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1. Explain the Interface of Financial Policy and Strategic Management? [ALSO ASKED IN MAY 2018 EXAM
FOR 4 MARKS]
The interface of strategic management and financial policy will be clearly understood if we appreciate the fact
that the starting point of an organization is money and the end point of that organization is also money. No
organization can run an existing business and promote a new expansion project without a suitable internally
mobilized financial base or both i.e. internally and externally mobilized financial base.
Sources of finance and capital structure are the most important dimensions of a strategic plan. The need for
fund mobilization to support the expansion activity of firm is very vital for any organization.
The generation of funds may arise out of ownership capital and or borrowed capital. A company may issue
equity shares and/or preference shares for mobilizing ownership capital and debentures to raise borrowed
capital. Public deposits, for a fixed time period, have also become a major source of short and medium term
finance. Organizations may offer higher rates of interest than banking institutions to attract investors and
raise fund. The overdraft, cash credits, bill discounting, bank loan and trade credit are the other sources of
short term finance.
Along with the mobilization of funds, policy makers should decide on the capital structure to indicate the
desired mix of equity capital and debt capital. There are some norms for debt equity ratio which need to be
followed for minimizing the risks of excessive loans. For instance, in case of public sector organizations, the
norm is 1:1 ratio and for private sector firms, the norm is 2:1 ratio.
However this ratio in its ideal form varies from industry to industry. It also depends on the planning mode of
the organization. For capital intensive industries, the proportion of debt to equity is much higher. Similar is
the case for high cost projects in priority sectors and for projects in under developed regions.
Another important dimension of strategic management and financial policy interface is the investment and
fund allocation decisions. A planner has to frame policies for regulating investments in fixed assets and for
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restraining of current assets. Investment proposals mooted by different business units may be divided into
three groups. One type of proposal will be for addition of a new product by the firm. Another type of
proposal will be to increase the level of operation of an existing product through either an increase in
capacity in the existing plant or setting up of another plant for meeting additional capacity requirement.
The last is for cost reduction and efficient utilization of resources through a new approach and/or closer
monitoring of the different critical activities.
Now, given these three types of proposals a planner should evaluate each one of them by making within group
comparison in the light of capital budgeting exercise. In fact, project evaluation and project selection are the
two most important jobs under fund allocation. Planner’s task is to make the best possible allocation under
resource constraints.
Dividend policy is yet another area for making financial policy decisions affecting the strategic performance
of the company. A close interface is needed to frame the policy to be beneficial for all. Dividend policy decision
deals with the extent of earnings to be distributed as dividend and the extent of earnings to be retained for
future expansion scheme of the firm. From the point of view of long term funding of business growth, dividend
can be considered as that part of total earnings, which cannot be profitably utilized by the company. Stability
of the dividend payment is a desirable consideration that can have a positive impact on share prices.
The alternative policy of paying a constant percentage of the net earnings may be preferable from the point
of view of both flexibility of the firm and ability of the firm. It also gives a message of lesser risk for the
investors. Yet some other companies follow a different alternative. They pay a minimum dividend per share
and additional dividend when earnings are higher than the normal earnings. In actual practice, investment
opportunities and financial needs of the firm and the shareholders preference for dividend against capital
gains resulting out of share are to be taken into consideration for arriving at the right dividend policy.
Alternatives like cash dividend and stock dividend are also to be examined while working out an ideal dividend
policy that supports and promotes the corporate strategy of the company.
Thus, the financial policy of a company cannot be worked out in isolation of other functional policies. It has a
wider appeal and closer link with the overall organizational performance and direction of growth. These
policies being related to external awareness about the firm, especially the awareness of the investors about
the firm, in respect of its internal performance.
There is always a process of evaluation active in the minds of the current and future stake holders of the
company. As a result preference and patronage for the company depends significantly on the financial policy
framework. Hence, attention of the corporate planners must be drawn while framing the financial policies
not at a later stage but during the stage of corporate planning itself. The nature of interdependence is the
crucial factor to be studied and modelled by using an in depth analytical approach. This is a very difficult task
compared to usual cause and effect study because corporate strategy is the cause and financial policy is the
effect and sometimes financial policy is the cause and corporate strategy is the effect.
2. Write a short note on Balancing Financial Goals vis-a-vis Sustainable Growth? . [ALSO ASKED IN
MTP AUGUST 2018 & APRIL 2019 - 4 MARKS, MTP MARCH 2022, MTP SEPTEMBER 2022)
ANSWER:
The concept of sustainable growth can be helpful for planning healthy corporate growth. This concept forces
managers to consider the financial consequences of sales increases and to set sales growth goals that are
consistent with the operating and financial policies of the firm. Often, a conflict can arise if growth objectives
are not consistent with the value of the organization's sustainable growth. Question concerning right
distribution of resources may take a difficult shape if we take into consideration the rightness not for the
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current stakeholders but for the future stakeholders also. To take an illustration, let us refer to fuel industry
where resources are limited in quantity and a judicial use of resources is needed to cater to the need of the
future customers along with the need of the present customers. One may have noticed the save fuel
campaign, a demarketing campaign that deviates from the usual approach of sales growth strategy and
preaches for conservation of fuel for their use across generation. This is an example of stable growth strategy
adopted by the oil industry as a whole under resource constraints and the long run objective of survival over
years. Incremental growth strategy, profit strategy and pause strategy are other variants of stable growth
strategy.
Sustainable growth is important to enterprise long-term development. Too fast or too slow growth will go
against enterprise growth and development, so financial should play important role in enterprise
development, adopt suitable financial policy initiative to make sure enterprise growth speed close to
sustainable growth ratio and have sustainable healthy development.
The sustainable growth rate (SGR), concept by Robert C. Higgins, of a firm is the maximum rate of growth in
sales that can be achieved, given the firm's profitability, asset utilization, and desired dividend payout and
debt (financial leverage) ratios. The sustainable growth rate is a measure of how much a firm can grow without
borrowing more money. After the firm has passed this rate, it must borrow funds from another source to
facilitate growth. Variables typically include the net profit margin on new and existing revenues; the asset
turnover ratio, which is the ratio of sales revenues to total assets; the assets to beginning of period equity
ratio; and the retention rate, which is defined as the fraction of earnings retained in the business.
SGR = ROE x (1- Dividend payment ratio)
Sustainable growth models assume that the business wants to:

