Escola Profissional Mariana Seixas

2ºAno de Restauração
Disciplina de Inglês
Professora: Marta Silva

Vegetarianism

Work Done By:

João Seixeira
Bernardo Lourenço
Escola Profissional Mariana Seixas

Índice
Índice....................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………..2
Longevity.....................................................................................................................................7
Heart health................................................................................................................................7
Alternative medicine..................................................................................................................8
Physiology...................................................................................................................................8
Mental disorders........................................................................................................................9
Ethics and diet................................................................................................................................9
General........................................................................................................................................9
Dairy and eggs.........................................................................................................................10
Environment and diet..................................................................................................................10

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Introduction

• In this work we will talk about "Vegetarianism".

• We will address several types of "Vegetarianism", deepening each one.

• Each vegetarian has their eating habits and their routines.

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Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat,
poultry, seafood, and thefleshof any other animal), and may also include abstention from
products of animal slaughter.

Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons. Many people object to eating meat
out of respect for sentient life.

Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs, as well as
animal rights advocacy.

Other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural,

aesthetic, economic, or personal preference.

History

The earliest record of vegetarianism comes from Indus Valley Civilization as early as the
7th century BCE.

Vegetarianism was also practiced in ancient greece and the earliest reliable evidence for
vegetarian theory and practice in Greece dates from the 6th century BC.

Vegetarianism was also practiced about six centuries later in another instance (between
30 BCE–50 CE) in northern Thracian region, the Moesi tribe who inhabited present day
Serbia and Bulgaria, feeding themselves on honey, milk and cheese.

In the Indian culture, the diet was closely connected with the attitude of no violence
towards animals and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers.

The International Vegetarian Union, an association of the national societies, was founded
in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the twentieth
century as a result of nutritional, ethical, and more recently, environmental and economic
concerns.

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There are variations of the diet as well: an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs
and dairy products.

An ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products.

A lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs.

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Packaged and processed foods, such as cakes, cookies, candies, chocolate, yogurt, and
marshmallows, often contain unfamiliar animal ingredients.

Often, prior to purchase or consumption, vegetarians will scrutinize products for animal-
derived ingredients.

Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods but may include fish or poultry,
or sometimes other meats, on an infrequent basis.

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Comparison of the main vegetarian diets

Meat Eggs Dairy
Ovo-lacto
No Yes Yes
vegetarianism
Ovo vegetarianism No Yes No
Lacto vegetarianism No No Yes
Veganism No No No

There are a number of vegetarian diets that exclude or include various foods:

Different Buddhist traditions have differing teachings on diet, which may also vary for
ordained monks and nuns compared to others. Many interpret the precept not to kill' to
require abstinence from meat, but not all. In Taiwan, su vegetarianism excludes not only all
animal products but also vegetables in the allium family: onion, garlic, scallions, leeks,
chives, or shallots.

Some vegetarians also avoid products that may use animal ingredients not included in
their labels or which use animal products in their manufacturing; for example, sugars that
are whitened with bone char cheeses that use animal rennet (enzymes from animal
stomach lining), gelatin (derived from the collage inside animals' skin, bones and
connective tissue), some cane sugar (but not beet sugar) and apple juice/alcohol clarified
with gelatin or crushed shellfish and sturgeon, while other vegetarians are unaware of or
do not mind such ingredients.

Health Effects

Studies on the health effects of vegetarian diets observe heterogeneous effects on

mortality. One review found a decreased overall risk of all cause mortality, cancer (except
breast) and cardiovascular disease,however, a meta-analysis found lower risk for ischemic
and cancer but no effect on overall mortality or cerebrovascular disease.

The Academy of Nutricion and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada have stated that at all
stages of life, a properly planned vegetarian diet is "healthful, nutritionally adequate, and
provides health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases".

Vegetarian diets offer lower levels of saturated fat, cholestrol and animal protein, and
higher levels of carbohydrates, fibre, magnesium , potassium , folate, and antioxidants
such as vitamins C and E and phytochemicals.

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Longevity

There have been many comparative and statistical studies of the relationship between
diet and longevity.

