Drama Glossary

2011/20900[v4] Drama: Glossary 1

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2 Drama: Glossary
 GLOSSARY
For the purposes of the Drama syllabus, the following definitions will apply. Terms indicated
with a hash (#) do not directly appear in the syllabus but are in common drama use.

Term Definition

Action When a situation is presented, explored and resolved.

(dramatic)
Action Following the work of Stanislavski the actor plays an action according to their
character scene or whole play objectives. This is expressed in terms of a verb
according to what they want. For example an actor’s action in a scene might
be to impress, to please. An action change occurs when the character gets
new information and has to decide if this is ‘good for me or bad for me’ and
then undertake a new action in response. These actions may not be part of
the script directions.
Adapted space A space that is used in a purposeful way for a drama event but that space
was not built for that purpose.
See Found space.
Aesthetics Exploring in performance and responses to drama the role of human senses
in making meaning and creating emotional or other experiences. Aesthetics
relates to the principles and science of what engages our sensory attention
and leads us to respond in particular ways.
Aesthetic Aesthetic distance is achieved by creating an emotional or cognitive break
distance from a drama or other artwork in order to objectively analyse what is taking
place. The absence of aesthetic distance is one quality an audience employs
when ‘suspending disbelief’.
See Suspension of Disbelief.
Alienation (see This term relates to the work of Brecht who sought to remind audiences that
Aesthetic what they were watching was just a play. He deliberately included devices
distance) such as banners of text or signs, presentational acting styles, use of music
and songs to break up the performance. Also known as the
Verfremdungseffekt.
See also Brecht.
Antagonist # The character that exists in the drama performance in opposition to the
protagonist. It is the antagonist that presents often obstacles or complications
for the protagonist.
See Protagonist.
Annotations Notes written on or next to sketches, diagrams or illustrations add succinct
analysis and explanation about approach or intended effects. Annotations can
also be on texts or scripts describing, for example, acting notes to record
blocking, director’s notes and character notes.
Approaches Particular drama practitioners develop particular ways of preparing and
performing drama.
Atmosphere See Elements of Drama.
Audience Different cultures and societies have particular expectations or ‘rules’ about
etiquette what is an appropriate way for an audience to observe and respond to a
performance.
Audience etiquette will vary according to the venue and occasion as well as
the form and style of the drama.
Audience Audience members will have particular ideas about a play, actors, company,
expectations playwrights, directors or a venue. These expectations contribute to their
experience of drama.

Drama: Glossary 3
 Term Definition

Audience Identification occurs when an audience connects emotionally or ideologically

identification with the characters, narrative and/or dramatic action.
Aural support # Technologies that assist the quality or dynamics of the sound in a
performance.
Backstage The production area set aside from the main performance space where the
performer may withdraw from the action or non-actors (backstage or
production members) can prepare and support the action.
Blocking The process and record of where action takes place on the stage, where and
when actors move and how this happens in relation to the script.
Bertolt Brecht German theatre writer, director and scenographer (1898:1956) who built on
the work of Erwin Piscator to develop theatre approaches (called Lehrstücke)
that produced different emotional and thematic effects on his audiences. This
work, including the creation of alienation effects in a performance, later
became known under the title ‘Epic Theatre’. Brecht’s theatre sought to
achieve social and political transformation especially in response to forces
like the rise of Nazi Germany.
See Processes developed by Brecht.
Built This refers to a venue that has been designed and built to be a performance
performance space. Sometimes known as ‘architectural spaces’.
spaces
Bumping in/ Bumping in: at the beginning of a performance season, Bumping in refers to
Bumping out moving everything in to a performance space to set up for a production.
Bumping out: at the end of a production (or its relocation to a new venue in
the case of a touring show) everything related to that production is cleared
out of the theatre. Bumping out could also involve moving everything into
trucks or containers to be transported to the next venue or storage space.
Catharsis # In Greek Theatre, the emotional release experienced by a character and
therefore the audience through a character’s critical discoveries, journey, or
downfall. In contemporary use, it reflects the emotional release of a character
who vents or explodes emotionally at another character as a result of an
irrational build-up of stress or anxiety. The audience, like in Greek Theatre,
shares this ‘venting’ and may empathise with the behaviour and its irrational
release.
See Narrative.
Changeovers This refers to the changes of set, props and actors between scenes or
sections of the play or performance.
Character Actors develop detailed character biographies or profiles as part of their
profiles characterisation processes. The character profiles are based on what is
known about the character from the script together with imagined contextual
information.
Characterisation This process is key to presenting a realistic character. Using the techniques
developed by Stanislavski and others who followed him, actors make
decisions about how their character will move and speak, what gestures and
habits they might have and what they would wear. As part of their
characterisation, actors develop a character profile to help them bring the
character to life.
Characterisation may also be developed in relation to non-realistic
characters. For example, in Shakespearean texts where a psychological view
of character or Stanislavski’s method were unknown.
See Elements of Drama.

