PB Libyas Electricity Crisis April 2020
PB Libyas Electricity Crisis April 2020
PB Libyas Electricity Crisis April 2020
APRIL 2020
Y. Abulkher
As springtime temperatures rise, the Libyan capital area of Tripoli heads into a new
season of longer electricity outages. This year, a blockade imposed by pro-LNA
factions on all crude-oil extraction in protest of the GNA-backed Turkish intervention
may exacerbate the electricity crisis even further compared to previous years. Indeed,
some power plants require fuel to operate at a time when domestic refineries are
shuttered and imports become subject to stricter budget limitations. Moreover,
reduction in economic activity due to Covid-19-related measures may prove
insufficient to yield appreciable relief on the households’ front. Against 2020’s unusual
backdrop, this policy brief dissects the main dynamics of the nine-year-long electricity
crisis affecting Tripoli. In doing so, it provides an overview of how the crisis has been
politicized, exploited and exacerbated by Libya’s civil war and illicit economy actors.
Introduction
Since April 2019, Libya’s civil war – between pandemic causes a reduction in electricity
the internationally-recognised Government consumption by industries and businesses,
of National Accord (GNA) and the eastern- the risk of long outages remains. Moreover,
based Libyan National Army (LNA) – has the almost-complete blockade on oil exports
worsened living conditions in the capital, since mid-January, imposed by pro-LNA
Tripoli. The electricity infrastructure has factions in protest against the GNA-backed
been one of the collateral victims of Turkish intervention, is likely to create
Libya’s conflict while, in general, public severe shortages of diesel and other refined
assets and their maintenance have been products needed to run some of greater
neglected for years. This policy brief looks Tripoli’s power plants.
at the electricity crisis affecting the greater
Tripoli area, where the mismanagement, Tripoli’s electricity crisis has its roots in
exploitation and politicisation of Libya’s infrastructural deficiencies resulting from
third-largest industrial sector has had the halt of development projects and
serious consequences for the safety of its direct and indirect attacks on electricity
citizens and the country’s economy. installations. It affects a considerable
portion of the industry and has links with
At this time of year, power outages are illicit activities. This document begins by
relatively tolerable in Libya. Going into the providing an overview of the infrastructural
summer, however, temperatures will rise and and administrative weaknesses leading to
blackouts will last longer and become more the crisis. It then shows how the crisis is
frequent. Even if the lockdown currently linked to the conflict per se and analyses
in place in connection with the Covid-19 how it is exacerbated by various actors. It
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capital refuse to pick up any power load The Electricity Crisis in Light of
shedding hours, often by force.6 A recurring the Ongoing War in Tripoli
source of disruption comes from the city of
Zawiya, where in 2017 gas gauges from its
power station were closed in protest at the With regards to LNA-controlled eastern
kidnapping of local people in Wersheffana. Libya – which has its own parallel GECOL –
This resulted in a total blackout and the it is important to clarify that the inoperative
nationwide electricity network being interconnection supply lines between west
compromised.7 Last July, armed groups from and east have prevented the politicisation
the city cut off the south’s power supply, to of electricity resources between the divided
which southern armed groups retaliated by regions.11 However, the LNA’s advance
forcing the Libyan Man-made River Authority on Tripoli since April 2019 has rendered
to disrupt the water supply to western and the electricity supply vulnerable to both
central Libya for weeks.8 Subsequently, warring camps.
control of the power supply is influential on
the premise that it offers an opportunity for The early months of the LNA offensive
patronage,9 as was true for the commander on Tripoli saw few to no power outages
of the Abu Slim force in central Tripoli. due in part to low demand but also,
For years he threatened the nearby control possibly, to the GNA’s short-lived policy
rooms against administering any (high) of public appeasement, which included,
power outages in the district.10 This made for example, the timely payment of public
him popular with local residents and gave wages. The GNA is regularly criticised
him legitimacy, despite public consensus for its neglect of and failure to provide
against irregular armed groups in the capital. public services in Tripoli, which many view
as contributing to the electricity crisis.