British vegetarians have low mortality compared with the general population. Their death
rates are similar to those of comparable non-vegetarians, suggesting that much of this
benefit may be attributed to non-dietary lifestyle factors such as a low prevalence of
smoking and a generally high socio-economic status, or to aspects of the diet other than
the avoidance of meat and fish.
Such as comparing life expectancy with regional areas and local diets in Europe also
have found life expectancy considerably greater in southern France, where a low meat,
high plant Mediteranian diet is common, than northern France, where a diet with high meat
content is more common.

Heart health

According to studies by the Permanente Journal and the National Institute for Health,
vegetarian diets are affordable and can help reduce health risks like high blood pressure,
cardiovascular disease, and cholesterol levels. A plant based diet has the potential to
lower the risk of heart disease as well as reducing the amount of medications prescribed in
instances of chronic illness. A change to a plant based diet, or vegetarianism, has had
dramatic positive effects on the health of patients with chronic illnesses, significantly more
than exercise alone.

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Alternative medicine

Certain alternative medicines, such as Ayurveda and Siddha, prescribe a vegetarian diet
as a normal procedure.
Maya Tiwari notes that Ayurveda recommends small portions of meat for some people,
though "the rules of hunting and killing the animal, practiced by the native peoples, were
very specific and detailed". Now that such methods of hunting and killing are not observed,
she does not recommend the use of "any animal meat as food, not even for the Vata
types".

Physiology

The human digestive system is omnivorous, capable of consuming a wide variety of

plant and animal material.
Some nutritional experts believe that early hominids evolved into eating meat as a result
of huge climatic changes that took place three to four million years ago, when forests and
jungles dried up and became open grasslands and opened hunting and scavenging
opportunities.

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Mental disorders

The American Dietetic Association has presented evidence that vegetarian diets may be
more common among adolescents with eating disorders.
At the same time the association cautions however, that the adoption of a vegetarian diet
may not necessarily lead to eating disorders, rather that "vegetarian diets may be selected
to camouflage an existing eating disorder".
Other studies and statements by dietitians and counselors support this conclusion.

Ethics and diet

General

Various ethical reasons have been suggested for choosing vegetarianism, usually
predicated on the interests of non-human animals. In many societies, controversy and
debate have arisen over the ethics of eating animals. Some people, while not vegetarians,
refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals due to cultural taboo, such as cats, dogs, horses
or rabbits.
Others support meat eating for scientific, nutritional and cultural reasons, including
religious ones. Some meat eaters abstain from the meat of animals reared in particular
ways, such as factory farms, or avoid certain meats, such as veal or foie gras. Some
people follow vegetarian or vegan diets not because of moral concerns involving the
raising or consumption of animals in general, but because of concerns about the specific
treatment and practises involved in the raising and slaughter of animals, factory farming
and the industrialisation of animal slaughter.
Others still avoid meat because meat production is claimed to place a greater burden on
the environment than production of an equivalent amount of plant protein.
Ethical objections based on consideration for animals are generally divided into
opposition to the act of killing in general, and opposition to certain agricultural practices
surrounding the production of meat.

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Dairy and eggs

One of the main differences between a vegan and a typical vegetarian diet is the
avoidance of both eggs and dairy products such as milk, cheese, butter and yogurt.
Ethical vegansdo not consume dairy or eggs because they state that their
production causes the animal suffering or a premature death.
To produce milk from dairy cattle, calves are separated from their mothers soon after
birth and slaughtered or fed milk replacer in order to retain the cows milk for human
consumption.
Vegans state that this breaks the natural mother and calf bond. Unwanted male calves
are either slaughtered at birth or sent for veal production.
To prolong lactation, dairy cows are almost permanently kept pregnant through artificial
insemination.
After about five years, once the cows milk production has dropped, they are considered
"spent" and sent to slaughter for beef and their hides. A dairy cow's natural life expectancy
is about twenty years.
In battery cage and free-range egg production, unwanted male chicks are culled or
discarded at birth during the process of securing a further generation of egg-laying hens.

Environment and diet

Environmental vegetarianism is based on the concern that the production of meat and
animal products for mass consumption, especially through factory farming, is
environmentally unsustainable.
According to a 2006 United Nations initiative, the livestock industry is one of the largest
contributors to environmental degradation worldwide, and modern practices of raising
animals for food contribute on a "massive scale" to air and water pollution, land
degradation, climate change, and loss of biodiversity.

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