1) maintain a target capital structure without issuing new equity;
2) maintain a target dividend payment ratio; and
3) increase sales as rapidly as market conditions allow.
Since the asset to beginning of period equity ratio is constant and the firm's only source of new equity is
retained earnings, sales and assets cannot grow any faster than the retained earnings plus the additional debt
that the retained earnings can support.
The sustainable growth rate is consistent with the observed evidence that most corporations are reluctant to
issue new equity. If, however, the firm is willing to issue additional equity, there is in principle no financial
constraint on its growth rate. Indeed, the sustainable growth rate formula is directly predicted on return on
equity.
3. Explain the different levels of enterprise strategy? OR Enumerate ‘Strategy’ at different levels of
hierarchy? (JULY 2021 Exam Question)
ANSWER:
Corporate Level Strategy: Corporate level strategy fundamentally is concerned withselection of businesses
in which a company should compete. Corporate level strategy should be able to answer three basic questions:
Suitability : Whether the strategy would work for the accomplishment of commonobjective of the company.
Feasibility : Determines the kind and number of resources required to formulate andimplement the strategy.
Acceptability: It is concerned with the stakeholder’s satisfaction.

(A) Business Unit Level Strategy:
At the business unit level, the strategic issues are about both practical coordination of operating units and
about developing and sustaining acompetitive advantage for the products and services that are produced.
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(B) Functional Level Strategy:

The functional level is the level of the operating divisionsand departments. The strategic issues at this level
are related to functional business processes and value chain. Functional level strategies in R&D, operations,
manufacturing, marketing, finance, and human resources involve the development and coordination of
resources through which business unit level strategies can be executed effectively and efficiently.
Functional units of an organization are involved in higher level strategies by providing input to the business
unit level and corporate level strategy, such as providing information on customer feedback or on resources
and capabilities on which the higher level strategies can be based. Once the higher-level strategy is developed,
the functional units translate them into discrete action plans that each department or division must
accomplish for the strategy to succeed. Among the different functional activities viz production, marketing,
finance, human resources and research and development, finance assumes highest importance during the
top down and bottom up interaction of planning.
Corporate strategy deals with deployment of resources and financial strategy is mainly concerned with
mobilization
4. There are 3 major components of Financial planning. What are they ?
There are 3 major components of Financial planning:
a) Financial Resources (FR)

b) Financial Tools (FT)
c) Financial Goals (FG)Financial Planning: FR + FT = FG
5. Explain the Functions of Strategic Financial Management OR The investment and financial decisions
functions involve many functions. Explain?
ANSWER:
The investment and financial decisions functions involve the following functions:
a) Continual search for best investment opportunities;
b) Selection of the best profitable opportunities;
c) Determination of optimal mix of funds for the opportunities;
d) Establishment of systems for internal controls;
6. What are key decisions falling within the scope of financial strategy? or As a financial strategist you will
depend on certain key financial decisions. Discuss. .(MTP NOV 2019,JULY 2021)(RTP JULY 2021)(ALSO ASKED
IN NOV 2019,JAN 2021)
ANSWER:
a) Financing decisions: These decisions deal with the mode of financing or mix ofequity capital and debt capital.
b) Investment decisions: These decisions involve the profitable utilization of firm’s funds especially in long term
projects (capital projects). The projects are evaluated inrelation to their expected return and risk.
c) Dividend decisions: These decisions determine the division of earnings betweenpayments to shareholders
and reinvestment in the company.
d) Portfolio decisions: A portfolio decision refers to a collection of investment tools such as stocks, shares,
mutual funds, bonds, cash and so on depending on the investor’s income, budget and convenient time frame.
7. Explain what makes the organization financially sustainable?

(MTP MARCH 2022)
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Answer:
To be financially sustainable, an organisation must:

 have more than one source of income;
 have more than one way of generating income;
 do strategic, action and financial planning regularly;
 have adequate financial systems;
 have a good public image;
 be clear about its values (value clarity); and have financial autonomy.

CA Ravi Agarwal’s

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1. Explain the significance of VAR?

ANSWER:
VAR can be applied
(a) to measure the maximum possible loss on any portfolio or a trading position.
(b) as a benchmark for performance measurement of any operation or trading.
(c) to fix limits for individuals dealing in front office of a treasury department.
(d) to enable the management to decide the trading strategies.
(e) as a tool for Asset and Liability Management especially in banks.
2. The Financial Risk can be viewed from different perspective. Explain.