4 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

Contextual Research about the history, location, culture, economics, relationships,

knowledge politics and beliefs, attitudes and values related to a character or text will
provide contextual knowledge.
Constructions How the world around us and the way we live and act towards others
of identity and constructs who we are and who we are not.
otherness
Conventions The usual ways of doing something. Sometimes conventions are based on
reasons of safety considerations or they relate to a preferred approach.
Conventions also reflect particular historic traditions.
Critical A way of analysing and viewing social, cultural or dramatic elements in terms
Framework of its impact on particular members of society. It provides tools with which to
consider the values central to a phenomenon and the impact of those values
in particular members of society. For example, a feminist framework,
sceptical framework, Marxist framework, Queer Theory and environmentalist
framework. It is sometimes used to consider the impact of particular values
on the marginalised members of a particular society.
Cues A cue is a signal that something is about to happen. For example a lighting
cue in a stage manager’s prompt book is the signal to tell the lighting operator
to make a planned lighting change. A stage direction may contain a cue for a
character to enter or exit the stage.
Cultural capital The wealth of a culture that is not able to be measured in money or things but
creates a positively connected sense of community or an inspired community
can be referred to in terms of cultural capital. For example, a school
production might not be a financial success but it will add to the cultural
capital of the school through positive relationships and increased
collaboration and improved self-esteem.
Cultural capital also refers to the development of values which improve the
social and cultural success of an individual, especially for employment. For
example, the ability to compromise, empathise, remain flexible and participate
in cultural valued activities.
Cultural values What a group of people collectively believe to be important, unimportant, right
or wrong are their cultural values. Cultural values are not fixed but continually
changing for different people in different times, places and circumstances.
Cyclical A narrative in which the dramatic action ends the same way it begins. This
Narrative structure is used to imply an endlessness to a human experience (that is, it
will happen again) or to complete a mystery in which the action ‘flash backs’
to explain what lead to the opening event.
Denouement # The point in the narrative in which the conflicts are resolved, the characters
experience often a kind of catharsis suggesting a feeling the dramatic action
is concluded.
See Narrative, Catharsis, Dramatic action.
Design diagram The commonly accepted ways of presenting diagrams in drama practice such
conventions as how to create a stage manager’s prompt book, ways of presenting lighting
designs, stage design and costume designs.
Devising Devised drama typically refers to drama which is created through
collaborative exercises where the participants improvise and then refine their
improvisations to create a final drama performance.
Dialogue Characters talking to each other in a drama performance is dialogue. This
also refers to the spoken word in a play.

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 Term Definition

Directing The process of deciding how to create and realise (bring to life) the dramatic
action is undertaken by the director. This will include the identification of an
approach to directing as well as the development of a vision of how the
drama performance will be approached.
Director’s The creation of a clear image (visual or otherwise) of how a drama event will
Vision be presented to a particular audience. This includes approaches to acting,
aesthetics, design and dominant themes. It may also include an attempt to
find a new approach that emphasises different aspects of a text or reflect a
particular critical framework.
See Aesthetics, Critical Frameworks.
Documentary Documentary drama tries to present the facts about an event or phenomenon
drama by presenting the points of view of a range of people. In this way it tries to
educate and inform audience about some issue or event. This may be in an
attempt to promote change through awareness.
See Verbatim Theatre.
Drama The creation of imaginative worlds and human experiences using the
Elements of Drama.
See Elements of Drama.
Drama event Drama events include but are not limited to the performance of a play. Other
types of drama events could include ritual celebration, a drama festival,
improvisation competition, or an improvised performance.
Drama text All of the information pertaining to the Section 1 script or script excerpt in the
written component of the WACE Drama examination. This may include
director notes, images, program notes and additional information about the
script excerpt in performance.
Dramatic action Dramatic action occurs when a situation is presented, explored and resolved
or brought to a conclusion.
Dramatic Includes the broad categories of representational and presentational or non-
structure realistic drama and their relationship to linear and non-linear narrative
structures. Structure, techniques and conventions are relevant to chosen
drama form or style’s approach. This includes approaches to structure as
follows:
 Episodic structure: the action of a drama is broken into smaller scenes
often with the rapid development of narrative elements. These scenes
move between settings, groups of characters
 Well-made Play: expanding on the work of Aristotle’s poetics, this
structure featured a careful construction of an exposition, a rising conflict
that increases in complexity and dramatic tension, a climax close to the
end of the play, a denouement in which key events are ‘explained’ or
unpacked for the audience and conclusion that may include a life ethic or
moral for the audience.
See Narratives
Dramaturge/ Involves researching, critically analysing and interpreting the historical,
Dramaturgy political, social, and cultural aspects of a play. A dramaturge works with the
director and as a member of the production team to support the construction
of a performance based on a new, published or devised text.
Dynamic This term is often used to describe the nature of the relationship between the
relationship performance and the audience where both react to each other so that no two
performances are alike in live theatre.
Economic Refers to the assets of a society (including human capital) that can be
capital # bought, sold or used to generate wealth.