Residents note that power load shedding
tends to disappear every year on 17 February,
when the revolution is celebrated, despite
there being high demand as it is one of
the coldest months. They also note that
power load shedding tends to spike to
prevent the public from acceding certain
6 Alarabiya (17 January 2017) Libya drowning in news or developments, such as the LNA’s
Darkness due to Collapse of Electricity Grid. “zero-hour declaration” in December 2019
Online: https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/north- which coincided with a blackout. Despite
africa/2017/01/15/الكهرباء-شبكات-النهيار-الظالم-يف-غارقة-ليبيا#. the circumstantial nature of the above
7 Remarks of SRSG Ghassan Salame to the United observations, more substantiated sources
Nations Security Council on the Situation in
point towards the GNA’s local armed allies
Libya (29 July 2019) https://unsmil.unmissions.
aggravating the crisis in order to punish
org/remarks-srsg-ghassan-salam%C3%A9-
united-nations-security-council-situation-libya-
Tripoli’s citizens for their support for the
29-july-2019; Busayla, M. (14 January 2017) LNA12 or their lack of participation against
Libya’s Electricity Crisis… Multiple Reasons and a the LNA’s advance. GECOL’s top officials
Continuous Suffering. Online: https://al-ain.com/ have admitted, most recently at a press
article/electricity-libya-crisis-interruption. conference in July 2019, that equal load
8 Hadiya, Z. (15 July 2019) A Different Kind of War shedding hours between cities could not be
between Libyan Regions… Water for Electricity. instituted because of armed interventions
Online: https://www.independentarabia.com/
node/41446/-املناطق-بني-آخر-نوع-من-حرب/العريب-العامل/األخبار
الكهرباء-مقابل-املاء-الليبية.
9 Ghubara, A.(18 August 2018) Electricity… A Major 11 Alraed Channel (2 February 2016) Special Coverage:
Libyan Dilemma. Online: https://www.afrigatenews. Libya’s Electricity Sector’s Reality, Challenges
net/article/كربى-ليبية-معضلة-الكهرباء/. and Future. Online: https://www.youtube.com/
10 Libya Bahi (20 July 2018) Two Dead in the watch?v=nhlI3G4pj1E.
Ranks of Protestors over the Blackout in Tripoli. 12 Alwasat (4 August 2019) Three Power Stations
Online: http://www.libyabahi.com/index. raided in Tripoli. Online: alwasat.ly/news/
php?s=news&id=32721. libya/253340.
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that it refused to name, stating only that its in a nearby temporary landfill.16 This has
operators and units are attacked on average been disrupting a network supply of 400
four times a day.13 MW.17 Due to its dense population, which
keeps being displaced further inwards by
The increased power outages in the summer the conflict, the capital generates up to
of 2019 could also have been in the GNA’s 3,000 tons of waste per day.18 Theoretically,
favour in terms of local support, since the waste management in Tripoli is conducted
heavy fighting in southern Tripoli resulted in stages by public cleaning companies
in serious damage to many transmission under the auspices of the Ministry of Local
towers and supply lines, preventing GECOL Governance. Waste is collected in trucks
engineers from accessing the conflict zone from residential, commercial and industrial
for maintenance.14 Moreover, the hostilities areas to transitory sites in the city until their
forced the departure of three foreign final transportation to the main landfill of Sidi
technical teams that were renovating Al-Sayeh, 50 km south of the city.19 However,
generation units in southern Tripoli.15 GNA- rubbish collection services in the capital
supporting media outlets attribute all these have ceased since the LNA’s advance in April
losses to the LNA. Subsequently, worsening 2019. In the summer of 2019, the main landfill
living conditions and the displacement of came under LNA control in an inaccessible
hundreds of thousands of families due to conflict area, rendering it out of reach.20
the fighting has reinforced local support for
the GNA. Since the municipalities halted waste
collection services,21 households and
businesses have been forced to dump their
The Parallel Crisis of
Uncollected Rubbish
16 Alwasat (2 February 2020) South Tripoli Electricity
Station Suspended due to Burnt Rubbish. Online:
The electricity crisis appears to be mutually
http://alwasat.ly/news/libya/272065; Assad, A.
reinforcing a parallel rubbish crisis in Tripoli. (8 February 2020) Libya’s Electricity company
According to GECOL, the Southern Tripoli Resumes Operations of South Tripoli Power Plant.
