Childe 1923

Schipenitz: A Late Neolithic Station with Painted Pottery in Bukowina.
Author(s): V. Gordon Childe

Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 53
(Jul. - Dec., 1923), pp. 263-288
Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843571
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263
SCHIPENITZ: A LATE NEOLITHIC STATION WITH PAINTED POTTERY

IN BIJKOWINA.
[WITH PLATFS XIV-XVIII.]
BY V. GORDON CHILDE.
THE famousblack-earthbelt of South-EasternEurope, like the corresponding loess

regionoftheDanube valley,was thecentreofa brilliantneolithicculturedistinguished
by a remarkableclay plastic and a richly-painted pottery. This culturehas come
increasinglyinto prominencein recentyears, especiallyowing to the.connections
which its characteristicpotteryshows,or is supposed to show, with that of the
iEgean; but no completeillustratedaccount of the materialhas been easily acces-
sible to studentsin this country. Apart fromMinn's summaryof Chvojka's work
on the Dniepr,' such fullreportsas exist are miostlyscatteredabout amongRussian
and Polish periodicals,which are not generallyavailable here. Now, thanks to
the courtesyof the directorsof the PrehistoricDepartmentof the Naturhistorisches
Museum at Vienna, I am enabled to publish a representativeselection of the
documentsfroma typicalstationofthe culturein question-Schipenitzin Bukowina
-which have formanyyears been in the possessionof that museum.
Distribution.-The stations which have yielded the painted pottery extend
fromthe banks of the Dniepr, near Kiev, rightacross Podolia and Bessarabia to
Buczacz and Koropiec in Galicia, and the head watersof the Pruth in Bukowina.
The sites are confinedto the area of the fertileblack-earth,and all lie to the north
of the South Russian steppe that bordersthe Black Sea and south of the forest
regionof Volhynia and NorthernGalicia. Outside this area, however,are three
groupsof sites withpaintedpotterywhichgive indicationsof relationto the culture
of the black-earthbelt. These are: (1) an East Balkan groupextendingfrom
Czernavoda,in the Dobrudja, as far west as Cralova,in Wallachia,2and southward
throughthe vallevs of Eastern Bulgaria,right down into Eastern Macedonia3;
(2) a Thessalian groupropresenited by Rakhmaniand Dimini,whichseemsto have
expanded southward,since similarpotteryappears at Gonia near Corinth4; and
finally(3) a Transylvanianenclave on the upper reaches of the Alt, near Brasso
1 Scythiansand Greeks,
pp. 133 fi.
2
The material is at Berlin.
3 Cf. Man, January, 1923, No. 2.
4 J.H.S., xlii,.pp. 254 ff.
VOL, LiII. T
264 V. GORDONCHILDE.-Schipenitz: a Late NeolithicStation
(Kronstadt).' While the documentsfromthese three groups show unmistakable

to those fromthe black-earthzone, thereare so many minordifferrences
affinities
that it will be convenientto confinethe presentstudyto the latterarea.
VOLHYNIA '
RZHISHCHEvX
KOO NAAKA
FIG o
- --
C, y
~~V~WCE., 0MN
NORDO p.AI1
W PODOI A
i\.I z OPO ~ ~ ~ FIG 1
Withinthe area of the black-earthproperthreegroupsof sites may be dis-

tinguishedby the pottery: (1) an iEasternGroup,comprisingthe Kiev Government
and Podolia (Popudnia)-the Tripolyecultureproper2; (2) a CentralGroulp,repre-
sented by Petrenyin Be.ssarabia,3Cucuteniin lVoldavia,4Schipenitzin Bukowina,
1 Mitt.derprah, Komm.derk. Akademiein Wien,1903,pp. 365 ff.; Arch.Ert6sitoi, xxxii,

pp. ff.
57
2 TrudyXI Arch.S'ezda, pp. 770 Kf.;(Trudy),Zapiski otdelenirus-sla?l.
Archeologi,Imp.
Rus. Arch.Obahchestva,v. pp. 12 ff.(Zapiski), Swiatowit,
xiii.
3 Von Stern," Die pr4mykenische Kultur in Stidrussland."in TrudyXIII Arch. S'ezda
(P.K.S.B.).
f. Ethnol,xliii,pp. 582 ff.
4 Zeitschr.
withPainted Potteryin Bukowina. 265
and Bileze Ziota, Kapusciuce, Czortoviec,Wygnanka, Wasylkowee and other

sites in Galicia'; and (3) a North-Western Group, representedby Koszytowce,
near Tluste2,and Buczacz. The potteryof Schipenitzis typicalonly of the Central
Group; in the TripolyecultuLre incised and groovedware predominatesover the
paintedfabrics,whilein the westthereis a use of red and whitepaint whichcannot
be paralleledat Schipenitz.
Cuttin(racross this geographicaldivisionis a chronologicalclassification. At
Cucuteni,the only station wherea stratification has been found-or, at any rate,
recorded-two superimposedculture levels were distinguished. The pottery of
the older settlementshowed polychromedecorationin brownish-red outlinedwith
black paint on a whiteground. The basic design-an horizontalS spiral-was left
reservedin the painitedfield. The forms,as illustratedin the show-casesat Berlin,
were deep cups with roundedbottoms,bottles with lug handles and sometimesa
hollow-ring foot,craters,and fruitstands. The firsttwo formsmightpossiblybe
derivedfromthe hemisphericalbowl and the so-called " butte" respectivelyof the
oldestDanubian cul+ture.A fewsherdsand one completevase oftypicalBandkeramik
formand decorationwere also fo-undin this stratum.3 The potteryof the later
settlementis in everyrespectsimilarto that fromSchipenitzand the allied stations.
The siteson the Dnieprwerealso dividedintotwo chronological groupsby Ch /cjka.
The one (B) yieldedno metal or bored axes, but paintedpotteryof the Schipenitz
style. Celts and axes of pure copper are foundin the sites of group A, together
withgroovedpots withrichspiraldecoration,blutthe figurines are inferior.Chvojka's
divisionis not in all respectssatisfactory,but it is at least probablethat we should
recogniizethe existence on the Dniepr of two phases of culture,one of whichis
strictlyparallelto that illustratedby Schipenitz.
Architecture.-Thepainted potteryis generallyfound in rectangularhuts of
wattle and daub. At Erosd, in Transylvania,the house type was a megaron, with
porch-entrance on the small side. At the fortifiedstation of Cucutenino archi-
tectural details could be discerned,but in the Kiev Governmenttwo types of
structurehave been fully described.4 The firsttype, called by the Russians
" zernlyanky," were hollowed out to a slight depth, generallyabout 0*60 m., in
the groundand coveredover with wattle and daub. The interiorconsistedof two
parts at different levels-a higherand larger,which served as living or sleeping
room. andla sort of large bothros,in whichstood a stove and which servedforthe
preparationof food; forthe floorof the bothros was covered withshellsand other
1 Zbior Wiadomosci, Krakowxiv, xv, xvi and xviii (Zb. W.), and Mlateria-Iy arch.-antrop.
iv, pp. 100 ff.(Mat. a.-a.).
etnograf.,
2 Hadaczek, La Colonieindustrielle de Kosvtyowce,Album des Fouil7es; cf.also Archiwum
Naukowe,v, pp. 420 ff. Tbe materiallabelled " Kostowce" in the AshmoleanMuseumat
Oxfordreallycomesfromthissite.
3 Zeitschr.f. EIhnol.I.c., Fig. 2 (3).
4 Zapiski,I.e., Izvestiaimp. arch.Kommissiya, xii (Kolodistoe).
T 2
266 V. GORDON CHILDE.-Schipenitt: a Late NeolithicStation
kitchenrefuse(Fig. 2). Similarstructurescontainingstone ovens,but no bothroi,

have been recentlydetectedby Prof.Koztowskiat Buczacz, in Galicia.
More commonwerethe so-called" ploshchadki,"whichhave been describedat
Petrenyand on the Dniepr. The remainsof these structuresare representedby
areas coveredwithone or morelayerscomposedof lumpsof burntclay,whichoften
preservethe impressof poles and tracesof painting. The accountsof Chvojka and
von Sterngive the impressionof rectangularhuts,but no hearthsor ovens could be
detected,and the details of the constructionare uncertain. The areas at Petreny
measure from10 X 5 to 14 X 8 ms. square; some in the Kiev Governmentare
2. a0
FIG. 2.-ZEMLYANKY, NEAR RZHISHCHEV, AFTER CHVOJKA.
smaller,but one at UrocishcheDolzhukis said to have attainedan area of21 X 16 ms.