OR
Explain Financial Risk from the point of view of Stakeholder, Company and the Government. [ALSO ASKED IN
MTP MARCH 2018 & OCTOBER 2018- 4 MARKS] ( MTP- NOV 2021)(NOV-2021)(SEPTEMBER-2022 MTP)
ANSWER:
The financial risk can be evaluated from different point of views as follows:
(a) From stakeholder’s point of view: Major stakeholders of a business are equity shareholders and they view
financial gearing i.e. ratio of debt in capital structure of company as risk since in event of winding up of a company
they will be least prioritized. Even for a lender, existing gearing is also a risk since company having high gearing
faces more risk in default of payment of interest and principal repayment.
(b) From Company’s point of view: From company’s point of view if a company borrows excessively or lend to
someone who defaults, then it can be forced to go into liquidation.
(c) From Government’s point of view: From Government’s point of view, the financial risk can be viewed as
failure of any bank or (like Lehman Brothers) down grading of any financial institution leading to spread of
distrust among society at large. Even this risk also includes willful defaulters. This can also be extended to
sovereign debt crisis.
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3. Consider a portfolio consisting of a Rs.20000000 investment in share XYZ and a Rs.20000000 investment
in share ABC. The daily standard deviation of both shares is 1% and that the coefficient of correlation
between them is 0.3. You are required to determine the 10-day 99% value at risk for the portfolio?
ANSWER:
The standard deviation of the daily change in the investment in each asset is Rs. 2,00,000 i.e. 2 lakhs. The variance
of the portfolio’s daily change is
V = 22 + 22 + 2 x 0.3 x 2 x 2 = 10.4
σ (Standard Deviation) = √3.22 lakhs 10.4
Alternatively, it can also be computed as follows:

= (1)2(0.50)2 + (1)2(0.50)2 + 2(1)(1)(0.3)(0.50)(0.50)
= 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.15 = 0.65%
σ (Standard Deviation) = 0.80623% =√0.65
σ (Standard Deviation) in Amount = Rs. 400 lakhs x 0.80623% = Rs. 3.22 lakhs
Accordingly, the standard deviation of the 10-day change is
Rs. 3.22 lakhs x = Rs.10.18 lakh
From the Normal Table we see that z score for 1% is 2.33. This means that 1% of a normal distribution lies more
than 2.33 standard deviations below the mean. The 10-day 99 percent value at risk is therefore
2.33 × Rs. 10.18 lakh = Rs.23.72 lakh
4. Neel holds Rs. 1 crore shares of XY Ltd. whose market price standard deviation is 2% per day. Assuming
252 trading days in a year, determine maximum loss level over the period of 1 trading day and 10 trading
days with 99% confidence level. Assuming share prices are normally for level of 99%, the equivalent Z score
from Normal table of Cumulative Area shall be 2.33? . [MAY 2018- 4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Assuming share prices are normally distributed, for level of 99%, the equivalent Z score from Normal table of
Cumulative Area is 2.33.
Volatility in terms of rupees is: 2% of Rs. 1 Crore = Rs. 2 lakh
The maximum loss for 1 day at 99% Confidence Level is Rs. 2 lakh x 2.33 = Rs. 4.66 lakh,
and expected maximum loss for 10 trading days shall be: SSSS√10 x Rs. 4.66 lakh = 14.73 lakhs or 14.74 lakhs
5. How different stakeholders view the financial risk? [NOV 2018 - 4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
The financial risk can be viewed by different stakeholders as follows:
(i) From shareholder’s and lender’s point of view: Major stakeholders of a business are equity shareholders and
they view financial gearing i.e. ratio of debt in capital structure of company as risk since in the event of winding
up of a company they will be least be given priority. Even for a lender, existing gearing is also a risk since company
having high gearing faces more risk in default of payment of interest and principal repayment.
(ii) From Company’s point of view: From company’s point of view if a company borrows excessively or lend to
someone who defaults, then it can be forced to go into liquidation.
(iii) From Government’s point of view: From Government’s point of view, the financial risk can be viewed as
failure of any bank (like Lehman Brothers) or down grading of any financial institution leading to spread of distrust
among society at large. Even this risk also includes willful defaulters. This can also be extended to sovereign debt
crisis.
6. List the main applications of Value At Risk (VAR).? [MAY 2019 -4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Applications of Value at Risk (VAR)
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VAR can be applied


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(a) to measure the maximum possible loss on any portfolio or a trading position.
(b) as a benchmark for performance measurement of any operation or trading.
(c) to fix limits for individuals dealing in front office of a treasury department.
(d) to enable the management to decide the trading strategies.
(e) as a tool for Asset and Liability Management especially in banks.
7. Explain features of Value at Risk (VAR)? [MTP APRIL 2018 & AUGUST 2018 4 MARKS](MTP MARCH -2022)
ANSWER:
Explanation of four features of VAR are as below:
(i) Components of Calculations: VAR calculation is based on following three components:

(a) Time Period
(b) Confidence Level – Generally 95% and 99%
(c) Loss in percentage or in amount
(ii) Statistical Method: It is a type of statistical tool based on Standard Deviation.
(iii) Time Horizon: VAR can be applied for different time horizons say one day, one week, one month and so on.
(iv) Probability: Assuming the values are normally attributed, probability of maximum loss can be predicted.
(v) Control Risk: Risk can be controlled by selling limits for maximum loss.
(vi) Z score: Z score indicates how many standard Deviations is away from Mean value of a population. When it is
multiplied with Standard Deviation it provides VAR.
8. Briefly explain Counter Party Risk and the various techniques to manage this risk. [MTP OCTOBER 2019
-4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
The various hints that may provide counter party risk are as follows:
(a) Failure to obtain necessary resources to complete the project or transaction undertaken.
(b) Any regulatory restrictions from the Government.
(c) Hostile action of foreign government.
(d) Let down by third party.
(e) Have become insolvent.
The various techniques to manage this type of risk are as follows:

