COMPILED BY JUDITH M.

REYES
21ST Century Literature from the Philippines to the World

NOTE: Any reproduction of this document will be

considered as a crime.
Exploring Philippine Literary Forms, Genres, Elements, and Traditions

 Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500-plus islands that make up our archipelago. This is not surprising
considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces.
 Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500-plus islands that make up our archipelago. This is not surprising
considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces.
 The origin of Philippine literature can only be traced by exploring its evolution from pre-colonial up to the present. Thus, studying
the past becomes imperative in understanding the literature of the present. Different genres that appeared from each period
seem to reflect the place, language, culture, social and ethnic dimensions of literature produced. The nature and essence of
literature has evolved over time
 Its connection to human life and experiences, wherein audience can easily relate with, is the major characteristic of literature.
Emerging habitually into quality literary works will help us gain better understanding of people, society, and culture.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name.
The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to
entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS.
B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons
about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve
our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN.
C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are
dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages,
even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics
D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These
songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Here are the examples: a. Kundiman c. Ang Dalit o
Imno b. Kumintang o Tagumpay d. Ang Oyayi o Hele

Other forms of Poetry

1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors.
To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young.
2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to
12 syllables.
3. Chant (Bulong). Used in witch craft or enchantment.
4. Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables.
5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a person ’ s actuations.
6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings)

COLONIAL PERIOD
SPANISH PERIOD (1566-1871)
Propaganda movement (1872-1898)
 Noli Me Tangere-Jose Rizal
 Pag Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa-Marcelo Del Pilar
 Ang Fray Botod-Graciano Lopez Jaena

SPANISH INFLUENCES ON THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

 ALIBATA
 Christian Doctrine
 Spanish language became the literary language this time
 European legends and traditions
 Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog Grammar books were printed in Filipino Religious tone
The First Books
1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine)
2.Nuestra Senora del Rosario
3.Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre
4.Ang Barlaan at Josephat
5.The Pasion
6.Urbana at Felisa
7.Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)

LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and Rules of the Tagalog
language)
2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language)
3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary)
4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampango vocabulary)
5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary)
6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language)
7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol Language)

Folk Songs
 Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog)
 Pamulinawen (Iloko)
 Dandansoy (Bisaya)
 Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
 Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan)

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

1. CENAKULO Dramatic performance of the passion and death of Christ

2. ZARZUELA The father of drama, a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which death with mens passion and emotions like love, hate,
revenge, cruelty or some political problem.
3. LAGAYLAY A special occasion for the pilareños of sorsogon during may time to get together
4. TIBAG.Dramatic performance for the purpose of manifesting devotion for the holy cross.
5. PANULUYAN Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating the whole family’s search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus Christ‘s
birth through songs.
6. SALUBONG Dramatizes the reunion of the risen Christ and his mother.
7. CARILLO A form of dramatic entertainment perform on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on darknights after a harvest.
8. SAINETE A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. They were exaggerated comedy shown between acts plays and were
mostly performed by characters from the lower class.
9. THE MORO-MORO Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-Moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to
entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. Example: “Prinsipe Rodante ”
 10. KARAGATAN This is a poetic vehicle of a socio- religious nature celebrated during the death of a person
11. DUPLO The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
12. THE BALAGTASAN This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue.
13. THE DUNG-AW This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead.
14. AWIT • is in dodecasyllabic verse. • are fabricated stories from writers ’ imagination although the setting and characters are European. •
refers to chanting. Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas
15. CORRIDO • is in octosyllabic verse. • were usually on legends or stories from European countries like France, Spain, Italy and Greece. •
refers to narration. Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose de la Cruz
AMERICAN REGIME 1898-1944 (MONDAY) Feb. 20, 2023

 The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300 years.
 Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence.
 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
 The Fil-American war resulted in the defeat of Gen. of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 peace movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing again and the nationalism of the people remained
undaunted.
 Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories plays, essays and novels.
 Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence.
 THE OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS -By 1901 -Public education was institutionalized in the Philippines with English as
serving as the Medium of instruction.
IN 1910 (Philippine Literature change during American period)

 New groups started to write in English.