As Ailio remarks,L such large areas can hardlyhave been coveredby a singleroof.
At KoszytowceProf.Koziowski and the auLthor recentlyexploredjust such a layer
of burntclay as those describedby Chvojka,but failedto detectany definiteform
loess. The questionis onlycomplicated
or any trace of post holes in the underlying
by the highlyambiguoushut models publishedby Majewski2aild Ailio.3 These
stand on fouror six short legs, suggestingthat they representsome sort of pile-
dwelling,and the utterdisorderof the luLmps of clay formingthe foldsof a ploshi-
I Fragender russischenSteinzeit,p. 90.
2 Swiatowit,
xiii. This workis not obtainablein England.
3 Op. cit., Fig. 27.
withPaintedPotteryin Bukowina. 267
chadkamightbe explicablethroughthe collapse of such an erection. On the other

hand, the legs of the model may not be copies of any part of the original,and
authoritiesare not agreedas to whetherthe models,whichare open above, represent
a hut withthe roofrenlovedto reveal the interiorand an oven to the rightof the
door, or a fencedplatformwith a verysmall hut to the rightof the entrance. In
any case, the theoryof Chvojka and von Sternthat the ploshchadkiweremortuary
houses cannotsurvivethe criticismsof Hadaczek, Kossinna,Ailio and Schuchardt.1
It may be remarkedthat at Buczacz ovens werefoundoutsidethe main huts.
At Koszytowce,whilewe couldnot determinethe outlineof any huts,we discovered
a largenumberof subterraneanovens,holloweddeep in the loess, and several small
rubbishpits. The so-called" brickgraves" of Ossowskiwereprobablysubterranean
ovens similarto the above.
From Schipenitzwe have littlenew data. Most of our findsare due to amateur
excavations carriedout by the landlord,von Kostin, and the local schoolmaster,
Areyczuk. In 1893,however,HofratSzombathywas able to recognizethe outlines
of threerectangularhuts,with remainsof burntplaster. He also foundan oven
"30 cm. below the level of the prehistoricsettlement,"evidentlyjust like those
of Koszytowee.2 What Kaindl in 1904 regardedas a cremationdepositwas, in all
probability,anothersuch oven.3
THE POTTERY OF SCHIPENITZ.
By farthe mostinteresting documentsofthiscultureat Schipenitz,as elsewhere,

consistin the large seriesof vases whichthe site has yielded. Apart froma few
wheel-madeSlavic sherds4and the ware withwhitepaint classed as D below,which
comes fromone particularpoint at the site, the potteryfromScbipenitzpreserved
at Viennais remarkablyuniformin character,and gives no evidenceof development
or degeneration. Moreover,it exhibitsin everyrespectthe closestanalogiesto the
potteryfroma singleperiod at Cucuteni,as well as to that of Petreniy, wherethe
materialwas likewiseunitary. For these reasonswe shall probablybe justifiedin
assigningthewhole materialto a singleculturalepoch, even thoughstratigraphical
data are lacking. Withinthis materialthreewares may be distinguished-a well-
burntreddishfabricin two varieties,paintedand unpainted(Wares A and B), and
a smallamountof coarse,mud-coloured pottery,sometimeswithrudeinciseddesigns
(WVrareC).
' Album,p. 7; Mannus,i, p. 227; op. cit.,p. 90 f.; P.Z., 1921-2,pp. 168 ff.; cf. also
Minns,loc. cit.,and myremarksin J.H.S.,xlii, p. 267.
2 Jahrbuch des BukowinaLandesmuseum, 1894, pp. 115 ff.
3 Jahrbuch derk.k. ZentralKommissionWien,i, pp. 97 f.; ii, pp. 26 ff.
byProf.H. Schmidt'sobservationsat Cucuteniand my
4 The exclusionof theseis justified
own experienceat Koszytowcethis summer,wheresimilarsherdsoccurred,but only in the

uppermost20 cm.,whilethe mass of the paintedsherdslay at a depthof over40 cm.
268 V. GORDON CHILDE.-Schipenitz: a Late NeolithicStation
Ware A.-The typical potteryfromSchipenitzis well burntand made from

carefullylevigated clay. The biscuit is generallyreddish,and even large,thick
sherdsare burntthroughout. Two techniquesmay be distinguished in connection
with the preparationof the surface. In technique 1 the paint is applied directly
to the polished surface,which varies in colour from deep red to yellow. In the
alternativecategory(technique2) a slip is employed. The lattervariesfrombrown
to creamywhite. Some of the lightslips are so thinas to resemblea paint-wash.
The surfaceis usuallypolishedin this techniquealso. The above descriptionmight
serveas a translationof von Stern'saccountof the surfacesof the Petrenyvases.
In Chvojka's cultureB, an orangeor dark buffsurfacewas the rule,but this was
sometimesdue to a slip. Both techniquesoccur at Popudnia and in the Galician
sites of the Bileze group. On the otherhand,in the potteryof CucuteniII, a light,
almostwhite,surfacewas preferred, and is generallydue to a pale slip.
Besides the use of a slip we findanotherprocedureadopted in Schipenitzwhich
does not occurin Moldavia or Bessarabia. This is the applicationofa thinred wash
to the lightersurfacesbeforethe ornamentis painted on. Such a wash is quite
distinguishablefromthe red or brownish-red paint lines used to enhance black
designs; for such lines can be clearlyseen over the wash. The affinities of this
procedure,perhaps,lie to the north-west. I have observedthe use of such a wash
in verymanyinstanceson the potteryfromBilcze Ztota, and Koszytowee. In the
great urn fromKoszytowcefiguredby me in J.H.S., xlii, P1. XIIB, the red wash
partially coveringthe surfaceformsan integralpart of the ornamentation. At
Schipenitzthis red never serves as an independentdecorativepaint. Only in a
couple of Schipenitzvases (Nos. 50785 and 50784, both of the same formas the
Ashmoleanvase) is the wash applied in more or less regularoblique stripes,and
even hereit merelyformsa backgroundto the main designin black. I also founda
fewstraysherdsat Vienna in whichthe wash formedapparentlyregularlines. This
techniquecan be best studiedin some vases fromour site in the MuseumfurV6lker-
kunde, in Berlin. These several methodsof preparingthe vase surfaceare used
equally forall formsand stylesof painting.
Painting.-The Schipenitzvases may also be classifiedin accordancewith the
coloursemployed. Class (a) containsthe monochromevases, in whichthe design
is executedin black alone. In class (b) the main designis still executedin black,
but thisis relievedby thinlinesofred in bands or hatchings. These two stylesmay
be used on any formof vase and on slippedor unslippedsurfaces,though,naturally,
class (b) is neverused overa darkred naturalsurface. Both classesrecurrepeatedly
at Cucuteniand Petreny,and in Galicia. On the Dniepr and in Podolia black alone
seems to have been employed,whilein the west that colourdoes not occurwithout
red. Class (c) is distinguishedby a freeruse of red over a thickwhitepaint slip.
The style is only representedon a couple of vases of forms3 and 4 decoratedwith
a band of double spirals betweenhorizontalribbons. The centresand two radial
arms of the spiralsare in black,but two broad red radii are added, and broad red
stripesset offthe borderribbons.
A similarfreeuse ofredis frequentat Bilcze Ztota,Wasylkowce,and Koszytowce.
At the firsttwo sites the main designsare oftenactuallyexecutedin red, the black
merelyservingas a framework(e.g. the spirals on the well-knownurn fromBilcze
figuredin Zbior Wiad., xviii, p. (23) ).
Forms.-The Schipenitzpotter'srepertoireof shapes was considerablebut not
unlimited,and to each formcorrespondsa restrictednumberof designswhichrecur
again and again with minorvariations. The designsmay in most cases be traced
to the lyingS spiralofErosd, CucuteniI, and Horodnica. The accompanyingfigures
willsufficientlyillustratethe formsand ornaments,whilea glanceat the comparisons
cited will show how closely the Schipenitzpotteryresemblesthat of other sites
within the area.
Form 1.-Fig. 3 and P1. XIV, 3. Conical dishes; average ratio of rimto base
diameters,34I: 1; diameterof largest specimen,4292 cms.; ornamentonly on
FIG. 3.-FORM 1, DESIGN HI. -. FIG. 4.- FORM 2. 15

