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    Introductory of Statistics (Chapter 1)

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    Riezel Pepito
    This document provides an introduction to statistics, including: 1) It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and presenting data, as well as drawing conclusions from samples about populations. 2) It outlines the two main types of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarize and organize data, and inferential statistics which use samples to draw conclusions about populations. 3) It introduces some basic statistical concepts including types of studies, levels of data measurement, parameters versus statistics, and characteristics of populations and samples.

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    Introductory of Statistics (Chapter 1)

    Uploaded by

    Riezel Pepito
    11 views2 pages
    This document provides an introduction to statistics, including: 1) It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and presenting data, as well as drawing conclusions from samples about populations. 2) It outlines the two main types of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarize and organize data, and inferential statistics which use samples to draw conclusions about populations. 3) It introduces some basic statistical concepts including types of studies, levels of data measurement, parameters versus statistics, and characteristics of populations and samples.

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    This document provides an introduction to statistics, including: 1) It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and presenting data, as well as drawing conclusions from samples about populations. 2) It outlines the two main types of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarize and organize data, and inferential statistics which use samples to draw conclusions about populations. 3) It introduces some basic statistical concepts including types of studies, levels of data measurement, parameters versus statistics, and characteristics of populations and samples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    11 views2 pages

    Introductory of Statistics (Chapter 1)

    Uploaded by

    Riezel Pepito
    This document provides an introduction to statistics, including: 1) It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and presenting data, as well as drawing conclusions from samples about populations. 2) It outlines the two main types of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarize and organize data, and inferential statistics which use samples to draw conclusions about populations. 3) It introduces some basic statistical concepts including types of studies, levels of data measurement, parameters versus statistics, and characteristics of populations and samples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Introductory of Statistics

    (Introduction of Statistics)

    Chapter I: Getting Started and Random Samples

    What is Statistics?
     The science of collecting data, organizing data, summarizing and presenting data,
    planning and performing studies and experiments, analyzing results, interpreting
    results, drawing conclusions, and presenting data/results.
     Being able to discover something about a large population by only taking a relatively
    small sample from the population:
     Without having to know anything about underlying laws or equations that govern a
    certain situation.

    Two Types of Statistics


     Descriptive Statistics – organizing, picturing, and summarizing data from samples or
    populations,

     Inferential Statistics – using data from a sample to draw conclusions about the
    population.

    Statistics is a broad term


     Probability - also the foundation on which statistics is built
     Sampling theory
     Estimation
     Inference
     Decision Theory
     Game Theory
     Classification
     Prediction
     Modelling
     Etc.

    Basic Concepts

    Types of Studies
     Observational Study – analysis of data that has been collected without interference
     Experimental Design – analysis of data collected from an experiment where the
    condition/input variables have been controlled/designed by the experimenter.

    Data
     Individuals – the people or objects included in the study.
     Variable – a characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed.
     Population data (census) – data collected from every individual of interest.
     Sample data - data collected from only some of the population of interest.
     Random sample – members of a population selected such that has the same chance of
    being selected.

    Characteristics (means, standard deviation, range, etc.)


     Parameter – a numerical measure that describes a characteristics/aspect of the entire
    population.
     Statistics – a numerical measure that describes a characteristic/aspect of a sample.

    Parameter versus Statistics


     Mean – if population mean, then it’s a parameter. If mean of sample, then it is
    statistics
     Median
     Range

    Two Types of Data


     Qualitative – categorical data: labels/categories only (names, phone numbers)
     Quantitative – values that can be interpreted as numbers (addition, subtraction, etc.)
    Discrete – gaps between values (countable finite or infinite)
    Continuous – no gaps between values (uncountable infinite)

    Levels of Measurement (lowest to highest)


     Nominal - measurement of qualitative data (categorization)
     Ordinal – only order is known (ranks, letter grades)
     Interval – the distance between values is meaningful, but not ratios
     Ratio – has a natural zero, so ratios are meaningful
    Note: we always provide the highest level when asked

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