6 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

Elements of Drama is created and shaped by the elements of drama which for the WACE
drama Drama course are listed as: role, character and relationships, situation, voice,
movement, space and time, language and texts, symbol and metaphor, mood
and atmosphere, audience and dramatic tension.
 Atmosphere: The interaction between the audience and the mood of a
drama performance.
 Audience: the body of people invited or otherwise to view a drama activity,
rehearsal or event. Audience includes the patterns in the composition of
the audience (for example, age, gender, cultural background, drama
experiences) as well as the relationship created between the drama and
the placement of the audience. (See Spaces of Performance)
 Character: A person or role in the drama that may have defined personal
qualities and/or histories. Flat characters (or two dimensional characters)
demonstrate a lack of depth or change in the course of a drama event.
Rounded characters (or three dimensional characters) feature more
elaborate and complex traits and histories and are changed by dramatic
action in the drama event.
 Dramatic tension: drives the drama and keeps an audience interested.
The tension comes when opposing characters, dramatic action, ideas,
attitudes, values, emotions and desires are in conflict creating a problem
that needs to be resolved (or unresolved) through drama.
 Language and texts: referring to the use of spoken or written words that
observe particular conventions and registers that communicate ideas,
feelings and other associations. Texts refers to the use of published texts,
online materials and other compositions the reference of which adds
meaning to the drama.
 Metaphor: A metaphor is creating an image or idea of one thing by saying
it is something else. For example: ‘He is a lion of a man.’ In drama the use
of metaphor can be more subtle such as a metaphor of a mouse created
through a character having a squeaky voice and small darting
movements. Design and stylistic elements can also be metaphors for
characterisation or provide meaning in terms of theme.
 Mood: describes the feelings and attitudes (often combined) of the roles
or characters involved in dramatic action often supported by other
Elements of Drama as well as design elements. The mood is the
emotional impact intended by the playwright, director and/or other
members of the creative team.
 Relationships: refers to the qualities of the connection between two or
more characters or roles. That relationship may be fixed (largely
unchanged by the dramatic action) or variable (challenged or changed by
the dramatic action). The relationship may be cooperative (as in a
friendship), adversarial (as in enemies), neutral (neither positive nor
negative) or non-existent (as in total strangers). Those relationships will
be defined by shared interests, common objectives, cultural values and/or
human need.
 Role: a performer can present in performance a role that represents an
abstract concept, stereotyped figure or person reduced to a particular
dominant trait (occupation, human condition or social vocation) that lacks
depth or a backstory normally present in a ‘Character’.
 Situation: the condition or circumstances in which a character or
characters are presented often at the opening of a performance.
 Space: the place where dramatic action is situated and the qualities of
that place including temperature, features, light levels, population levels
and other environmental factors that may be presented to or imagined by
the characters/audience.

Drama: Glossary 7
 Term Definition

 Symbol: symbolic parts of the scenography or design represent and add

further meaning to themes, narrative, emotion, mood and atmosphere.
Different colours are symbolic. Other symbols might be found in a sound
effect, music, style, images. Some symbols are literal while others infer
meaning.
 Time: both the time of day, time of the year and time in history or the
future. Time also reflects changes in time within a scene or drama event.
Time also refers to the flow of time over the length of a drama event:
fragmented time, cyclical time, linear time and so forth.
See Vocal Techniques, Movement and Gesture.
Elevation An elevation is a drawing or design from the point of view of the audience.
Emotional Refers to the intangible area between characters.
space The intangible emotional space of live theatre is created by the performers
through the dramatic action and the scenography of a production in a
dynamic relationship with the audience.
Emphasis Bringing the audience’s attention to something by making it bigger, stronger,
louder, brighter or clearer. Emphasis can be part of writing, direction, acting
or design.
Ensemble One where all the participants have collaborated as a team to create and
drama produce drama. It is different to a production where the actors and production
production team work in a traditional structure under the direction of a director.
An ensemble production would typically involve equal attention and time for
all the actors rather than only some as the ‘stars’ or leads.
Fictional space The ‘imagined world’ created by the story of the drama such as a battle field
or a house which may only be indicated through some sets and props,
lighting, sound or nothing tangible at all. It can be scribed through dialogue
and/or suggested by the use of selected (metonymic) stage elements or
props, lighting or sound.
Flashback A scene or section of a drama that refers to a previous time. It is used in a
non-linear narrative where the dramatic action moves to a previous point in
time often to explain an important detail in the narrative.
Flash-forward A scene or section of a drama that refers to a future time. It is used in a non-
linear narrative where the dramatic action moves to a future point in time and
place often to explain an important detail in the narrative.
Floor plan or A diagram that shows the design from above or a ‘bird’s eye view’ is the plan
plan view view or floor plan.
Focus The imaginary or real point in the performance space where the audience’s
attention is to be directed.
Focus also refers to the acting technique of concentrating gaze and body in a
particular manner to direct audience attention.
Lighting and scenography can direct audience attention through the
manipulation of the visual elements and principles of design.
See Visual elements and Principles of Design.
Focusing The process of adjusting the size, shape, angle and sharpness of a lighting
beam onto a performance space.
Focus time Before a performance, the actors meet together to focus on the performance
ahead and take on their characters and enter into the world of the drama.
Form Is a broadly inclusive term: it includes the genres (different types of drama)
such as live theatre, radio, television and film drama, opera, puppetry and
mime. Drama forms also refers to the structure of drama where aesthetic
principles and practical choices shape the drama resulting in a focus on

8 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

tragedy, comedy, tragic-comedy, farce, melodrama, or history.