.
the innerside; red paintnotused. Parallels-design i, Popudnia in Podolia, Bilcze

Ziota (Zb. W., xvi, P1. IV, 7), Koszylowce (Album,viii, 52), Petreny (P.K.S.R.,
P1. VI, 10); designii, Bilcze (I.c., P1. IV, 2), Petreny(I.c., P1. VI, 11).
Form 2.-Fig. 4. Deep bowls with slightlyinturnedrim; largest example
46 cms. wide; at Schipenitzgenerallyunornamented. Parallels-Kiev Govern-
ment(Trudy,P1. XXV, row4), Bilcze Ziota, Koszytowce(Album,ix, 63), CucuteniII,
Petreny(P.K.S.R., P1. VI, 5), Priesterhiugel (Mitt.prih. Comm.,p. 374, Fig. 64);
forBulgaria,cf.Man, 1923,2, and forThessaly,J.H.S., I.c.
Form3.-Figs. 5-9 and P1. XV, 1. Bulgingurns; heightalwayslessthangreatest
diameter; largest,65 cms. high and 73 3 cms. wide; the lowerhalf is leftrough
and unornamentedand makes a perceptibleangle withthe upper part; roundthe
base of the neck is always a markeddepression; two specimenswere ornamented
in style of class c. Parallels-Horodnica (with white paint as in our ware D,
Hadaczek, Album,xv, 126), Popudnia (with " eye " motiveslike designi), Zielence
270 V. GORDON Station
CHILDE.-Schipenitz: a Late Neolith>ic
near Trembowla(Mat. a.-a., Fig. IOA), Bileze (Zb. W., xvi, P1. I, 2 - designiv at
Schipenitz),Wasylktowce(similardesigns,but with lugs on the belly,Zb. W., xiv,
P1. II, 3), Koszytowce(modifications of design iv), Petreny (with handles on the
belly) (P.K.S.R., P1. X, 8, reproducesour designsii and iii), Er6sd (Arch. Ert.,
xxxii, P1. I, 1, withreliefornament). The finespiralson the moreroundedvases,
\
0 ~~~~~/1
FIG. 5.-FORM 3, DESIGN I, IN BLACK AND RED ON FIG. 6.-FORM 3, DESIGN II, IN BLACK
WHITISH SLIP. I4. ON RED CLAY. 5.
fromBilcze implythat these are the older (Zb. W., xviii, p. (23), Fig. 15). All
the above preservethe characteristicdepressionround the neck.
Form 3'.-Pl. XIV, 1. Unique example; neckornamentedwithzigzag ribbons.
Form 4.-Fig. 10. Biconical urns; height always less than greatestwidth.
One specimenattains the heightof 64 cms., with a diameterof 65 cms., but large
I /
FIG. 8.-FORM 3, DESIGN IV, IN BLACK

AND R:ED. 1- ON RED CLAY. 9.
sizes are rare in this shape. With the exceptionof one example painted in style
of class c, all the vases of this shape are decoratedas in the illustration,but the
ribbonroundthe neck may be replacedby an animalfrieze. Parallels-Rzhishchev
(Zapiski, I.c., Pl. III, 7), Popudnia, Bilcze, Koszytowce,CucuteniII (Z.f.E., I.c.,
Fig. 3B), Petreny(P.K.S.R., PI. IX, 1). The designrecursat Bilcze (Zb. W.,xvi,
PIs. II, 4 III, 8, and IV, 1) and more degeneratedat Koszytowce(J.H.S., xlii,
PI. XIIB, Album,xv, 130).
FIG. 9.-FORM 3, DESIGN I, IN BLACK AND RED ON PALE SLIP. 7.
Form 4'.-Figs. 11 and 12. Biconical amphoraewith verticalhandles below

the neck; the heightgenerallyexceeds the maximumdiameter; largestspecimen,
54 4 ems.high,witha diameterof 53 2 cms.; design(i) (Fig. 11) is typicalforthe
larger sizes, the "face motive" for the smaller. Parallels-smaller sizes with
FIG. 10.-FORM 4, DESIGN IN BLACK AND RED. -'.
face motive "-Popudnia, Bileze (Zb. W., xvi. P1. III, 2), Petreny (P.K.S.R.,
P1. VI, 6), allied formsfromTripolye B (Trudy,I.c., P1. XXV, row 2), Petreny
(P.K.S.R., P1. II, 1), Koszylowce (Album,xvii, 146).
Form 4".-Fig. 13. Biconical amphormewith horizontal handles; height

always exceedsdiameter; largestexample40 cms.highand 29 cms.wide; the form
is rare at Schipenitzand the designs are badly preserved. Parallels-Popudnia,
.- wo
FIG. 11.-FORM 4', DESIGN (i), IN BLACK AND RED ON FIG. 12.-FoRm 4', " FAcR,
ORANGE SLIP. 1 . MOTIVE."1-i7Z
Bilcze, Wasylkowee,and CucuteniII; moreremote-Koszytowee(Album,

ZieleAice,
xvii, 150), Horodnica (ibid., xviii, 158), and Erosd (Arch.Ert., xxxii, P1. II, 5).
Form 5.-Fig. 14. Craterswith concave necks; one extremeexample attains
a heightof 41 cms., equallingits rim diameter,but the latteris normallyless than
FIG. 13.-FORm 4".
the height; the externalornamenit alwaysconforms to thatillustrated,but shallower

specimens sliow in a
addition~ wolf's-toothfringe inside tlie rim. One exceptional
craterlias a ring foot. Parallels withisame design-Bilcze (Zb. W., xviii, p. (9),
Fig. 5) and Niezwiska(lladaczek, Album, xi, 87). Comparealso Fig. 16 fromBilIcze.
withPainted Potteryin Bukowina. 273
The lowerdesignof the latterrecurson a fragmentfromCucuteniII, and is plainly

a degenerationof the volutes on vases of form5' fromthe Kiev Governmentand
Petreny (Fig. 17). The formis also found at Zieleficzenear Trembowla.
Form 5'.-P1. XV, 5. Convexshoulderedcraters; therimdiameteris generally
less than that of the belly; the designspreadsover the belly and neck. The four-
I"
X - - - -h
J~Z ~
FIG. 14.-FORM 5, DESIGN IN BLACK FIG. 15.-FORM 5", DESIGN IN BLACK ON