(1) Carrying out Due Diligence before dealing with any third party.
(2) Do not over commit to a single entity or group or connected entities.
(3) Know your exposure limits.
(4) Review the limits and procedure for credit approval regularly.
(5) Rapid action in the event of any likelihood of defaults.
(6) Use of performance guarantee, insurance or other instruments.
9. Explain some of the parameters to identify the currency risk? .[MTP OCTOBER 2019 - 4 MARKS] [MTP
OCTOBER-2022)
ANSWER:
Some of the parameters to identity the currency risk are as follows:
1. Government Action: The Government action of any country has visual impact in its currency.
For example, the UK Govt. decision to divorce from European Union i.e. Brexit brought the pound to its lowest
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2. Nominal Interest Rate: As per interest rate parity (IRP) the currency exchange rate depends on the nominal
interest of that country.
3. Inflation Rate: Purchasing power parity theory impact the value of currency.
4. Natural Calamities: Any natural calamity can have negative impact.
5. War, Coup, Rebellion etc.: All these actions can have far reaching impact on currency’s exchange rates.
6. Change of Government: The change of government and its attitude towards foreign investment also helps to
identify the currency risk.
10. ABC Ltd. is considering a project X, which is normally distributed and has mean return of Rs. 2
crore with Standard Deviation of Rs. 1.60 crore.
In case ABC Ltd. loses on any project more than Rs. 1.00 crore there will be financial
difficulties.
Determine the probability the company will be in financial difficulty.
Given: Standard Normal Distribution Table (Z-Score) providing area between Mean and Z
score
Z Score Area
1.85 0.4678
1.86 0.4686
1.87 0.4693
1.88 0.4699
1.89 0.4706
(MTP JULY -2021)
ANSWER:
For calculating probability of financial difficulty, we shall calculate the area under Normal
Curve
corresponding to the Z Score obtained from the following equation (how many SD is away from
Mean Value of financial difficulty):

Z=X-μ/σ
=-1.00 crore - 2.00 crore/1.60 crore
= -1.875 say 1.875
Corresponding area from Z Score Table by using interpolation shall be found as follows:
Z Area under Normal Curve
Score
1.87 0.4693
1.88 0.4699
0.01 0.0006
The corresponding value of 0.005
Z score =0.005 ×0.0006/0.01= 0.0003

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Thus the Value of 1.875 shall be = 0.4693 + 0.0003 = 0.4696
Thus the probability the company shall be in financial difficulty is 46.96%.
11. On Tuesday morning (before opening of capital market) an investor, while going through his bank
statement has observed an amount of Rs 7,00,000 is lying in his bank account. This amount is available for
use from Tuesday till Friday. The bank requires minimum balance of Rs 1000 at all time. The investor desires
to make a maximum possible investment where value at risk (VAR) should not exceed the balance lying in
his bank account. The standard deviation of market price of security is
1.5% per day the required confidence level is 99%. Standard Normal Probabilities.(NOV 2020)
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9998 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9923 .9925 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
You are required to determine the maximum possible investment?

ANSWER:
Amount available in bank account = 7,00,000
Minimum balance to be kept= 1,000
Available amount which can be used for potential investment for 4 days= 6,99,000
Maximum Loss for 4 days at 99% level =6,99,000
Maximum Loss for 1 day at 99 % level = Maximum Loss for 4 days √No. Of days = 699000/
√4=3,49,500
Z Score at 99% Level= 2.33
Volatility in terms of Rupees (Maximum Loss/ Z Score at 99% level) =

349500/ 2.33
=1,50,000
Maximum Possible Investment (Volatility in Rupees/Std Deviation)

=150000/0.015=1,00,00,000
12. Risks are inherent and integral part of market? (JAN 2021)
ANSWER:
Yes, Risk is an integral part of market and this is a type of systematic risk that affects prices of any particular share
move up or down consistently for some time periods inline with other shares in the market. A general rise in
share prices is referred to as a bullish trend, whereas a general fall in share prices is referred to as a bearish
trend. In other words, the share market moves between the bullish phase and the bearish phase. The market
movements can be easily seen in the movement of share price indices such as the BSE Sensitive Index, BSE
National Index, NSE Index etc.
13. Following is the information about Mr.J’s portfolio :

Investment in shares of ABC Ltd.- Rs.200 lakh Investment in shares of XYZ Ltd.- Rs.200 lakh Daily standard
deviation of both shares 1%
Co-efficient of correlation between both shares- 0.3
Required:
Determine the 10 days 99% Value AT Risk (VAR) for Mr.J’s portfolio.
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Given: The Z score from the Normal table at 99% confidence level is 2.33. (Show your calculations up to four
decimal points)? ).(NOV 2019)
ANSWER:
Volatility (standard deviation) of the daily change in the investment in each share in terms of
rupees 1% of Rs.200 lakh = Rs.2 lakh
The variance of the portfolio’s daily change –

V = 22 + 22 + 2 x 0.3 x 2 x 2 = 10.4 lakh
Standard Deviation of the portfolio’s daily change =√10.4= Rs.3.2249 lakhs

The standard deviation of the 10-day change = Rs.3.2249 lakhs x √10 = Rs.10.1981 lakhs
Therefore, the 10-days 99% VAR = 2.33 × Rs.10.1981 lakhs = Rs.23.7616 lakhs
14. How should company assess political risk and how this risk can be identified? or Explain how an
organization interested in making investments in foreign country can assess country risk and mitigate the
risk? .(RTP JULY 2021)
ANSWER:
Since this risk mainly relates to investments in foreign country, company should assess country
(1) By referring political ranking published by different business magazines.
(2) By evaluating country’s macroeconomic conditions
(3) By analyzing the popularity of current government and assess their stability.
(4) By taking advises from the embassies of the home country in the host countries.
Further, following techniques can be used to mitigate(minimize) this risk.

(i) Local sourcing of raw materials and labour.
(ii) Entering into joint ventures
(iii) Local financing
(iv) Prior negotiations
From the following actions by the Governments of the host country this risk can be
identified:
1. Insistence on resident investors or labour.