Electricity Station, in the south-west of the Online: https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyas-
city under GNA control, has been repeatedly electricity-company-resumes-operations-south-
breaking down due to its turbines becoming tripoli-power-plant.
blocked by the smoke from burning waste 17 Alwasat (2 February 2020) South Tripoli Electricity
Station Suspended due to Burnt Rubbish. Online:
http://alwasat.ly/news/libya/272065.
18 Zaptia, S. (9 October 2019) Tajura Waste Recycling
Project Launched. Online: https://www.libyaherald.
com/2019/10/09/tajura-waste-recycling-project-
launched/.
13 Aljazeera (14 July 2019) GECOL Press Conference 19 Asharq Al-Awsat (3 October 2019) As Libya’s
on the Electricity Crisis. Online: https://www. War Drags on, Tripoli Drowns in Waste. Online:
youtube.com/watch?v=X4XT5P54yMo. https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1929946/
14 Middle East Online (30 May 2019) Tripoli Residents libyas-war-drags-tripoli-drowns-waste; Lewis A.
Torn Between the Hell of Conflict and the Flames (15 October 2019) War means Mountains of Garbage
of a Summer without Electricity. Online: https:// in Tripoli’s Streets. Online: https://www.reuters.
middle-east-online.com/-جحيم-بني-ط رابلس-سكان-مخاوف com/article/us-libya-security-rubbish/libyan-
كهرباء-بال-صيف-ولهيب- ;املعاركFrance 24 (30 May 2019) conflict-leaves-rubbish-mounds-smoldering-in-
War-torn Libya’s Electricians battle to keep the tripolis-streets-idUSKBN1WT1MJ.
Lights on. Online: https://www.france24.com/ 20 UNDP Libya (4 February 2020) New Lenses for Blind
en/20190530-war-torn-libyas-electricians-battle- Solid Waste Areas. Online: https://www.ly.undp.org/
keep-lights. content/libya/en/home/presscenter/articles/2018/
15 218 TV (12 July 2019) Libyan State ‘Responsible’ for blog-New-lenses-for-blind-solid-waste-areas.html.
Electricity Cut-off: General Company for Electricity. 21 Asharq Al-Awsat (3 October 2019) As Libya’s War
Online: https://en.218tv.net/2019/07/12/libyan- Drags on, Tripoli Drowns in Waste. Online: https://
state-responsible-for-electricity-cut-off-general- aawsat.com/english/home/article/1929946/libyas-
company-for-electricity/. war-drags-tripoli-drowns-waste.
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rubbish on the street and burn it.22 As a and skin conditions,28 while doctors and
temporary solution, the transitory sites were researchers warn of the return of diseases
used as permanent landfills, but to no avail.23 such as cholera and malaria,29 and now the
The inner-city sites in Abu Slim and Suq threat of the Covid-19. Locals have been
al-Juma are small and already operating much more vocal about the rubbish crisis
beyond capacity.24 For about a month at the than they have about the interminable
height of the crisis, one site was closed by and less immediate electricity crisis.
armed groups until the GNA made a pay- Many protests have been organised against
off,25 signifying further exploitation of the municipal decisions to open temporary
crisis. The uncollected rubbish led to the landfills in residential areas.30 One angry
appearance of pop-up landfill sites across demonstrator even aimed his grievance at
the city, the most recent being in the Suq both warring camps: ‘Keep your ministerial
Al-Juma Municipality, close to Mitiga airport portfolios and keep the money, but do find
– Tripoli’s only functional airport.26 The a solution to this garbage crisis because
Ministries of Transport and Local Governance it’s making us sick’.31 Power outages often
have criticised this decision because of disrupt the pumping of water to businesses
its negative consequences for the aviation and households that do not possess rooftop
and service industries in the vicinity.27 water tanks. This could have a profound
This signifies a further deepening of divisions impact on preventative hygiene measures
between central public administration actors against waste in public spaces and the
and decentralised unilateral efforts to tackle Covid-19 pandemic.
the crisis.