AND RED ON CREAM SLIP. 8. RED CLAY. 4
4.
footedcrater(Pl. XV, 6) and that with ridgehandles on the shoulder(Fig. 15) are
exceptional. Parallels-Popudnia (withcognateornament),TripolyeB, and Petreny
(Fig. 17). The formappears already in Cucuteni I. The four-footed variant is
known in coarse ware fromZhukovtsy(Trudy, l.c., Fig. 72), Petreny (P.K.S.R.,
Pi. I, 7), Cucuteni(Z. f. E., I.c., Fig. 4A), and Koszylowce (Album,
vi, 42).
FIG. 16.-CRATER FROM B3ILCZE Zr OTA. FIG. 17.-CRATER, TREPOLYE-CULTURE B.
Form6.-P1. XV, 2. Cups varyingin heightfron 13*5 to 78 cms.; the walls

are oftenverythin. The invariablefeaturesof the designare the verticalpanelling
and the two thick,concentricarcs standingon the lower fillet; animals or other
embellishments in the panels are rare. Parallelswiththe same design-CucuteniII,
Zieleiicze,Bilcze,and Petreny withratherdifferent ornament-Veremye(Khanenko,
du
Antiquitgs r6gion de Dniepr, i, P1. VI, 33 and 34), Kolodistoe (Izvestia Arch.
Komm.,xii, p. 90, Fig. 3), Koszylowee (J.H.S., xlii, Fig. 6), all showingvertical
panelling,and Oltszem in Transylvania(Arch. Ert., l.c., P1. III, 14). The form
seemsto go back to a roundertypefoundin CucuteniI (Fiihrerdurchdie staatlichen
Museenin Berlin,Vorgeschichtliche Abteilung, 1922,P1. V, row2, No. 1) and Horodnica
(Hadaczek, Album,xiv, 115). Similarroundedshapes withgood spiralsin red occur
at Wasylkowee. The cups withhandlesillustratedby Hadaczek, fromKoszytowee
(Album,xiii, 118 Hf.)are all miniatures6*5 cms. or less high.
Form7.-Pls. XIV, 2, and XV, 1. Soup-platelids. BeingornamerLted onlyon
the outside,these vesselscannothave been intendedforuse as dishes; on theother
hand,theirdecorationcorrespondsto that typicalof urnsof form3, and theirrims
fitexactlyin width and profileinto the depressionround the necks of such urns.
P1. XV, 3 showssuch a lid in place on an urn of identical pattern and technique.
Parallels-Zielenicze(Mat. a.-a., l.c.,Fig. 9E), Bileze (Zb. W., PI. III, 4), Koszytowee
(Album,xii, 92); both the latterwithdesignscorresponding to those of form3, and
so also the " Swedishhelmets" of Petreny(P.K.S.R., P1. VI, 9). The handleson the
lattermustbe broughtintoconnectionwiththesimilarhandleson thebodies of these
N~~~~~N I,'
I
I,
FIG. 18.-FORm 8. FIG. 19.-FORM 8'.

SECTION. ! SECTION. 1
5
urnsthere; so, piercedlugsoccurringon some specimensfromBilcze correspondto

lugs on some type 3 urnsfromthat site (Zb. W., xvi, P1. II, 6). Such attachments
servedto receivestringsfasteningthe lid on to the urn.
Form8.-Figs. 18 and 20. Binocularstands. Thesecuriousvesselsaregenerally
of ratherrough workmanshipand ornamentedonly on the outside, the interior
beingleftsmooth; but in at least one examplefromSchipenitz,as in two cases at
Koszvtowce(Albtum, xix, 165), the pipes are closed at the upper end, so that we
have a pair of saucers. In these cases the saucers are carefullysmoothed and
painted inside. This observation(showingthat the tubes were not an essential
featureof the contrivance)disposesof the suggestionof Kossinna that such objects
were drums(cf. Mannus, i, p. 238). Parallels-Binocular stands occur in grooved
ware in stations of TripolyeA on the Diiiepr, and at Pieni4nikowain Podolia,
and in painted ware at Horodnica,Koszylowee,Bileze, Kapusciuce, and elsewhere
in Galicia, at Popudnia, Petreny,and CucuteniII. Prof. Ailio furtherreportsthe
withPaintedPotteryin Bukowinsa. 275
discoveryof a fragment(wheel-made!) fromKolander Chan in Transcaspia(op. cit.,

p. 99, kindlysupplementedby a letterto the author).
lype 8'.-The singleringstands represented, in Fig. 19 are completein them-
selvesbut correspondexactlyto the pipe ofa binocularstand. Similarringsupports
in groovedwareare commonfromstationsofcultureA on theDniepr(cf.J.H.S., I.c.,
") are commion
p. 273 and Fig. 15). Pedestalledbowls (" fruit-stands in CucuteniI
FI. 20.-UNIQUE BINOCTULAR STAND IN THE FORM OF IIUMAN LEGS. 4.
(Z. f. E., i.e., Fig. 2) and in Transylvania,where open ring stands are also found
(Arch. Ert., xxxii, P1. IV).
Form 9.-Fig. 21. Baths; maximumlength,44 cms.; the inside plan is a
flattenedoval, but the broad rimis contractedtowardsthe middleof the long sides
to a figure-eight outline; ornamentedonlyon the inside; fouirspecimensat Vienna.
'e ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~
A -
~ _7
FIG. 2I.-FORM 9. 41. FiPG. 22.-FORM 9'. 1T.
Form9'.-Fig. 22. Onlyin small sizes; thereare two handleson one long side
and one in the middle of the other.
WARE B.
Most ofthe above shapes are also metwithin plain warewhich,froma technical
poinitof view, is identicalwiththe precedingcategory. We have in additionthe
followingnew formswhichare not met in painted ware.
Form B1.-Pl. XV, 8. Lamps; on the sharplyinturnedrima bull's head is

modelled,and on the otherside are two small knobs. Chvojka describesa possibly
similar object, whichhe ascribesto the latest phase of his cultureA (Zapiski Imp.
Odessk.Obshch.Istorii i Drevnos.xxiii, p. 199).
FormB2.-Pl. XV, 9. String-hole lids. Parallels-Bileze, Wasylkowee(Zb. W.,
xiv, P1. TI, 7), Koszylowee(Album,xii, 97, painted). The formis commonin Troy I
and II, and in Creteis Early Minoan(Palace ofMinos, p. 60).
FormB3.-Three small biconicalvases about 5 cms. highhave been contracted
at the belly,so that in two cases the outlineof the junctionof the two cones is a
figureeight and in one a quatrefoil. Exact parallels to the latter are found at
Koszylowce (Album,xiii, 102 and 104).
FormB4.-Miniature vases are commonto all stationswiththepaintedpottery.
Exceptional is the " egg-cup,"Fig. 29B, and the ladle of Fig. 29c. The latter is
of a type foundwiththe latest crustedware of Moravia.
FIG. 23.-THERIOMORPICVASE. -.
Form B5.-Pithos standingabout 70 cms. highand equipped withfourrowsof