See Dramatic structure.
Found space A space that is used for a drama event but was not built for that purpose has
come to be called a found space. Typically a found space might be a
culturally significant space such as an old building, a factory or a space
whose features add meaning and significance to the performance such as a
beach. The development of sound and lighting technologies has expanded
the range of spaces suitable for a drama performance.
Fragmented See Narrative.
(time)
Front of house The area of a theatre where the commercial and logistical management of
audience members occurs. This includes publicity, ticket sales, beverages
and coordinates with the stage manager in relation to Occupational Safety
and Health. The front of house manager also coordinates the movement of
the audience into and out of the venue.
Gesture Gesture involves movement of parts of the body that communicate meaning.
Gesture often involves arm and hand movements such as indicating, waving
or beckoning but can include shrugging of the shoulders, winking eyes etc.
Grotowski Jerzy Grotowski (1933:1999) furthered the work of Stanislavski focusing on
the actor, actions and psychophysical actions. He had a significant effect on
drama and developed ‘poor theatre’ that uses minimal scenography to focus
attention on the action for the audience. This may include the use of simple
stage elements in creative ways.
Half hour call # A tradition or protocol in Western theatre is that thirty minutes prior to a
performance, actors are told by the stage manager: ‘This is your half hour
call. ‘This is your fifteen minute call’ and ‘beginners on stage’ follow.
Historical style Refers to the time in which a drama was created. Historical style together with
performance style creates the distinctive identifying elements of a drama.
Improvisation Improvisation is spontaneous enactment taking on roles and situations to
create dramatic and extend the given stimulus. Improvisations are usually
short and are structured into a complete little play. An extended improvisation
is one that is reworked, shaped and refined.
Improvisation will include:
 Platform #: the opening of an improvisation in which the performer or
performers establish who the character or characters are, where they are
(including the qualities of that setting), what they are doing in that setting
and why that action is important to them (who, where, what, why). The
clear establishment of a plausible platform allows for the possibility of a
complication or conflict which leads to dramatic action in an attempt to
solve a problem.
 Offer #: one person offers a time/place/situation/conflict and another
accepts the offer by going along with it and extending the offer by taking
the dramatic action further. ‘Blocking’ occurs when an offer is not
accepted. All concerned in the improvisation need to accept the offer to
suspend disbelief and pretend.
 Accepting #: one person offers a time/place/situation/conflict and another
accepts the offer by going along with it and extending the offer by taking
the dramatic action further. All concerned in the improvisation need to
accept the offer to suspend disbelief and pretend.
 Extending #: developing and further exploring an offer.
 Advancing #: contributing a new idea that shifts the dramatic action of the
improvisation.

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 Term Definition

In improvisation students should avoid:

 Blocking #: one when an offer is not accepted. This can include taking an
idea in the direction for comic effect (sometimes called ‘Gagging’).
 Gagging #: trying to get an audience to laugh at the expense of a story,
character or idea in an improvised performance.
In the round See Spaces of Performance.
Laban Rudolf Laban (1879:1953) developed a language for describing movement.
He defined movement by ‘eight effort actions’ and the way that each relates
to flow (energy), space, time (rhythm/pace) and weight. Laban also explained
the use of movement in the kinesphere (around the performer) and through
the space (dynamosophere) to make meaning.
Levels Levels refer to the horizontal spaces of the performance above the floor or
stage. This term may also refer to the way the body is placed or moved into
position on different heights within the performance space.
Linear narrative See Narratives.
structures
Memorising Actors learn their dialogue, movement and blocking ‘by heart’ so that they can
replicate it every time they perform.
Meyerhold Meyerhold (1874:1940) began his theatre work along with Stanislavski in the
Moscow Art Theatre. He created oversized, highly theatrical and symbolic
scenography. He is also famous for the training system he developed,
Biomechanics, focusing on the actor’s movements and awareness of self.
Monologue A monologue is a play or part of a play that involves one person/character
speaking. Playwrights may give one character a lengthy speech so that they
can explore and work towards the resolution of a key issue or problem. The
monologue may offer the character an opportunity to ‘discover’ information
important to themselves and the dramatic action. Accordingly appropriate
monologues provide the actor with an opportunity to show the character’s
journey.
There are three styles in which a monologue can be presented:
1. Interior monologue: where the characters speaks aloud their thoughts
without directly acknowledging the audience.
2. Character directed: where the character speaks to another person on
stage (see or unseen by the audience)
3. Direct address: where the monologue is spoken directly to the audience
as a shared thought, account, reflection or revelation.
Movement and The aspects of a performer’s body used to construct character or role, make
non-verbal meaning, convey emotional qualities as well as communicate relationships.
communication These include:
 Energy: the pattern of effort and commitment used in the creation of
movement and non-verbal communication. Energy may be consistent and
predictable, inconsistent and unpredictable or otherwise.
 Facial expressions: the shape and adjustment of face including eyes and
eyebrows, mouth, jaw and head position.
 Dynamic physical vocabulary #: the successful combining of non-verbal
communication elements and techniques to produce integrated effects for
the audience.
 Gesture: involves movement of parts of the body that communicate
meaning. Gesture often involves arm and hand movements such as
indicating, waving or beckoning but can include shrugging of the
shoulders, winking eyes etc.