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could cause even further escalation in the with this reality, the main recommendation is
electricity crisis. As revenues plunge, the for national actors and their foreign backers
fuel needed to operate some power plants to put an immediate end to the escalation
will be harder to come by.32 More generally, of the conflict or to support a humanitarian
weaker public finances mean that even less pause. In isolating the electricity crisis, the
maintenance work will be carried out. following recommendations are offered to
policy actors:
As in many other conflict zones, local armed 1. From a technical perspective, import
actors and profiteers in Tripoli exploit the electricity from neighbouring
weakness of public infrastructure and countries as a viable short-term solution
services. For example, they distribute to prevent the collapse of the electricity
subsidised goods such as cooking gas and network. Algeria and/or Egypt could
wheat at exorbitant prices. At the same time, supply an additional 400 MW to the power
rental prices for displaced families have grid. This option proved successful in
spiked and the already high cost of living in the eastern region.33
the capital continues to rise. 2. The EU and its member states should take
initiatives to deploy European technology
Since the crisis is underreported in and expertise to repair and bolster the
both international and national media, Tripoli area’s electricity infrastructure.
understanding the politicised elements of 3. A drastic solution would be to go green
Libya’s electricity crisis relies to a great by shifting the focus of national
extent on observing the market and conflict production and international aid to
dynamics in the wider context of the civil solar energy. A study by the University
war. What is certain is that the indiscriminate of Nottingham estimated that Libya
imposition of power load shedding hours could harness the equivalent of seven
on the residents of Tripoli, along with the million barrels of oil a day from the sun by
accumulation of rubbish and the impact of covering just 0.1 per cent of its territory
the Covid-19 pandemic, is leading to a health with solar panels,34 which would generate
and environmental crisis. Although Libya’s 250 MW of electricity plus extra for
electricity crisis has many roots – pertaining export.35 The UN Development Programme
to fragile infrastructure, poor administration, has already successfully installed solar
and coercion by non-state actors – lack panels in several Libyan hospitals.36
of security has been the main problem
affecting it. Only when a steady national
security apparatus is restored and armed
attacks on power installations have ceased
will foreign companies return to complete 33 Middle East Online (30 May 2019) Tripoli Residents
Torn Between the Hell of Conflict and the Flames of a
development projects and the power load
Summer without Electricity. Online: https://middle-
shedding system become just.
east-online.com/-ولهيب-املعارك-جحيم-بني-ط رابلس-سكان-مخاوف
كهرباء-بال-صيف.
34 Alaraby (6 September 2019) Could Solar Power
Recommendations be the Answer to Libya’s Energy Problems?
Online: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/
Tripoli’s electricity crisis existed prior to the indepth/2019/9/6/Developing-solar-power-energy-
current armed conflict, oil blockade, rubbish in-Libya.
crisis and Covid-19 pandemic. As summer 35 Libya 218 (26 June 2019) Power Outages in Libya…
heat returns, the combination of all these An Annual Crisis… Problems and Solutions. Online:
factors increases the probability of a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX6I0c5Mj_Y.
36 UNDP, Boosting Benghazi’s Health Sector: Solar
humanitarian catastrophe. In coming to terms
Energy for Al-Kwayfia Hospital. Online: https://
www.ly.undp.org/content/libya/en/home/stories/
Boosting-Benghazi-Health-Sector-Solar-Energy-
32 Laessing, U. and Lewis, A. (17 January 2020) for-Al-Kwayfia-Hospital.html; Alaraby (6 September
Eastern Libya Halts More than Half the Country’s Oil 2019) Could Solar Power be the Answer to Libya’s
Output. Online: https://www.reuters.com/article/ Energy Problems? Online: https://www.alaraby.
us-libya-oil/eastern-libya-halts-more-than-half- co.uk/english/indepth/2019/9/6/Developing-solar-
the-countrys-oil-output-idUSKBN1ZG2B5/. power-energy-in-Libya.
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