handles,fourin each row, exactly like that illustratedby von SternfromPetreny
(op. cit.,P1. XI, 3).
FormB6.-Pl. XVI, 1. Theriomorphic bowls on fourlegs. Exactlysimilarfour-
leggedbowls are knownfromCucuteniII, Koszylowee,and a site near Zaleszczyki.
Modifiedformswith animal-headhandles on the rim are common in the Kiev
Government, and occurat Petreny(P.K.S.R., P1. VI, 21) and in Thessalyat Dimini
(Tsountas, A K X, P1. XXIII).
Here may also be mentionedthe hollowanimal vase of Fig. 23. It is provided
with a large rimmedopeningin the back, and the mouth is purely ornamental.
An exact analoguewas foundat Tell Ratcheffin Bulgaria (Rev. Arch.,1901,p. 330,
Fig. 1). Hadaczek illustrates(Album,xx, 173) a more elaboratevase of the same
species fromKoszylowee.
withPaintedPotteryin Bukowirta. 277
Form B7.-Sieves. Only one of these was found. It is made of very hard
burnt red clay with walls 0-65 cm. thick. The walls curve outwardsfromthe
base very slightlyand are 8 cms. high. The bottom,whichis flat and perforated
with 40 holes about 0 5 cm. wide,has a diameterof 15 '75 cms.
FormB8.-Averycurious shape is shownin P1.XV, 10. The interiorand exterior
are very carefullypolished. In some examples the base is enlargedto a bulb-like
flattenedunderneathto allow the vessel to stand. In
knob, but is still sufficiently
view of the carefulfinishing of the innersurface,I am inclinedto regardthesevases
as drinkingcups. They range in heightfrom6 75 to 8 5 cms. Von Stern, on
P1. VI, 12,publisheswhatappearsto be an identicalshape,5 cms.high,fromPetreny.
Popudnia and Buczacz furnishexact parallels. They are all to be connectedwith
such groovedvases as Trudy,P1. XXVII, top row, a miniatureexample of which
comes fromCucuteniI.
Ware 0.-With the typicalwell-burntreddishware was founda small number
of sherdsof a very rude fabric,never painted,but sometimesadorned with rough
incisionsor impressions. This material is at once distinguishablefromeven the
It2 --f
t tt,11
110
FIG. 24.-wARE C, FORM'2. 1. (FROM BILCZE Z-hOTA.)
coarsest sherdsof ware B. The clay is verycoarse and badly purified,and generally
mud colouror ash-grey; only once was it reddish. The surfaceis unpolishedand
pitted all over with grit holes till the sherdslook porous. They feel remarkably
light in the hands. The primitivedecorationsare shown on Pls. XVI, 3, and
XVII, m to o. So rarewas thisware at Schipenitz(thereare only fourwholevases
and less than fortysherdsat Vienna) that only threeshapes can be made out.
Form 1.-Deep cylindricalbeakers (P1. XV, 7). At the widestpoint are two
small lugs.
Form 2.-Wider cups with a slightlycontractedneck and out-turnedrim (cf.
Fig. 24).
Form 3.-Wide bowls (P1. XVI, 3). No completespecimensurvives,but this
shape also had lugs on the shoulder.
Now it is clear that none of these shapes has anythingto do with the charac-
teristicformsofwaresA or B, just as thetechniqueis utterlydifferent.Nevertheless,
thereis no reasonto doubt that the coarse ware belongsto the same stratigraphical
context. An identicalfabrichas been foundat CucuteniII (Z. f. E., l.c., Fig. 4),
(PetrenyP.K.S.R., P1. I, 9, 13, 17), Bileze Ziota, on the Dniepr,and at othersites,
which have yielded potteryin every way parallel to that of Schipenitz. Fron
CucuteniII, I saw a sherdin Berlinof whichour P1. XVI, 3, mightperfectly well be
a photograph,and ourforms1 and 2 can also be paralleledfromthe same site. At
Petrenymost of our designsrecur. The completecup fromBilcze Ztota shown in
Zb. W.,xv, P1. V, 3, reproducedhere as Fig. 24, is in shape an exact replica of
our form2 and showsan analogousdesign. Two fragments illustratedby Khanenko
(op. cit.,P1. VI, 18 and 27) as from" Kiev and the environsof Tripolye" are clearly
relatedto ourforms3 and 2 respectively, whilesomeoftheincisedwarefromcultureB
in the same region,shown in P1. XXV of Trudy xi (especiallyrow 2), may very
likelybelong here.
Sherds of the same fabricwere observed by me, always in close connection
with the painted wares, in the recentexcavationsat Koszytowce. Ailio connects
./ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~N
FIG. 25.-VASE WITH WHITE SPIRALS ON REDDISH

GROUND. AFTER KAINDL. 1
this material with Central Russian-Finnish" comb-ornamented"ware (op. cit.

pp. 36 ff.).
Ware D.-While thereis no roomfordoubt that the materialso far described
all belongs to the same stratigraphicalcontext,the position of four sherds with
polychromedesignsin black and whiteis much moredoubtful. All the ware orna-
mentedin this styleis stated by Kaindll to have come froma singletrenchdug by
von Kostin at one pointin one ofhis fields. Whitepaintwas nowhereelse employed
at Schipenitzor at the contemporary stationsof Moldavia, Bessarabia, or the Kiev
Government. It was, however,used in Transylvania,at Horodnica in Galicia,
and in stationsof the westerngroup. The one formdiscerniblefromthe Vienna
sherds (P1. XV, 4) is foreignto the usual Schipenitzrepertoire,and so is the vase
withwhitespiralsillustratedbv Kaindl as comingfromvon Kostin's trenchabove
mentioned(Fig. 25). It generallyrecalls in shape vases of CucuteniI.
1 Jahrbuch
derkk.Centralcomm.,
ii, p. 20.
The techniqueof this potteryis not very different fromthat of the standard
ware. The surfaceis eitherorange,as in the bowl of P1. XV, 4, or a deep, rather
brownishred,as in the sherdsof Fig. 26. In both cases the paint is applied directly
to the surfaceand the whole burnished. The two fragmentslast mentionedare of
coarserworkmanship. The clay is grittyand not burntevenlythroughout. The
largersherdseemsto belongto a bowl ofthe same shape as P1.XV, 4, butit has been
leftroughon the inside. I have seen a numberof sherdsidenticalin designand
technique fromHorodnica. Furtherparallels come fromTransylvania. A sherd
fromOltszemlprovidesan almostexact analogyto the ornamentation of our sherds.
MoreoverKaindl illustratesa fragmentof the handle of a ladle fromthe trench
in whichthe whitepainted ware was found,whichrecalls the well-knownseriesof
ladles fromPriesterhiugel.But these analogies are mnot sufficient to allow us to
inferthat this materialhas been importedfromacrossthe Carpathians. It is more
FIG. 26.-SHERDS PAINTED IN BLACK OUTLINED WITH WHITE ON REDDISH GROUND. C.
likelythat we have herevestigesof a settlementof a different

date fromthat which
yieldedthe otherobjects preservedat Vienna. In view of its finespiraldecoration,
the presumption is that it stood closestto CucuteniI.
THE CLAY PLASTIC.
No less characteristicof the culture of the black-earthregionthan the painted

potteryare the figurinesof human beingsand animals. These too are well repre-
sentedat Schipenitz. They are manufacturedin the same well-bakedreddishclay
as the typicalvases, and one (P1. XVII, a) is paintedin thestyleofwareA. Theyfall
into two classes: (1) a flatstandingtype, and (2) a seated variety. The former,
which is by far the most common,was evidentlyintendedfor suspension,as the
string-holesindicate. With two exceptions-Pl. XVII, d and I-all theexamplesare
1 Arch.Ertesitd,
xxxii,p. 57, P1. III, 8. The whitespiralson a reddishgroundofFig. 25
recallthoseon a fruit-stand
fromErosd,ib., P1. II, 6.
VOL. LIII. U
female. Only one miniature(51029) and a fragment(51032) show a flattening

at the bottomwhichmighthave served as a base to stand on. The back is flat
save fora slightelevationof the buttocks,whichmay be a survivalof steatopygy.
The femalesaregenerallynakedsave fornecklacesand belts(P1. XVII, b,c, and f); a
line of pointson the outsideof the legs of the small figurine(j) mustindicatesome
sort of trousersor high mocassins.l. The painted stripescoveringthe whole body
of (a) are to be regardedas evidenceof tattooingratherthan clothing. The shield
designon the back of (b) nay be due to the same practice.
The two male figurines(d) and (1) both wear a belt anidcarrya pouch slung
over the right shoulder. The attitude of the last example is not intentional.
The largest standing figurineis 19-85 cms. high (51010), the sniallestonly
4-4 ems.
Only oiie exampleoftheseatedtypeis at Vienna(P1. XVII, k),and thisis broken
and distorted. Fromthe survivingpart of the stumpof the leftarm it seems likely
that the arms were not closelyfolded as in Chvojka's examiplefromUrocishche
Dolzhok.
Numerousand closeparallelsto thestandingtypemaybe citedfromCucuteniII,
Rzhlishchevand other Dniepr stations,unnamed sites in Podolia, Zieleniczenear
Trembowla,Koszytowee,and CucuteniJJ. In Galicia also we occasionallymeet
better modelled legs, and even the feet nmaybe indicated in figurines otherwise
identicalwiththe Schipenitztype.2 This wholeseriesof figurines is probablyto be
derivedfromthe moreornatelyclothedor tattooed,steatopygoustype foundin the
older strata at CuctLteni.3These examplesshow that the arms were envisagednot
as extended,but as foldedin front. To our seriesmust also be referredthe bone
idols of Kodja Derman and Tell Metchkur,in the East Balkan area.4 The slate
idol fromTroy figuredby Schliemann(Ilios, No. 995) may indicatea still further
southwardextensionofthe series.
To the north,again, we have anotherlarge provinceof erectfigurines modelled
in clay, bone, amber, or flintassociated with the " Arcticneolithic" culturesof
northernPoland and Russia and the Baltic lands, whichmay stand in a derivative
relationto the figurinesunderdiscussion.5 On the otherhand, in the Danube area
we finda seriesof erecttypes,oftenadmirablymodelled,extendingfromBosnia to
Saxony and Silesia in associationwith the Bandkeramik.6Though this Danubian
groupis undoubtedlyakin to the moreeasterlyone, it can scarcelybe regardedas
1 Cf. Hadaczek, Album, xxvi, 240 (from Podolia), and text.
2
e.g., Hadaezek, Album, xxv, 229 and 230.
3 Z.f.E., i.c., Fig. 12, A and
B. One broken idol of this type is among the material from
Horodnica in Lwow. It is also met at Erosd.
4 P.Z., 1912,p. 103,Fig. 14B; B.C.H., 1906,p. 415, Fig. 57.
5 Tallgren. S M Y A xxv, p. 72; Ailio, op. cit., pp. 107 ff.and Fig. 35.
6 Hoernes, op. cit., pp. 287, 293, 303; P.Z., i, p. 401 ; Schlesiens Vorzeit,N.F. vii, Fig. 21
Mannus, xi-xii, p. 325, Figs. 30-32.
derivedtherefrom.Nor am I inclinedto see the prototypesof eitherseriesin the

