kreh 's 2 ATP ( GTP )

cycle : n

6NADU ( 6×3=18 A TP)

2 FAD nz ( 2X 2=4 A TP)
=
24 ATP

In
Prokaryotes Total ATP 38
= =

In
Eukaryotes
=
Total ATP = 36 (2 ATP used in
transporting
acid in
pyuuic
mitochondria )
Electron Transport chain
steps to release and utilise
°
energy
I
stored in
form of NADA, fADnz -

when are oxidised I

•
they
electrons
through ETS
results
are
finally passed to 02
in
formation of Hao .

• It occurs in Inner mitochondrial

membrane
 •
cytochrome e

is asmall
protein attached
to outer

surface of
inner membrane
and acts as
a mobile carrier
for transfer of
electrons btw
I
cytochrome Ii
II
cytochrome .

•
Cytochrome
to
II

refers
cytochrome a

oxidase complex
containing cyta E
Az and 2 Cu
centres .

oxidation of
2 mole of NADNz 3. ATP
-
-

I Mol
of f-Adu , 2 ATP =

onygen acts as
final hydrogen acceptor .

ATP
complex I synthase consisting 2
•
:

fo
components I fz
-

Integralchannel
membrane Headpiece
protein Peripheral protein
 • The
passage of
protons(ro channel)
coupled to
catalytic site of
Fg site
for
ATP
production of .

• For each ATP

produced ; 2Mt
passes to matrix
down electrochemical

protein gradient .

gnypt
'
Respiratory Quotient (Raj

for carbohydrates
RQ = 2

for acids
fatty
RQ C 2

For proteins RQ = 0.9

Previous Yrs Impe .