2. Restriction on conversion of currency.
3. Repatriation of foreign assets of the local govt.
4. Price fixation of the products.
15. Explain the main risk that can be faced by overseas investor?(APRIL 2022 MTP)
Answer:
Mainly Political Risk is faced by an overseas investors, as the adverse action by the government of host country
may lead to huge loses. This can be on any of the following form.
 Confiscation or destruction of overseas properties.
 Rationing of remittance to home country.
 Restriction on conversion of local currency of host country into foreign currency.
 Restriction as to borrowings.
 Invalidation of Patents
 Price control of products
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1. Explain the Efficient Market Theory in and what are major misconceptions about this theory?
ANSWER:
Efficient Market Theory was developed by University of Chicago professor Eugen Fama in the 1960s. As per this
theory, at any given time, all available price sensitive information is fully reflected in securities' prices. Thus this
theory implies that no investor can consistently outperform the market as every stock is appropriately priced
based on available information. Stating otherwise theory states that no none can "beat the market" hence making
it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices as stocks are
always traded at their fair value on stock exchanges. Hence it is impossible to outperform the overall market
through expert stock selection or market timing and that the only way an investor can possibly obtain higher
returns is by purchasing riskier investments.
Misconception about Efficient Market Theory:

Efficient Market Theory implies that market prices factor in all available information and as such it is not possible
for any investor to earn consistent long term returns from market operations.
Although price tends to fluctuate they cannot reflect fair value. This is because the future is uncertain. The market
springs surprises continually and as prices reflect the surprises they fluctuate.
Inability of institutional portfolio managers to achieve superior investment performance implies that they lack
competence in an efficient market. It is not possible to achieve superior investment performance since market
efficiency exists due to portfolio managers doing this job well in a competitive setting.
The random movement of stock prices suggests that stock market is irrational. Randomness and irrationality are
two different things, if investors are rational and competitive, price changes are bound to be random.
2. Explain Dow Jones theory? [ALSO ASKED IN MTP MARCH 2018 6 MARKS | MTP OCTOBER 2018 - 5
MARKS]( MTP OCTOBER 2022 )
ANSWER:
The Dow Theory is one of the oldest and most famous technical theories. It was originated by
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Charles Dow, the founder of Dow Jones Company in late nineteenth century. It is a helpful tool for determining
the relative strength of the stock market. It can also be used as a barometer of business.
The Dow Theory is based upon the movements of two indices, constructed by Charles Dow, Dow Jones Industrial
Average (DJIA) and Dow Jones Transportation Average (DJTA). These averages reflect the aggregate impact of
all kinds of information on the market. The movements of the market are divided into three classifications, all
going at the same time; the primary movement, the secondary movement, and the daily fluctuations. The primary
movement is the main trend of the market, which lasts from one year to 36 months or longer. This trend is
commonly called bear or bull market. The secondary movement of the market is shorter in duration than the
primary movement, and is opposite in direction. It lasts from two weeks to a month or more. The daily
fluctuations are the narrow movements from day-to-day. These fluctuations are not part of the Dow Theory
interpretation of the stock market. However, daily movements must be carefully studied, along with primary and
secondary movements, as they go to make up the longer movement in the market.
Thus, the Dow Theory’s purpose is to determine where the market is and where is it going, although not how
far or high. The theory, in practice, states that if the cyclical swings of the stock market averages are successively
higher and the successive lows are higher, then the market trend is up and a bullish market exists. Contrarily,
if the successive highs and successive lows are lower, then the direction of the market is down and a bearish
market exists.
Charles Dow proposed that the primary uptrend would have three moves up, the first one being caused by
accumulation of shares by the far-sighted, knowledgeable investors, the second move would be caused by the
arrival of the first reports of good earnings by corporations, and the last move up would be caused by widespread
report of financial well-being of corporations. The third stage would also see rampant speculation in the market.
Towards the end of the third stage, the farsighted investors, realizing that the high earnings levels may not be
sustained, would start selling, starting the first move down of a downtrend, and as the non-sustainability of high
earnings is confirmed, the second move down would be initiated and then the third move down would result
from distress selling in the market.
3. Explain the Elliot Theory of technical analysis?