squattingstatuettesof the Mediterraneanillustratedby the well-knownneolithic
idols of Knossos,Inor in the predynasticEgyptiantypes with upraised arms.
The seated typeis representedin stationsof cultureB on the Dniepr,at Koszy-
towce and at Kodja Derman, in Bulgaria.2 At the latter site, as also in some
stations of southernRussia, we findsmall clay throneson which these statuettes
were doubtlessto be seated.3 In the well-knownkourotrophos idol of Sesklo the
figurehas coalesced with the seat. Figures holdingbabies in their arms are also
foundin SouthRussia and at Vin'ca,in Serbia.4 Male figurines are everywhere rare;
still, there are a few examples fromCucuteniII, Bileze and Koszylowee, and an
uncertainsite in Podolia.5 West of the CarpathiansI knowno example olderthan
the full Bronze Age. The immensepreponderanceof femalefigurinesseems fatal
to Schuchhardt'shypothesisthat these objects are images of the departed.6 On
the otherhand, theirpresenceat all is a seriousobjectionagainst the usual theory
that the statuetteswerefertility charms.
Animal models(P1. XVI, 2) werefoundat Schipenitz,as at CucuteniII, Petreny,
Koszyiowee, and Kodja Derman. The majority of these representcattle. The
pair of horns(Fig. 29D) is additionalevidenceof the importanceattachingto cattle
in this region. It has been modelled separately,but is concave underneath. It
may be comparedto the bone protomeof an ox fromBilcze, figuredby Hadaczek
on P1. V, 23, of his Album. An unexpectedexceptionwas' providedby the lion
(P1. XVI, 1). He is themostlife-likepieceofmodellingthatwe have fromSchipenitz.
Dr. Bayer has suggestedto me that the holes indicatingthe mane were originally
filledwithstrawor bristles. Similarholes are foundon a small model,perhapsof
a cat, fromPriesterhiigel, and a dog fromKoszytowee. The likenessis so good
that we can scarcelydoubt that the artisthad seen the animal portrayed. But
this is the firstindicationthat the lion ranged so far northin the alluvium. Of
course,his presencein the Balkans is well attestedby the classical authors.
Referencehas alreadybeen made to the animal figuresused to fillin spaces in
the main designson urns of forms3 and 4. I reproducehere some of these, and
leave it to the readerto interpretthem,withthe remarkthat the lion is no longer
to be ruled out. Particularlyinteresting is the griffin
of No. 50987. It is, indeed,
just possiblethat the wing-likeprojectionon the back is due to an accidentor a
laterstain,but carefulexaminationwitha lens inclinesme to believethat it formed
- Palace ofMinos,Fig. 13 and text thereto.

2 Trudy,I.c., P1. XXII, 7; Album,xxix,264 ff.; Izvestia,Bulgq.Arch.Druzh.,vi, p. 138,
Fig. 143.
3 Ailio,op. cit.,Fig. 34.
4 P.Z., ii, pp. 34 and 101; foundin the middlestratum.
5 Mannus,i, p. 240 and Fig. 17D.

6 Alteuropa, pp. 131, 170, et passim.
I Mitt.derprah. Comm.,I.c., p. 382, Fig. 29; Album,P1. XXXIII, 305.
u 2
part of the originalfigure. The theriomorphic patternsof Schipenitzare purely

decorativeand formno part ofthe main design; in fact,our animalsseemintruders
intothe main framework of the oldergeometricpatterns. And Nettheymusthave
a historyof their own, fortheirapparentambiguityis due, not to the ineptitude
of the artist,but ratherto consciousstylization.
Animal motives,used in a preciselysimilarnianner,subordinatedto the main
design,are foundat Rzhishchev,'on a vase of form4 froniPodolia,2 at Petreny,
FIG. 27.-DESIGNi ROM NECK OF AN URN OF FORM 4. 2
Bileze Z ota and Koszylowce.3 But the animals depicted are differentat each
site.
In the sphereof the Bandkeramikcto the west,we have strayexamplesoftherio-
morphicornament-in fragmentswith plastic animals from Hungary.4 To the
east we have, of course,the great provinceof theriomorphic ornamentrepresented
at Susa, and, thoughin a differentmedium,the famoussilvervase of Maikop. The
rich animalplasticof theso-called" Arctic" culture,whichcameverynear our area,
I Zapiski,I.c., P1. III, 3 and 5.

2 Minns, op. cit.,Fig. 34, p. 140.
3 Album,xxi, 188-192; xix, 162.
' Arch. Ert., xxxii, pp. 366 f.
withPaintedPotteryin Buk7owina. 283
mustalso be recalled. Whetherwe regardthe animalstyleofthe black-earthregion

as native or imported,the existenceof that style in a regionwherethe Scythian
animal style subsequentlyflourishedis a fact to be taken into account in any
discussionof the latter.'
CL~~~~~
0-rP
C fO R2
FIG. 28.-ANIMAL FIGURES FROM URNS OF FORMs 3 AND 4. 1-
MiscellaneousObjectsof Clay.
Weightsor Net Sinkers.-These were very common. Though only of rough
workmanship,they may be divided into several groups
A. Verticallypierced.
(a) Flat, 28 specimens: the largestmeasured11 ems. in diameterand was
4*3 cms. thick.
(b) Roughlyhemispherical : 8 specimens,the largestbeing10 cms.in diameter.
(c) Conoid ornamentedwith deep slashes roundthe edge.
1 in " Iranians and Greeksin SouthRussia " (Oxford,1922).
Cf. Prof.Rostovtseff
284 V. GORDON Station
CHILDE.-Schipenitz: a LateNeolithic
B. Horizontallypierced.
(a) Thick triangularlumps withthe hole near the top.
(b) Conoidwiththe hole at the top.
Whorls.-Thesewereveryrare,as in otherstationsof this culture. At Vienna

conoidshape (Fig. 29E) and halfa flatdisc (Fig. 29F),
are two examplesof a roug,hly
both acquired in 1911.
IMPLEMENTS AND ARMS.
Stone.-Stone celts are comparativelyrare at Schipenitzand most othersites