 English is the medium use in literature language during this time.
 Spanish writers want to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. Writer in Tagalog wants to write about
conditions of country and love for one's native tongue. The Writers in English imitated the themes and methods of Americans.
PLAYS INCLUDED

 KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS- (YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW) Written by Aurelio Tolentino.
 TANIKALANG GINTO -BY JUAN ABAD
 MALAYA - BY THOMAS REMIGIO
 WALANG SUGAT - BY SEVERINO REYES
Three groups of writers

 Spanish
 Filipino
 English
SPANISH WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
The writers in Spanish were accustomed to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
1. Cecilio Apostol- wrote "A RIZAL" and it is considered the best poem in praise of the hero of bagumbayan.
2. Fernado Ma. Guerero- he collected the best of his poem in his book called "CRISALIDAS" and one of the poem written in this
book was "INVOCACION A RIZAL".
3. Jesus Balmori- well known for his pen name of "BATIKULING". He and Manuel Bernabe participated in the topic
"REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULLNESS". He was elected as Poet Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.
4. Manuel Bernabe- is a lyric poet. He was more attractive in the public in debate with Balmori because of the melodious worsd
he used, he defend "OLIVIDO".
 5. Claro M. Recto- He collected his poems in a book called "BAJO LOS COCOTEROS" one of his writings dedicated to Rizal is
"ANTE EL MARTIR".
TAGALOG WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
The writers in Tagalog continue in their lamentations for the conditions of the country and their love for one's native tongue.
1. Lope K. Santos - "Father of the National Language Grammar" also known as "Apo" of the Tagalog writers "BANAAG AT
SIKAT" was his masterpiece.
2. Jose Corazon de Jesus- known as "Huseng Batute" and also called as the poet of love in his time. "AG ISANG PUNONG
KAHOY" an elegy is believed to be his masterpiece.
3. Armando V. Hernandez- Was doubled poet of the laborers his masterpiece is "ANG PANDAY".
4. Valeriano Hernandez Pena- Known as "Tandang Anong" he considers "NENA AT NENENG" his masterpiece.
5. Inigo Ed Regalado- a popular storyteller, novelist, and newspaper man, he reach the pick of his success by the "SUMPONG"
of his pen.
JULIAN CRUZ BLAMACEDA CLASSIFIED THREE KINDS OF TAGALOG POETS
 Poets of the heart- Makata ng puso
 Lope K. Santos, Inigo Ed. Reglado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deo gracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V.
Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
 Poets of Life- Makata ng buhay
 Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Gatmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.
 Poets of Stage - Makata ng Tanghalan
 Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio
ENGLISH WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD

 In 1995 Paz Benitez short story, "DEAD STARS" , was published and made the landmark maturity of the Philippine Writers.
Soon the stories and writings of Benitez became no longer imitative of American models.
 In 1936 the Philippine writers league was organized Filipino writers in English, begin discussing the value of literature in
society. Initiated by Salvador P. Lopez. whose essay "Literature and society" won in the commonwealth award, and this
means that the art must have substance. And that Jose Garcia Villa adherence the "Art For Art's Sake".
Philippine Literature in English
DIVIDED INTO THREE TIME FRAME:

 The period of re-orientation 1898-1910

 Period of Imitation 1910-1924
 Period of self-discovery and growth 1925-1941

JAPANESE REGIME 1941-1945 (Tuesday) Feb. 21, 2013

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 1941-1945 PHLIPPINE LITERATURE WAS INTERRUPTED in its development when Philippines was again conquered by
another foreign country, JAPAN.
 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH CAME TO HALT. except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all
newspapers in English were stopped by the JAPANESE.
 Juan Laya- An English writer turned to write in Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing
in English.
KANJI ISHIWARA
 The weekly LIWAYWAY newspaper was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named ISHAWARA in
other words, Filipino literature was given break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes
were often about life in the provinces.
FILIPINO LITERATURE UNDER JAPANESE PERIOD
a. POETRY
COMMON THEME:

 The common theme of most poems during this period the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the
barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.

THREE TYPES OF POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD

 HAIKU- a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. it was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5
syllables, the second line has 7 syllables, and the third line has 5. The HAIKU is allegorical in meaning, it is short and covers a
wide scope in meaning.
 2. Tanaga- Like the HAIKU, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it's also allegorical in
meaning.
 3. Karniwang Anyo (Usual Form) -Like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book. it is the usual and
common form of poetry.

b. FILIPINO DRAMA
 Drama experiences a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American Films were closed.
 English plays reproduced into Tagalog.
 The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. And they funded the organization of
Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines.
FEW DRAMA PLAY WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
 JOSE MARIA HERNANDEZ- (Wrote PANDAY PIRA)
 FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO - (Wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI)
 CLODUALDO DEL MUNDO - (Wrote BULAGA-an expression to a game - hide and seek)

c. FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THIS PERIOD

The best writings in 1945

First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN

Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo's UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
Third prize: NVM Gonzales' LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT DAGATAN
D. PHLIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH DURING THIS PERIOD

 Because of the strict prohibition of Japanese to the writers in English Philippine Literature, English writers experienced a dark
period.
 While some continued to write while others wait for a better time to publish their works.
NOTE WORTHY WRITER IN THIS PERIOD

 Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE
PHILIPPINES RISE and his, MOTHER AMERICANS AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS.
 Alfredo Litiatcio published With Harp Sling in 1943
 Jose P. Laurel published forces that makes Nation Great.
 Carlos Bulosan- The Laughter of my Father 1994, The Voice of Bataan 1942.
REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970) PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972) PERIOD OF NEW SOCIETY (1972-1981) (Wednesday)
Feb. 22, 2023
REBIRTH OF FREEDOM

 The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army.
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were broken.
THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

 “Struggle of mind and spirit.”