ANSWER:
Inspired by the Dow Theory and by observations found throughout nature, Ralph Elliot formulated Elliot Wave
Theory in 1934. This theory was based on analysis of 75 years stock price movements and charts. From his studies,
he defined price movements in terms of waves. Accordingly, this theory was named Elliot Wave Theory. Elliot
found that the markets exhibited certain repeated patterns or waves. As per this theory wave is a movement of
the market price from one change in the direction to the next change in the same direction. These waves are
resulted from buying and selling impulses emerging from the demand and supply pressures on the market.
Depending on the demand and supply pressures, waves are generated in the prices.
As per this theory, waves can be classified into two parts:-
(a) Impulsive Patterns-(Basic Waves) - In this pattern there will be 3 or 5 waves in a given direction
(going upward or downward). These waves shall move in the direction of the basic movement.
This movement can indicate bull phase or bear phase.
(b) Corrective Patterns- (Reaction Waves) - These 3 waves are against the basic direction of the basic movement.
Correction involves correcting the earlier rise in case of bull market and fall in case of bear market.
As shown in the following diagram waves 1, 3 and 5 are directional movements, which are separated or corrected
by wave 2 & 4, termed as corrective movements.
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Complete Cycle -As shown in following figure five-wave impulses is following by a three wave correction (a, b &
c) to form a complete cycle of eight waves.
One complete cycle consists of waves made up of two distinct phases, bullish and bearish. On completion of full
one cycle i.e. termination of 8 waves movement, the fresh cycle starts with similar impulses arising out of market
trading.
4. Explain the various indicators that can be used to assess the performance of an economy.
OR
Discuss the various techniques used in economic analysis? [ALSO ASKED IN MTP APRIL 2019 & OCTOBER
2019 -5 MARKS / 4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Economic analysis is used to forecast national income with its various components that have a bearing on the
concerned industry and the company in particular. Gross national product (GNP) is used to measure national
income as it reflects the growth rate in economic activities and has been regarded as a forecasting tool for
analyzing the overall economy along with its various components during a particular period.
Some of the techniques used for economic analysis are:
(a) Anticipatory Surveys: They help investors to form an opinion about the future state of the economy. It
incorporates expert opinion on construction activities, expenditure on plant and machinery, levels of inventory –
all having a definite bearing on economic activities. Also future spending habits of consumers are taken into
account.
In spite of valuable inputs available through this method, it has certain drawbacks:
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(i) Survey results do not guarantee that intentions surveyed would materialize.
(ii) They are not regarded as forecasts per se, as there can be a consensus approach by the investor for exercising
his opinion. Continuous monitoring of this practice is called for to make this technique popular.
(b) Barometer/Indicator Approach: Various indicators are used to find out how the economy shall perform in the
future. The indicators have been classified as under:
(i) Leading Indicators: They lead the economic activity in terms of their outcome. They relate to the time series
data of the variables that reach high/low points in advance of economic activity.
(ii) Roughly Coincidental Indicators: They reach their peaks and troughs at approximately the same in the
economy.
(iii) Lagging Indicators: They are time series data of variables that lag behind in their consequences vis-a- vis the
economy. They reach their turning points after the economy has reached its own already. All these approaches
suggest direction of change in the aggregate economic activity but nothing about its magnitude. The various
measures obtained form such indicators may give conflicting signals about the future direction of the economy.
To avoid this limitation, use of diffusion/composite index is suggested whereby combining several indicators into
one index to measure the strength/weaknesses in the movement of a particular set of indicators. Computation
of diffusion indices is no doubt difficult notwithstanding the fact it does not eliminate irregular movements.
Money supply in the economy also affects investment decisions. Rate of change in money supply in the economy
affects GNP, corporate profits, interest rates and stock prices. Increase in money supply fuels inflation. As
investment in stocks is considered as a hedge against inflation, stock prices go up during inflationary period.
(c) Economic Model Building Approach: In this approach, a precise and clear relationship between dependent
and independent variables is determined. GNP model building or sectoral analysis is used in practice through the
use of national accounting framework.
The steps used are as follows:
(i) Hypothesize total economic demand by measuring total income (GNP) based on political stability, rate of
inflation, changes in economic levels.
(ii) Forecasting the GNP by estimating levels of various components viz. consumption expenditure, gross private
domestic investment, government purchases of goods/services, net exports.
(iii) After forecasting individual components of GNP, add them up to obtain the forecasted GNP.
(iv) Comparison is made of total GNP thus arrived at with that from an independent agency for the forecast of
GNP and then the overall forecast is tested for consistency. This is carried out for ensuring that both the total
forecast and the component wise forecast fit together in a reasonable manner.
5. Closing values of BSE Sensex from 6th to 17th day of the month of January of the year 2020 were as
follows:
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Calculate Exponential Moving Average (EMA) of Sensex during the above period. The previous day
exponential moving average of Sensex can be assumed as 15,000. The value of exponent for 31 days EMA
is 0.062. Give detailed analysis on the basis of your calculations.? [ALSO ASKED IN MTP MARCH 2018- 7
MARKS]
Conclusion – The market is bullish. The market is likely to remain bullish for short term to medium term if other
factors remain the same. On the basis of this indicator (EMA) the investors/brokers can take long position.
6. The closing value of Sensex for the month of October, 2007 is given below:
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You are required to test the weak form of efficient market hypothesis by applying the run test at 5% and
10% level of significance.
Following value can be used :
Value of t at 5% is 2.101 at 18 degrees of freedom
Value of t at 10% is 1.734 at 18 degrees of freedom
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7. Closing values of BSE Sensex from 6th to 17th day of the month of January of the year 200
X were as follows:
Compute Exponential Moving Average (EMA) of Sensex during the above period. The 30 days simple moving
average of Sensex can be assumed as 30,000. The value of exponent for 30 days EMA is 0.062.
Provide detailed analysis on the basis of your calculations. [MAY 2018- - MARKS]
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8. Describe the concept of ‘Evaluation of Technical Analysis[MTP MARCH 2019- 4 MARKS]

ANSWER:
Evaluation of Technical Analysis
Technical Analysis has several supporters as well several critics. The advocates of technical analysis offer the
following interrelated argument in their favour:
(a) Under influence of crowd psychology trend persist for some time. Tools of technical analysis help in
identifying these trends early and help in investment decision making.
(b) Shift in demand and supply are gradual rather than instantaneous. Technical analysis helps in detecting this
shift rather early and hence provides clues to future price movements.
(c) Fundamental information about a company is observed and assimilated by the market over a period of time.
Hence price movement tends to continue more or less in same direction till the information is fully assimilated
in the stock price. Detractors of technical analysis believe that it is an useless exercise; their arguments are as
follows:
(a) Most technical analysts are not able to offer a convincing explanation for the tools employed by
them.
(b) Empirical evidence in support of random walk hypothesis cast its shadow over the usefulness
of technical analysis.
(c) By the time an uptrend and down trend may have been signaled by technical analysis it may already
have taken place.
(d) Ultimately technical analysis must be self-defeating proposition. With more and more people
employing it, the value of such analysis tends to decline.
In a nutshell, it may be concluded that in a rational, well ordered and efficient market, technical analysis
may not work very well. However with imperfection, inefficiency and irrationalities that characterizes the real
world market, technical analysis may be helpful. If technical analysis is used in conjunction with fundamental
analysis, it might be useful in providing proper guidance to investment decision makers.
9. Explain various Market Indicators? (MTP-OCT 2020)