of the same culture,presumablyowingto lack of suitablematerials. Our specimens
are made froma softmarland are in a bad state of preservation. The thick-butted
type predominates. The only approximationto the Danubian " shoe-last" type
is a small chisel,No. 37264. The "polisher" shownby Hadaczek on P1. III, 17,
a b~~~~~~1
d 'e
FIG. 29.-FINT CHISEL, MINIATURE VASES, CLAY HORNS AND WHORLS. 2
of his Albumis a parallel type. But a close examinationof the Galician material
in the Polish museumshas convincedme that the shoe-last celt was only very
rarelyassociated with the painted pottery. The concave section of No. 51100 is
to be noted. The bored axe (Fig. 30a) had been brokenat the haft in antiquity,
and a commencement has been made on a new hole nearerthe blade. This axe, like
one fromCucuteniIL, wouldseemto belongto a groupassociatedwithDanubian II
potteryin Moravia and Silesia, and at Grossgartachand elsewherein South-West
Germany.
Flints.-The povertyof stone is counterbalancedby an exceptionalwealth in
flintartefacts. These are of a deep grey colour,and some of the blades attain a
greatlength. Some show fineretouching. Similarflintformsin the same material
are very commonin Galicia, and recurat Petrenyand Cucuteni. The materialis
plentifulin the whole region. Parallels to our arrow-headsmay be cited from
1 Z.f.E., I.C., Fig. 8, p. 591.
Cucuteni,Wasylkoweeand Priesterhugel.1Several nuclei,in some cases rounded

by hammering, are also at Vienna (P1. XVIII).
Boneand Horn.-P1. XVI, 4. Bone and hornwas also usedin immensequantities
at all stations of this culture. Generallythe implementsare of a simple type.
A 4A
-, ~~~~~~~~~
c ==D t<
eU
FIG. 30.-STONE IMPLEMENTS.
Elaborate carving such as is exemplifiedby the pins and pendantsof Denev i'
Bulgaria,2is generallylacking. On the otherhand, Bilcze Ztota has yielded.some
moreadvanced work,includinga daggerimitatinga metalprototype.3
I Ibid., Fig. 10; Mitt.derprdh.Comm.,I.c., p. 367,Fig. 3.
2 Izv. Buly. Arch. Druzh.,iv, Figs. 202 and 204.
3 Hadaczek, Album,P1. VI, 27B.
286 V. GORDONCH1LDE.-Schipenitz:a Late NeolithicStation
Metal.-Two small fragments of bronze(?) are reportedto have been foundat

Schipenitz. I have not seen them,and theymay conceivably,like the Slavic sherds
and a blue glaze bead, have fallenin froma different stratum. No metal at all
occurredat Petrenyor at the parallelstationsof cultureB on the Dniepr. In sites
of cultureA thereflatceltsand a pick-axeof pure copperwerefound. Koszytowce
yieldedtwo quadrangularawls, part of a wirespiral,and some beads of bronze(?),
togetherwitha silverspiral; and Bilcze Ziota a flatdagger(12 cms.long),a razor,
and an awl.' The uppermoststrata at Cucuteni were certainlydisturbed,but
Prof.Schmidtassignsto the second settlementa flatcelt, a quadrangularawl, and
a single-bladedaxe withtubularshaftof copper,an arm-bandof poor bronze,and
an iron borer.2
Animals.-Dr. Antoniushas been kind enoughto examinethe fewanimal bones
preservedat Vienna. These indicate the presenceof the followingdomesticated
animals: cattle, swine, and dog. Some small fragmentsprove the presence of
goats,sheep and horses,but do not permitof a closer determination. As objects
of the chase must be regardedthe Bos primigenius,Cervuselephas,and wild boar.
Some bones of Spalax typhlosalso occurred. These resultscorrespondto the fauna
reportedfromPetrenyand the Dnieprsites.3
Chronology.-Our somewhatlengthyanalysisofits potteryshowsthat Schipenitz
is representativeof a group of sites-Cucuteni II, Petreny,TripolyeB, Popudnia,
Bilcze, etc.-so closelyallied by communityof ceramicformsand ornamentsthat
theymustbe regardedas contemporary. But the stratification at Cucutenireveals
to us an older culturewhose roundedpots and spiral ornamentationdo actually
in a largemeasureexplainthe formsand designsof the Schipenitzpottery. To the
earliergroupmustfurtherbe assignedthe bulk of the findsfromHorodnicaon the
of technique,
Dniestr,since this site has yielded vases which, despite differences
exhibitthe same roundedformsand truespiral ornamentas CucuteniI, and at least
one figurineof the latterstyle. Again,the groovedware of the TripolyeA-Pienia,z-
kowa style is knownfromHorodnica and CucuteniI. On the otherhand, sherds
painted in reddishbrownon a whitishclay ground,closelyresemblingthe ware of
CucuteniI, occursporadicallyin sites of TripolyeA, whilegood spiralsare a feature
of the groovedornament. Hence, despitethe metal finds,this culturetoo must be
regardedas olderthan TripolyeB, and consequentlythall Schipenitz. Finally,it is
obviousfroma comparisonofformsand designsthat the best Transylvanianmaterial
fromEr6sd standsin the mostintimaterelationto that fromCucuteniI and Horod-
nica, and is thereforeto be assignedto the oldergroup.
1 Hadaczek, Album,iv, 32-34.

2 Z.f.E., 43, pp. 594 f. and Figs. 14 and 15.
3 Horsebonesare reported fromTripolye,Khalepye,and UrocishcheDolzhuk,andhave been
recentlyidentified at Koszytowceand Buczacz.
The roundervases stillshowinggood spiralsand red paint of Bilcze and Wasyl

kowce may representan intermediatephase between the two groups,whileKoszy-
towce and a small group of vases fromCucutenimay well be ratherlater than
Schipenitz.
To convertthis relative scheme into an absolute chronologywe must seek
connectionsin the south. Diminigivesus a roughlowerlimitforthe olderculture,
since its characteristic
potteryand megaronhouse can be tracedto the lowestlevels
of Erosd. Hence the CucuteniI group may be dated approximatelyto E.M. II.
The pickaxe of TripolyeA is not inconsistentwiththis dating,since it is merelya
varianton the simplesttype of axe-adze commonin the copper age of Hungaryand
traceablein Creteback to E.M. II. A lowerlimitforthe latergroupis not so easy
to fix,but it may be notedthatthe raremetalobjects-flat celts,flatdaggers,awls-
certainlyassociated with the Schipenitzculturebelong to " copper age " types in
CentralEurope and are typologicallyolderthan the truebronzeage (MonteliusI 2).
The findsfromEarly Minoan and Cycladictombs,Troy,and Remedelloshow that
silver is not a sign of lateness.1 Even the Cucuteniaxe belongsto a familywell
knownin the copper age of Hungary,and above all of South Russia,2and Prof.
Schmidthas shownthat its techniquemay be parallel in objects fromTreasureK
at Troy.3 On thesegroundsit is, at least,reasonableto assumethat our culturedid
not outlastthe secondMiddle Minoan period.
Conclusions.-Thepeoplewhomade ourpaintedvases wereevidentlypastoralists,
as the animal bones and, above all, the numerousmodels of cattle show; on the
other hand, they cannot have been mere nomads, and the abundant remainsof
wheat, as well as the location of the settlementsexclusivelyon the fertileloess,
imply the practice of agriculture. How they were related to the makers of the
CentralEuropean Bandkeramikcannotyet be determined.4
The end of theircivilizationis generallyascribedto incursionsof nomad tribes
fromthe east or north. In the Kiev Government intermentswithredskeletonshave
occasionallydisturbedploshchadki. In Galicia and Bukowinathe stone-cistgraves
occupy the same area as the painted pottery.5 These tombs contain amber,
thickbuttedflintceltsofrectangularsection,and globularamphorse(Kugelamphoren)
with exactly the same designof trianglescomposedof crescent-shaped impressions
as those foundveryfrequentlyin similarlyfurnishedgravesin the Saal-Elbe region
and also in Pomerania.6 Thoughrathersimilarvessels are foundin the copperage
1 Cf. Gowlandin Archeologia,1920.
2 Tallgren," Die Kupferu. Bronzezeit,"S M Y A, xxv,pp. 68 ff.
3P.Z., iv, pp. 22-27.
4 In additionto thedifferences alreadynoted,pp. 281,284,I oughtto stressthefactthatthe
Tripolyegroovedwareis in techniqueutterlyunlikeany CentralEuropeanor Balkan pottery.
5 Cf. the lists givenby Kossinna,Mannus,ii, and Hadaczek, Archiwum Nauk., v, p. 488.
(Stettin,1898), p. 4, No. 8,
6 e.g., cf. P.Z., v, P1. XIV, 1 (Saxony), and Lemke-Festschrift
withHadaczek,Album,vii, 49 and 46 (sherdfoundat Koszytowee).
288 V. GORDON CHILDE.-Schipenitz: NeolithicStation withPaintedPottery.
kurgansof the Kuban valley' and again in the Fatyanovo gravesof the Oka-Volga
area,2the carefulstudy of their distributionmade by Kossinna and Koztowski3
favoursa north-southratherthan an east-westmovement. That this movement
was an invasionfromEast or CentralGermanydoes not,however,follow; the tombs
and amphoram may rathermerelymarka veryold ambertrade route. That is the
natural conclusionfromthe fact that, while such tombs in Galicia contain Baltic
amber,in Saxony and the Baltic lands they containalso Galician banded flint.4
In conclusion,I would like to express my thanks to the directorsof the
PrehistoricSection of the Naturhistorisches
Museumin Vienna forthe opportunity
afforded me of publishingthesevaluable documentsfromtheircollectionand forthe
assistancerenderedme in theirpreparation,to Hofrat Szombathyforinformation
on several points,and to the staffof the museumfortheirgenerousco-operation.
I am also indebted to the directorof the TowarystwoNaukowe, Warsaw, Prof.
Demietrikiewicz of Krakow,and Prof.Koztowskiof Lwow, forfacilitiesto studythe
MajewskiCollection,Warsaw,the collectionof the AkademijaUmietnosci,Krakow,
and that ofDzieduszyckiMuseum,Lwow,respectively at a timewhenthesebuildings
were closed to the public.
Fuller reports on the potteryand architectureof Er6sd will be found in
Dr. Ferencz Laszlo's articles in the Dolgozatokaz Erdelyi NernzetiMuzeunm
(Koloszvar)1911 and 1914), copies of whichI have just received by the courtesy
of theirauthor.
1 Otchet za 1898,P1. VI, 65, and V, 61.