10 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

 Posture and body alignment: the position of the body and sense of shape
of the spine when standing or sitting to create role and character. Posture
and body alignment affect the ability to move freely and use voice
affectively.
 Proxemics: the manipulation of the physical and emotional spaces
between actors and between stage and audience adds meaning to the
dramatic action. For example, heightening the tension between
characters, showing relationships and adding to the design of the blocking
in terms of placing actors in relation to one another to focus audience
attention, so that the audience can see and hear them.
 Space: the use of the region immediately around the performer’s body in
all directions (kinesphere) and through the performance area
(dynamosphere).
 Time: the variation and adjustment of the tempo and rhythm of movement.
 Weight: the adjustment of movement to create a sense of force or (as in
mime) the heaviness of an object either seen or unseen by the audience.
Narrative The story of the play which includes an introduction, a conflict or
complication, dramatic action, climax, falling action, denouement and
conclusion. A play may feature several narrative threads (events that connect
to one another) and some narratives may overlap and interact with one
another in the course of a play.
 Fragmented time: Breaking up the narrative into parts that shift between
pasts, presents and futures in non-chronological order but still enable the
audience to piece together an understanding of what has happened.
 Leaps of time: shifts in the dramatic action ignore the logical sequence
challenging the audience to create the sequence in their own mind.
 Linear narratives: Narrative where the events take place continuously and
sequentially from beginning to end.
 Non-linear narratives: Disrupted or discontinuous sequence of events in a
story including flashback, flash-forward and circular narrative structures.
Notes Before or after a rehearsal or performance, the director and the stage
manager provide feedback to the actors about their individual performance,
their characterisation and their interaction with the production elements such
as sound and lighting. Notes are also given to the backstage crew.
Notions of This refers to the ways that people come to an understanding of who they are
identity related to and their role in society based on their context. For example, their
politics, background, gender, class/status, age or interests.
nationalism,
gender or class #
Off stage space The space that is not part of the performance but may be inferred from the
drama through dialogue or non-verbal communication. For example,
characters talking about what is happening in another room of the house that
is presented on stage in a realistic drama.
Patching Prepared by the lighting designer according to design and performance
lighting requirements. Once lights are rigged onto the lighting bars, they are
plugged into or patched into a lighting desk and dimmer racks in a complex
arrangement according to the requirements of the drama.
Performance Actor voice and movement warm ups, focus time, and notes from the director
preparation and production team may be included as performance preparation processes
processes immediately prior to the performance. Actors also prepare their costume and
make up in the dressing room. Production team members have preparation
processes according to their particular roles.

Drama: Glossary 11
 Term Definition

Physical An actor can develop their characterisation through exploring how a character
approaches to moves, looks and sounds. Through creating the external aspects, the inner or
rehearsing emotional, feeling character is revealed.
Physical theatre Movement based drama such as mime, slapstick, Commedia dell’arte, circus,
and movement clowning and drama that uses movement, gesture and physical interaction to
advance and create meaning in dramatic action.
Plot The events that make up the story of the play create the plot.
Position When audiences are manipulated or seduced into a particular point of view
audiences # about a situation or character they have been positioned.
Posture and The position of the body when standing or sitting creates role and character.
body alignment Posture and body alignment affect the ability to move freely and use voice
affectively.
Presentational Non-realistic drama where the performers ‘present’ to the audience or overtly
drama perform with no pretence of reality. This includes a wide range of historical
drama styles and contemporary drama styles.
Principles of In creating the sensory environment a scenographer or designer will select
design and control the follow aesthetic principles that add to the quality of the
experience:
 Balance: objects, colours and other stage elements can be symmetrical
providing an impression of evenness or asymmetrical providing an
impression of imbalance or discomfort.
 Contrast: occurs when there is a marked difference between two aspects
of drama. This can be used to focus audience attention or used as a
symbol or metaphor, for example, use of contrasting light and dark
colours in design or contrasting use of comedy and tragedy in a play.
 Emphasis: bringing the audience’s attention to something by making it
bigger, stronger, louder, brighter or clearer. Emphasis can be part of
writing, direction, acting or design.
 Harmony: the arrangement of elements (for example, the use of particular
combinations of colours) that create a sense of congruity, order or calm.
 Movement: the sense of energy and motion created by patterns in design
elements.
 Pattern: the creation of sequences that encourages the audience to
anticipate and expect that sequence to continue or change.
 Repetition: the selection of elements to be featured in a performance to
emphasise as well as surprise especially when creating new associations
 Rhythm: both musical rhythms (for example, variation in tempo and beat)
and the patterns form in approaches to design (simple, gentle – complex,
aggressive)
 Scale/proportion: the relationship between the size of objects presented
on stage as their relationship with observed reality
 Unity: the sense of connection and belonging created by the sharing of
common qualities in the elements on stage.
 Variety: the offering a new patterns to the approach to design and
performance.
Processes  Scenography: his work was focused on the fusion of the human sensory
developed by experiences with the text in performance. His work with the actors and the
Brecht # non-actors was determined to increase the impact of the drama event
emotionally as well as intellectually.
 Textual approaches:
o Naturalism/realism: scenes in which the dramatic action and
characters reflect many of the principles of naturalism and realism
o Direct address: break in the action to speak in character or out of
character about events and issues central to the text