ANSWER:
Following are major Market Indicators:
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(i) Breadth Index: It is an index that covers all securities traded. It is computed by dividing the net advances or
declines in the market by the number of issues traded. The breadth index either supports or contradicts the
movement of the Dow Jones Averages. If it supports the movement of the Dow Jones Averages, this is considered
sign of technical strength and if it does not support the averages, it is a sign of technical weakness i.e. a sign that
the market will move in a direction opposite to the Dow Jones Averages. The breadth index is an addition to the
Dow Theory and the movement of the Dow Jones Averages.
(ii) Volume of Transactions: The volume of shares traded in the market provides useful clues on how the market
would behave in the near future. A rising index/price with increasing volume would signal buy behavior because
the situation reflects an unsatisfied demand in the market. Similarly, a falling market with
increasing volume signals a bear market and the prices would be expected to fall further. A rising market with
decreasing volume indicates a bull market while a falling market with dwindling volume indicates a bear market.
Thus, the volume concept is best used with another market indicator, such as the Dow Theory.
(iii) Confidence Index: It is supposed to reveal how willing the investors are to take a chance in the market. It is
the ratio of high-grade bond yields to low-grade bond yields. It is used by market analysts as a method of trading
or timing the purchase and sale of stock, and also, as a forecasting device to determine the turning points of the
market. A rising confidence index is expected to precede a rising stock market, and a fall in the index is expected
to precede a drop in stock prices. A fall in the confidence index represents the fact that low-grade bond yields are
rising faster or falling more slowly than high grade yields. The confidence index is usually, but not always a leading
indicator of the market. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with other market indicators.
(iv) Relative Strength Analysis: The relative strength concept suggests that the prices of some securities rise
relatively faster in a bull market or decline more slowly in a bear market than other securities i.e. some securities
exhibit relative strength. Investors will earn higher returns by investing in securities which have demonstrated
relative strength in the past because the relative strength of a security tends to remain undiminished over time.
Relative strength can be measured in several ways. Calculating rates of return and classifying those securities with
historically high average returns as securities with high relative strength is one of them. Even ratios like security
relative to its industry and security relative to the entire market can also be used to detect relative strength in a
security or an industry.
(v) Odd - Lot Theory: This theory is a contrary - opinion theory. It assumes that the average person is usually
wrong and that a wise course of action is to pursue strategies contrary to popular opinion. The odd-lot theory is
used primarily to predict tops in bull markets, but also to predict reversals in individual securities.
10.Mr.X of the opinion that market has recently shown the Weak form of Market Efficiency. In order to test
the validity of his impression he has collected the following data relating to the movement of the SENSEX for
the last 20 days.
Days Open High Low Close
1 33470.94 33513.79 33438.03 33453.99
2 33453.64 33478.11 33427.82 33434.83
3 33414.06 33440.29 33397.65 33431.93
4 33434.94 33446.18 33377.78 33383.41
5 33372.92 33380.27 33352.12 33370.93
6 33375.85 33389.49 33331.42 33340.50
7 33340.89 33340.89 33310.95 33330.98
8 33326.84 33340.91 33306.17 33335.08
9 33307.16 33328.22 33296.43 33301.97
10 33298.64 33318.60 33254.28 33259.03
11 33260.04 33228.85 33241.66 33251.53
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12 33255.92 33289.46 33249.46 33285.89

13 33288.86 33535.67 33255.98 33329.28
14 33335.00 33346.21 33276.72 33284.17
15 33293.83 33310.86 33278.54 33298.78
16 33300.02 33337.79 33300.02 33325.38
17 33323.36 33356.34 33322.44 33329.95
18 33322.81 33345.98 33317.44 33319.67
19 33317.51 33321.18 33294.19 33302.32
20 33290.86 33324.96 33279.62 33319.61
You are required:

To test the Weak form of Market Efficiency using Auto-Correlation test, taking time lag of 10 days? .( JAN
2021 EXAM QUESTION)(IMPORTANT NEW QUESTION)
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11. In an efficient market, technical analysis may not work perfectly. However, with imperfections,
inefficiencies and irrationalities, which characterizes the real world, technical analysis may be helpful.
Critically analyses the statement? .(NOV 2020)
ANSWER:
This statement is correct
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Under influence of crowd psychology trend persists for some time. Technical analysishelps
in identifying these trends early which is helping decision making.
Shift in demand and supply is gradual rather than instantaneous. Technical analysis helps in
detecting this shift rather early
Fundamental information about a company is observed and assimilated by the market over a
period of time. Hence price movements tend to more or less in same direction till theinformation
is fully assimilated in the price of the stock.
Arguments against technical analysis:

Technical are not able to offer a convincing explanation for tools employed by them.
Empirical evidence in support of random walk hypothesis cast its shadow on it
By the time trends are signaled by technical analysis, trends have already taken place
12. Differentiate between Technical analysis and Fundamental analysis?
13.Explain the challenges to Efficient Market theory? .(NOV 2018 RTP)