 Filipino Authors are more confident to write yet there is an;
 Economic stability, the threat of new ideas and mortality problem.

PROLIFERATION OF NEWSPAPERS

 FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, of Sergio Osmeña Sr.,

 DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces,
 EVENING NEWS of Ramon Lopezes and the;
 BULLETIN of Menzi.

Some of the writers and their works of the periods are:

 THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN – a compilation of the best works of USAFFE men like Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz,
Ramon de Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez.
 TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION and DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero
 FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY – by S.P. Lopez
 BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES – by Hernando Abay.
 SEVEN HILLS AWAY – by NVM Gonzales
NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH

 WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN - Stevan Javellana

 THE HAND OF THE ENEMY - In 1961, Kerima Polotan won the Stonehill Award for the Filipino novel in English.
 THE ADVERSARY-Luis V. Teodoro Jr. ’s short story, won the Philippines Free Press short story award. And in 1969, his story
THE TRAIL OF PROFESSOR RIEGO won second prize in the Palanca Memorial.
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

 Japanese brutality during this period, poverty of life, brave guerilla exploits.
 Magazines and newspapers reopened; bulaklak, ilang-ilang, Sinag Tala.

PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

 Martial Law - Seed of Activism

 The bloody placards- Makibaka or To Dare!
 The Literary Revolution
 The Bomba Films
 The First Quarter Storm - Jose F. Lacaba
The First Quarter Storm - Jose F. Lacab
  “That first quarter of the year 1970…It was a glorious time, a time of terror and of wrath, but also a time for hope. The signs of
change were on the horizon. A powerful storm was sweeping the land, a storm whose inexorable advance no earthly force
could stop, and the name of the storm was history.”

PERIOD OF NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)

 The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972.

 Poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs, and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Newspapers
donned new forms.
 News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of
killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos before were hooked in reading magazines and comics.
THEMES DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

 Green Revolution
 Family Planning
 Proper Nutrition
 Environment
 Drug addiction
 Pollution
THE NEW SOCIETY

 Stopped pornography
 Stopped School Newspapers and Organizations
 The Military of the government establish an office called the "MINISTRY OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS" that supervised newspapers,
books and other publication.
 Reviving old plays like "Cenaculo, Zarzuela, and the Embayoka of the Muslims. "
 The Cultural Center of the Philippines, The Folk Arts Theater and even The Old Metropolitan Theater, were rebuilt in order to
have a place for these plays.
THE WEEKLY PUBLICATIONS

 LIWAYWAY & KISLAP - Helped a lot in development of literature. This became outlet for our writers to publish many of their
works.

a. COMPOSERS ADDED THEIR BIT DURING THIS PERIOD

 Freddie Aguilar, Jose Marie Chan, and the group of Tito, Vic, and Joey.
 Anak- of Freddie Aguilar became an instant success because of the spirit and emotions revealed in the song. There were
even translations in Japanese and in English.
QUICK OVERVIEW OF NEW SOCIETY

 Bilingual Education initiated by the board in 1958 is continued in the period of Martial Rule in Sept. 21, 1972 resulted to
deterioration of English in the different levels of education.
 Focus of education & culture was on problems of national identity, renewed vigor, and a firm to resolve to carry out plans
and programs.
 Forms of literature that lead during this period was "Essay, debate, and poetry. The short stories, novels, and plays, are
just the same style from those written before the onset of Activism.

Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985) and POST-EDSA 1 Revolution (1986-1995)

 Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

  Philippines became a new nation and this; former President Marcos called “The New Republic of the Philippines.”
 A historian called this the Third Republic. The First Republic he claimed was during the Philippine Republic of Emilio
Aguinaldo when we first got our independence form the Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
 The Second was when the Americans granted us our independence on July 4, 1946.
 January 2, 1981 was the Third Republic when we were freed from Military Rule.
 former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., the idol of the Filipino masses, whom they hoped to be the next president, was
brutally murdered on August 21, 1983.
 This stage of the nation had its effect on our literature.
THE PALANCA AWARDS

 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature which was launched in 1950 (poetry, short story, essays, and the one and
three-act plays).
 In 1984, the Palanca Awards started choosing the best in novel writing (Every 3 years for local writers).
 The next contest on the best novel was held in 1987. La Tondeña continues to be its sponsor.