12 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

o Third person narration #: characters referring to their own actions

using third person point of view. ‘Mother Courage: Mother Courage
reaches down to pick a flower’
o First person narration #: characters referring to themselves in the
first person, narrating the actions being mimed. ‘Mother Courage: I
reach down to a pick a flower’
o Spoken stage directions #: to speak lines of stage direction
(including design elements) to the audience. This may be done in
character or not
o Song and dance: performance of songs or dance/movement pieces
usually in support of important narrative or thematic elements
o Titles #: opening a scene with an announcement of the main theme
or purpose of the scene. These may be spoken or projected onto the
performance space.
Processes  Affective memory #: also known as emotional memory where the thoughts
developed by of something similar that has happened in the actor’s past informs their
Stanislavski approach to characterisation.
 Beats #: the sections of a script that combine psychological gesture,
tempo and circles of attention that reflect a particular goal, motivation and
state of mind. A new beat is created when one or more of these shift in
the script.
 Circles of attention #: identifying the proximity to self a character’s
attention is directed. Close meaning within their own immediate space (as
in when remembering an important detail). Middle meaning directed
towards someone outside a character’s personal space with whom the
character is dialoguing. Distant meaning directed across the theatre
space or beyond (as in regarding a horizon or spotting an approaching
figure in the distance). Changes in circles of attention often reflect
changes in thought processes.
 Given circumstances #: the cues and clues found in the dramatic text
such as the setting, time, action and situation, what other characters say
and do.
 Magic If: What would I do if I was this character? The imaginative process
of sympathising with a character’s values, attitudes and worldviews.
 Objective #: what the character wants or their goal at a particular moment
in the script. This may include what the character wants to avoid or
escape from.
 Obstacle #: what stops a character from achieving what they want.
 Psychological gesture #: an extended action performed by a character
designed to achieve a particular goal or outcome. For example,
rummaging through a dusty old attic to find a long lost journal.
 Super objective #: the life goal of a particular character.
 Tempo: identifying the pace with which a line or an action is completed to
reflect attitude, mood or motivation. Often changes in tempo reflect
changes in motivation or intention.
 Through line #: the thread of a character that is consistent through the
scene or text and links to the character’s objectives.
 Units of action #: represents a change in the objectives of a character
communicated through the overall patterns in the ‘beats’ of a scene.
It is important to note these processes changed over the course of
Stanislavski’s work with his actors. Many of his processes have been
developed and extended by other directors including Stella Adler, Lee
Strasberg, Michael Chekhov, Richard Boleslavsky and Sanford Meisner.
Production The technical aspects of realising drama production.

Drama: Glossary 13
 Term Definition

Production The non-acting tasks undertaken by the designers and managers and
roles backstage staff in a theatre.
See Roles in the Drama syllabus.
Programming Managers of theatre companies select performances sometimes years ahead
to create an engaging program for their audiences. Programming may be
undertaken by the directors or the Boards of Directors.
Prompt book The stage manager coordinates and operates a performance using a digital
or physical prompt book. The script is pasted into the prompt book so that the
script is on the right hand side and the stage directions, blocking cues for
lighting, sound, special effects and stage properties are annotated on the left
hand page.
Props This term is short for properties and refers to the objects that a character
uses. Hard props such as chairs and tables and soft props such as table
cloths, cushions are placed on the stage as part of the set or scenography
while others such as a sword or a book are carried on by a character.
Protagonist The character that drives the action is the protagonist. Often they are the
‘hero’ of the drama.
See Antagonist.
Protocols The rules or commonly accepted ways that things are done.
Psychological Psychology is the study of human behaviour and drama involves the
approaches to performance of human behaviour. Psychological approaches to rehearsing
rehearsing could involve getting the actors to explore emotional memory, focus and
concentration exercises and/or collaborative workshopping using emotional
stimuli. In this approach, the feelings of the character inform the movement
and vocal choices the actor makes which in turn reflects a psychological
understanding of human behaviour.
Realise/ The staging and performance of a drama brings it to ‘life’ and makes it ‘real’.
realisation
Relationships In drama this refers to the emotional connection between characters and the
dynamics that affect the depth and quality of that connection.
Representational Representational drama reflects a psychological view of human behaviour,
drama familiar dialogue and situations in terms of observed life experiences, often a
linear narrative with a causal view of events and limited interactions with the
live audience.
Rigging (lights) Stage lanterns are attached to lighting bars above the performance space
and in the auditorium area according to the lighting design plan.
Ritual Historically, most societies have examples of using drama as part of a ritual
celebration or celebration.
Scene A section of a play that occurs in a particular place and time.
Scenography The design of the whole performance environment to create a sense of
time/place/context/emotion is referred to as the scenography. It is a more
recent term that incorporates the possibilities offered by contemporary
technologies which can use filmic elements, special effects sound and light
and even smell as part of the design. It involves the consideration of all
performance elements working together to engage the audience’s human
senses.
Set The environment of the stage space constructed to show the place and time
of the dramatic action. Settings, scenery and the environment of the play
(scenography) are created to look effective from the point of view of the
audience. Natural features, walls, doors and windows for example, can be
made of material, canvas or other light and easy to move materials.