2 Cf.S3IYA, xxv,pp. 83 f.
G
C'robyMegalit.na Wschod od Odry(1921), p. 39, etc.; cf.Aberg,Das NordischeKultur-
pp. 169 ff.and 204 f.
gebiet,
4 Kossinna, in Mannus, ix, p. 144.
N.B.-
P.Z. Zeitschrift
Prahistorische (Berlin).
S MY A Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja (Finska Fornniinnes-
f6reningensTidskrift)
(Helsingfors).
Journalof theRoyal Anthropological
Institute,Vol. LllI, 1923, PMlate
XIV.
i. "M
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FIG. 2.-FoRm 7. j.
SCHIPENITZ: A LATE NEOLITHIC STATION WITH PAINTED POTTERY IN BTJKOW1NA.
Journalof theRoyal Anthropological Vol. LIII, 1923, Plate X 1'.
Institu.te,
'->
4 4
FIG. 2.-4.
FIG. FIG. 2.-,.I
FIG. 5. -- FIG. 6.
FIG. 7.FIG., FIG. 8. 1s, FIG. 9. -1-. FIG. 10. 1; *
SCHIPENITZ: A LATE NEOLITHEC STATION WITH PAINTED POTTERY IN BUKOWINA.
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Schipenitz: A Late Neolithic Station with Painted Pottery in Bukowina.

Author(s): V. Gordon Childe

SCHIPENITZ: A LATE NEOLITHIC STATION WITH PAINTED POTTERY

[WITH PLATFS XIV-XVIII.]

THE famousblack-earthbelt of South-EasternEurope, like the corresponding loess

(Kronstadt).' While the documentsfromthese three groups show unmistakable

i\.I z OPO ~ ~ ~ FIG 1

Withinthe area of the black-earthproperthreegroupsof sites may be dis-

1 Mitt.derprah, Komm.derk. Akademiein Wien,1903,pp. 365 ff.; Arch.Ert6sitoi, xxxii,

and Bileze Ziota, Kapusciuce, Czortoviec,Wygnanka, Wasylkowee and other

kitchenrefuse(Fig. 2). Similarstructurescontainingstone ovens,but no bothroi,

FIG. 2.-ZEMLYANKY, NEAR RZHISHCHEV, AFTER CHVOJKA.

smaller,but one at UrocishcheDolzhukis said to have attainedan area of21 X 16 ms.

chadkamightbe explicablethroughthe collapse of such an erection. On the other

THE POTTERY OF SCHIPENITZ.

By farthe mostinteresting documentsofthiscultureat Schipenitz,as elsewhere,

own experienceat Koszytowcethis summer,wheresimilarsherdsoccurred,but only in the

Ware A.-The typical potteryfromSchipenitzis well burntand made from

FIG. 3.-FORM 1, DESIGN HI. -. FIG. 4.- FORM 2. 15

the innerside; red paintnotused. Parallels-design i, Popudnia in Podolia, Bilcze

FIG. 8.-FORM 3, DESIGN IV, IN BLACK

FIG. 9.-FORM 3, DESIGN I, IN BLACK AND RED ON PALE SLIP. 7.

Form 4'.-Figs. 11 and 12. Biconical amphoraewith verticalhandles below

FIG. 10.-FORM 4, DESIGN IN BLACK AND RED. -'.

Form 4".-Fig. 13. Biconical amphormewith horizontal handles; height

Bilcze, Wasylkowee,and CucuteniII; moreremote-Koszytowee(Album,

FIG. 13.-FORm 4".

the height; the externalornamenit alwaysconforms to thatillustrated,but shallower

The lowerdesignof the latterrecurson a fragmentfromCucuteniII, and is plainly

FIG. 14.-FORM 5, DESIGN IN BLACK FIG. 15.-FORM 5", DESIGN IN BLACK ON

FIG. 16.-CRATER FROM B3ILCZE Zr OTA. FIG. 17.-CRATER, TREPOLYE-CULTURE B.

Form6.-P1. XV, 2. Cups varyingin heightfron 13*5 to 78 cms.; the walls

FIG. 18.-FORm 8. FIG. 19.-FORM 8'.

urnsthere; so, piercedlugsoccurringon some specimensfromBilcze correspondto

discoveryof a fragment(wheel-made!) fromKolander Chan in Transcaspia(op. cit.,

FI. 20.-UNIQUE BINOCTULAR STAND IN THE FORM OF IIUMAN LEGS. 4.

FIG. 2I.-FORM 9. 41. FiPG. 22.-FORM 9'. 1T.

Form B1.-Pl. XV, 8. Lamps; on the sharplyinturnedrima bull's head is

Form B5.-Pithos standingabout 70 cms. highand equipped withfourrowsof

FIG. 24.-wARE C, FORM'2. 1. (FROM BILCZE Z-hOTA.)

FIG. 25.-VASE WITH WHITE SPIRALS ON REDDISH

this material with Central Russian-Finnish" comb-ornamented"ware (op. cit.

FIG. 26.-SHERDS PAINTED IN BLACK OUTLINED WITH WHITE ON REDDISH GROUND. C.

likelythat we have herevestigesof a settlementof a different

THE CLAY PLASTIC.

No less characteristicof the culture of the black-earthregionthan the painted

female. Only one miniature(51029) and a fragment(51032) show a flattening

Mannus, xi-xii, p. 325, Figs. 30-32.

derivedtherefrom.Nor am I inclinedto see the prototypesof eitherseriesin the

- Palace ofMinos,Fig. 13 and text thereto.

4 P.Z., ii, pp. 34 and 101; foundin the middlestratum.

5 Mannus,i, p. 240 and Fig. 17D.

part of the originalfigure. The theriomorphic patternsof Schipenitzare purely

FIG. 27.-DESIGNi ROM NECK OF AN URN OF FORM 4. 2

I Zapiski,I.c., P1. III, 3 and 5.

mustalso be recalled. Whetherwe regardthe animalstyleofthe black-earthregion

FIG. 28.-ANIMAL FIGURES FROM URNS OF FORMs 3 AND 4. 1-

Whorls.-Thesewereveryrare,as in otherstationsof this culture. At Vienna

Stone.-Stone celts are comparativelyrare at Schipenitzand most othersites