1. FILIPINO POETRY
 Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary.
 Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government.
 The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting language.
2. FILIPINO SONGS
 Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom,
love of God, of country and of fellowmen.
 Many composers, grieved over Ninoy Aquino’s treacherous assassination.
 LABAN NG BAYAN KO - Coritha and Eric
 BAYAN KO - Freddie Aguilar revive the song LABAN NG BAYAN KO
3. MEDIA OF 1983
 For journalists, it was a year loaded with libel charges, lawsuits and seditious trials which they gallantly bore as
harassment suits.
 JAJA (Justice for Aquino, Justice for All) Movement called for a boycott of government – controlled newspapers in
protest of media suppression.
 People picketed newspapers offices with coffins to symbolize the death of press freedom.
 TIKTIK, PLAYBOY SCENE, and SAKDAL
4. CHILDRENS BOOKS
 The Children’s Communication Center (CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio Almario already has built up an
impressive collection of these kinds of books.
 1982:PLAYS FOR CHILDREN by JameB. Reuter S.J. (New Day Pub.)
 1983:STORY TELLING FOR YOUNG CHILDREN
 1983:JOSE AND CARDO by Peggy CorrManuel

THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH AT THIS TIME

1. Provide greater consciousness in content and form.
2. Change in the number of readers and the number of writers and the kind of class of writers. Writers who joined the ranks
came not only from the established or professional groups but from all ranks –clerks, secretaries, drivers, housewives,
students; in short, the masses.
3. The resurgence of Balagtasismo and the continued dominance of Modernismo. While Balagtasismoturned its back on the
American challenge to Philippine literature its conservative conventions, Modernismo adapted Americanization for its own
ends.
4. The birth of a new poetic movement still dims in outline.
POST-EDSA 1 Revolution (1986-1995)
TWO CREATIVE WRITING CENTERS
1. ACADEMIC INSTITUTION- is part of the curricular offerings.
2. WRITERS ORGANIZATION- Is composed of writers that periodically sponsor symposia on writing and or set up workshops for
its members and other interested parties.
WRITERS ORGANIZATION
1. UMPIL- Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipino
2. PANULAT- Pambansang Unyon ng mga Manunulat
3. GAT- Galian sa Arte at Tula
4. LIRA- Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo
5. GUMIL - Gunglo Dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano
6. LUDABI - Lubas sa Dagang Binisaya
7. PEN- Pen, Essay, and Novel
DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING

 1992, NCAA (NATIONAL COMISSION FOR CULTURE & ARTS) fund workshops, conferences, publication and variety of
projects geared towards the production of "NATIONAL LITERATURE" . Aim: Multilingual, Multi-cultural, & truly National
 La Tondena, Sponsors "Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature"
 Palanca - A synonym for quality literary work for English & Filipino.
 GAPAS FOUNDATION & KAIBIGAN - Amado V. Hernandez
 CAMPUS PUBLICATION- This campus publication could either a weekly student newspaper or annual literary journals.
FAMOUS ARTIST AND THEIR WORKS
 NICOMENDES MARQUEZ JOAQUIN OR NICK JOAQUIN - May 4, 1917-April 29,2004
 The Quarter of the Tiger Moon: Scene from the people power apocalypse (1986)
 Collected verse (1986)
 MAGNO "CARLO" JOSE CAPARAS
 Sandakot na Bala (1988)
 Joaquin Bordado (1988)
 GILDA OLVIDADO
 Huwag mo Kaming Isumpa (1986)
 Pinulot Ka Lang sa Lupa (1987)
 Magkano ang Iyong Dangal (1988)
JUNE 12 1986

 COLUMNIST BECAME MORE VOCAL & UNRESTRICTED

 BULLETIN TODAY, THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, PEOPLES JOURNAL
SONGS

 BAYAN KO - written by the poet Corazon de Jesus a.k.a Huseng batute & music was by Constanciano de Guzman.
 Handog ng Pilipino Sa Mundo- Composed by Jim Paredes
 MAGKAISA - composed by senator Tito Sotto, Eme de La Pena & Homer Flores

21st Century Period (1986 to present)

WHAT IS LITERATURE?

 Literature derives from the Latin word "Literatura" means "Learning a writing or a grammar". Originally writing is formed with
letters so from "Litera" meaning letter of Alphabet".
21st CENTURYLITERATURE

 21ST CENTURY LIT is a new literary work. it was created in the last decade.
 Imaginative writings that deal with current issues & reflects technological culture, frequently deviates from traditional writing,
and traces artistic representation of shared and familiar experiences.
Major Characteristic of Literature
 IT CONNECTS TO HUMAN LIFE & EXPERIENCES WHERE IN AUDIENCE CAN RELATE