14 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

Set strike lists The Stage manager is in charge of the order for setting, striking and storing
sets and props before, during and after a performance.
Setting The place where the dramatic action is situated either through design
elements, dialogue or non-verbal communication. This includes qualities
about that place including temperature, features, light levels, population levels
and other environmental factors.
Setting sets and Sets and/or props are set in place on stage before a performance or during a
props scene change by the backstage crew.
Settings See Space in Elements of Drama.
Signing in This protocol involves a list or book where performers and/or those involved
in a production sign in as they enter the theatre each day for work. By the
hour or half hour call, the stage manager can see at a glance who has not
arrived and then problem solve a potential absence that has consequences
for a production.
Social capital # Social capital is wealth and assets that are not monetary but reflect the value
of human interaction and connections.
See Cultural values, Cultural Capital and Economic Capital.
Social cultural An audience that has in common, particular backgrounds, social status, age,
and economic wealth and/or politics, may respond to drama in a similar particular way based
particulars of on their beliefs, attitudes, values, points of view and expectations.
the audience
members
Soundscapes A collection of sound effects (SFX) are sourced or recorded, and then edited
to create the ambience or impression of a particular setting such as a factory,
train station or beach.
Soundscapes can also be used by actors using their voices and bodies (e.g.
clapping), available props or improvised instruments such as tin cans, sticks
etc.
Spaces of Spectators and actors interact and relate in spaces of performance: the
performance dynamic relational space between the performance and the audience; the
physical space of the ‘theatre’ including the auditorium and the stage in
particular but also the front of house spaces. Spaces of performance also
includes the fictional, imaginary spaces created by the world of the drama. It
also includes the physical space of the stage with its organisation and
scenography of particular stage spaces (See the list below)
 Promenade stage: a performance in which the action takes place in
multiple spaces. The audience may be guided from one performance
space to the next (especially if the performance has a particular structure
in terms of narrative and time) or be free to explore the various spaces
independently (where narrative and time are less important to the
performance experience). Medieval theatre often used this structure as
well as performances that make use of different qualities of the
performance space (for example, garden, building, landscape, water
feature).
 Proscenium Arch stage: the proscenium arch frames the stage in
traditional theatre spaces such as His Majesty’s in Perth. Also called
‘picture frame’ stage before of its ability to control sightlines and
opportunity for presenting elaborate sets.
 Theatre in the round (arena): involves a central performance space with
the audience surrounding it. This staging allows for the most intimate
connection with the audience with limited use of stage elements to avoid
obstructing the audience’s view.

Drama: Glossary 15
 Term Definition

 Thrust stage: in this performance space, the audience is seated on three

sides of the stage. This staging allows a more intimate connection with
the audience whilst allowing one side (where there is no audience) for
stage elements to be used without visual obstructions for the audience.
 Traverse stage: this performance space is a rectangular area with the
audience seated on the two long sides of the rectangle. This staging
allows for an intimate connection between the audience and actors with
two sides upon which staging elements can be placed.
Spatial The perceptions of and control of movement within the performance space as
awareness well as audience space. Spatial awareness helps an actor to move efficiently
and effectively on stage knowing the whereabouts of other actors, sets,
props, the limits of the stage and lighting as well as maintaining their
movements within the same proportion of the stage even when the size of the
stage changes in different venues.
Spontaneous Improvisation that has little or no preparation time often based on a given
improvisation stimulus.
See Improvisation.
Stage crew Lead by the stage manager, the stage crew work mainly back stage to
maintain the safe operation of the performance space/stage. The stage crew
will set and strike sets and props. They operate the mechanics of the
performance environment space of the stage including the curtains, trucks,
scenery, rostra, fly ropes, winches and special effects.
Stage The instructions in a script that describe where, what, when and how
directions something is to occur and who is going to do it.
Stage The stage manager is in charge of and coordinates the performance of a
management play. They ensure that both actors and crew are in the right place at the right
time with the necessary sets, props, lighting, sound and other special effects.
Stanislavski Konstantin Stanislavski developed a detailed approach to acting and
production in reaction to the very stylised, larger than life, overacted
performance style of the late nineteenth century. His work is connected to
playwrights who focused on portraying what was ‘natural’ or ‘realistic’.
See Processes developed by Stanislavski.
Status The sense of power, authority, control and value a character or role holds in
terms of themselves and also in comparison with other characters or roles in
a drama performance.
Striking sets Sets and/or props are removed from the stage after a scene or section of the
and props play or at the end of the performance.
Style Style in drama refers to the distinctive identifying elements of particular
dramatic texts. There are three dimensions of style: historical, performance
and personal style.
 Historical style: refers to the distinctive uses of language, approaches to
subject matter, themes, characterisation and dramatic action that can be
linked to particular times and contexts. For example, Theatre of the
Absurd, Theatre of Realism.
 Performance style: refers to the ways of approaching dramatic text in
performance – two major performance styles are representational and
presentational styles. (See Presentational Drama and Representational
Drama)
 Personal style: the distinctive use of voice, posture, gesture and body that
can be associated with a particular actor or director. Style can be
observed in performances, direction, design and the application of
conventions to dramatic texts. This includes the work of particular
practitioners like Bertolt Brecht, Robert Wilson and Barbara Kielhofer.

16 Drama: Glossary
 Term Definition

Subtext The meaning or narrative that underlies the main action of a drama is the
subtext. It may be evident through the voice or non-verbal communication
and/or the design of a drama. The subtext might never be openly stated or
revealed.
Suspension of The audience and/or the performers agree to suspend their disbelief and
disbelief accept the ‘make-believe’ world of the play even though they know it is not
‘real’.
Technical The rehearsals where the focus is on the organisation, coordination, timing
rehearsals and running of the technical requirements (for example, design and stage
management processes) of the production.
See Topping and tailing.
Theoretical Particular theatre practitioners such as Brecht, Stanislavski or Grotowski
approaches developed ways of approaching the creation and production of theatre.
Top and tail During technical rehearsals the actors are often asked to just perform the
beginning and end of a scene or the parts that link to changes in lighting,
sound and staging. This is known as topping and tailing.
Transitions Transitions involve the changes from one scene or section to another. It is
important to achieve smooth transitions between scenes on and off the stage.
Traverse stage See Spaces of Performance.
Ushers Front of house staff who check tickets, show patrons to their seats and
manage health and safety considerations in the auditorium and refreshments
areas.
Verbatim This is a form of documentary theatre where the exact words of people are
theatre used to create the drama text. Verbatim theatre involves the working with
extended interviews or transcripts (for example, of court or government
proceedings) which are selected and shaped by the playwright or ensemble
to share impressions of that phenomenon or incident. The participants will
often make themselves part of the performance event identifying
observations, biases and feelings in reaction to what is presented.
See Documentary Theatre.
Visual elements In the visual arts, these refer to the aspects of the visual medium that can be
manipulated and controlled to create meaning and evoke responses. These
include line, shape, texture, colour, tone/value, 3D form and space.
Voice and vocal With the support of good posture and breathing vocal clarity and flexibility can
techniques be achieved through the effective use of:
Articulation: the precision used in the formation of sounds and speech to
ensure a live audience can understand what is being said.
Audibility: projection appropriate to the space so spoken sounds carry to the
intended audience.
Clarity: the accurate formation of sounds with the voice to communicate the
words and sounds in performance.
Emphasis: the use of particular stresses in the spoken delivery of a sentence
to highlight important words or phrases to improve comprehension for a live
audience.
Fluency: the successful combining of the qualities of vocal performance to
produce integrated effects for the audience.
Inflection: the variation of the pitch and tone within a sentence to clarify
emotional quality and intended meaning within a sentence for a live audience.
Modulation #: the careful variation in pitch to communicate meaning and
emotion.

Drama: Glossary 17
 Term Definition

Pace: the speed with which a sentence or passage is delivered to balance the
needs of a live audience (variety and maintaining energy) with intended
meaning (importance, subtext, emotional state etc.)
Pause: a planned break in the delivery of a phrase, sentence or passage.
These breaks can denote many important meanings to a live audience and
are therefore used with control and careful selection. Pause lengths also are
important to making meaning for a live audience. Pauses also can indicate
change in ‘objectives’ for a character (See Processes developed by
Stanislavski).
Pitch: refers to the intensity of the vibrations in the voice making it seem
higher or lower. Variation in pitch creates inflection (See Inflection in this
section).
Projection (loudness): the strength or power used when speaking to carry
speech to a live audience.
Resonance: the use of muscle control and focused projection to intensify the
use of the body’s resonators that supports and enhances projection as well
as the tonal qualities of a vocal performance.
Rhythm and variety: variation in vocal performance including the use of pace,
inflection and beats (the use of patterns of soft and hard syllables) sometimes
called ‘iambs’. Rhythm also refers to shifts in an overall vocal performance
and the structure of that vocal performance.
Tone: the emotional qualities added to a vocal performance by adjusting the
types of sounds produced by the voice. These in particular can help convey a
sense of a character’s subtext. (See Subtext)
Vocal dynamics: appropriate variation of vocal techniques to denote intensity
of emotion, meaning and mood.

18 Drama: Glossary