ANSWER:
a) Information inadequacy – Information is neither freely available nor rapidly transmittedto all participants in
the stock market. There is a calculated attempt by many companies to circulate misinformation.
b) Limited information processing capabilities – Human information processing capabilitiesare sharply limited.
According to Herbert Simon every human organism lives in an environment which generates millions of new
bits of information every second but the bottle necks of the perceptual apparatus does not admit more than
thousand bits per seconds and possibly much less.
c) David Dreman maintained that under conditions of anxiety and uncertainty, with a vast interacting
information grid, the market can become a giant.
d) Irrational Behaviour – It is generally believed that investors’ rationality will ensure a close correspondence
between market prices and intrinsic values. But in practice this is not true. J. M. Keynes argued that all sorts
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of consideration enter into the market valuation which is in no way relevant to the prospective yield. This was

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confirmed by L. C. Gupta who found that the market evaluation processes work haphazardly almost like a
blind man firing a gun. The market seems to function largely on hit or miss tactics rather than on the basis of
informed beliefs about the long term prospects of individual enterprises.
e) Monopolistic Influence – A market is regarded as highly competitive. No single buyer or seller is supposed to
have undue influence over prices. In practice, powerful institutions andbig operators wield grate influence
over the market. The monopolistic power enjoyed by them diminishes the competitiveness of the market.
14. Explain the factors affecting economic analysis? (NOV 2020 RTP)
ANSWER:
Some of the economy wide factors are discussed as under:
a) Growth Rates of National Income and Related Measures: For most purposes, what is important is the
difference between the nominal growth rate quoted by GDP and the ‘real’ growth after taking inflation into
account. The estimated growth rate of the economy would be a pointer to the prospects for the industrial
sector, and therefore to the returns investorscan expect from investment in shares.
b) Growth Rates of Industrial Sector: This can be further broken down into growth rates ofvarious industries or
groups of industries if required. The growth rates in various industries are estimated based on the estimated
demand for its products.
c) Inflation: Inflation is measured in terms of either wholesale prices (the Wholesale Price Index or WPI) or retail
prices (Consumer Price Index or CPI). The demand in some industries,particularly the consumer products
industries, is significantly influenced by the inflation rate. Therefore, firms in these industries make
continuous assessment about inflation rates likely to prevail in the near future so as to fine-tune their pricing,
distribution and promotionpolicies to the anticipated impact of inflation on demand for their products.
d) Monsoon: Because of the strong forward and backward linkages, monsoon is of greatconcern to investors in
the stock market too.
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Nov- Jan-
Year May-18 Nov-18 May-19 Nov-20 Jul-21 Nov-21 May-22 Nov-22 May-23
19 21
STUDY
Q-1-25, 27-32 34,35
MAT
PAST Q- Q-
Q- Q- PENDING PENDING
EXAM 38,68,6 Q-36,38 10,41,4 Q-64 Q-33 Q 27 Q75
63,66 62,67 BY ICAI BY ICAI
S 9 2
PENDING
Q- Q- BY ICAI
Q- Q18, 66, Q18,79,80,
MTP 25,35,4 37,47,4 Q-49,50 Q-52 Q-51,57 Q-70
51,73 77 81 PENDING
6 8
BY ICAI
Q-
Q- PENDING
RTP Q-43,53 Q-54 Q-55,56 44,4 Q-58,59,60,65 Q-61 Q 75 Q20, 27
71,72 BY ICAI
9
1. Why should the duration of a coupon carrying bond always be less than the time to its maturity?
Answer:
Duration is the weighted average time within which an investor gets back the promised principal and the
promised YTM. Investment coupon bearing bond always has a duration which is lesser than its maturity. Higher
the coupon rate, lesser would be the duration and higher the yield-to-maturity, lower will be the duration of a
bond.
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It measures how quickly a bond will repay its true cost. The longer the time it takes the greater exposure the bond
has to changes in the interest rate environment and hence, higher interest rate risk. Duration is also a measure
of interest rate risk – higher duration implies higher interest rate risk and lower duration means lower interest
rate risk. Following are some of factors that affect bond's duration:
(i) Time to maturity: The shorter-maturity bond would have a lower duration and less interest rate risk and vice
versa.
(ii) Coupon rate: Coupon payment is a key factor in calculation of duration of bonds. The higher the coupon, the
lower is the duration and vice versa.
(iii) Yield-to-Maturity (YTM): Higher yield-to-maturity means lower duration and hence, lower interest rate risk
and vice versa.
2. Write short notes on Zero coupon bonds.

Answer:
As name indicates these bonds do not pay interest during the life of the bonds. Instead, zero coupon bonds are
issued at discounted price to their face value, which is the amount a bond will be worth when it matures or comes
due. When a zero coupon bond matures, the investor will receive one lump sum (face value) equal to the initial
investment plus interest that has been accrued on the investment made.
The maturity dates on zero coupon bonds are usually long term. These maturity dates allow an investor for a long
range planning. Zero coupon bonds issued by banks, government and private sector companies. However, bonds
issued by corporate sector carry a potentially higher degree of risk, depending on the financial strength of the
issuer and longer maturity period, but they also provide an opportunity to achieve a higher return.
3. A company has a book value per share of Rs. 137.80. Its return on equity is 15% and it follows a policy of
retaining 60% of its earnings. If the Opportunity Cost of Capital is 18%, compute is the price of the share today
using both Dividend Growth Model and Walter’s Model.
Answer:
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4. ABC Limited’s shares are currently selling at Rs. 13 per share. There are 10,00,000 shares outstanding. The
firm is planning to raise Rs. 20 lakhs to Finance a new project.
Required:
What are the ex-right price of shares and the value of a right, if
(i) The firm offers one right share for every two shares held.
(ii) The firm offers one right share for every four shares held.
(iii) How does the shareholders’ wealth (holding 100 shares) change from (i) to (ii)? How does right issue
increases shareholders’ wealth?
Answer:
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5. MNP Ltd. has declared and paid annual dividend of Rs. 4 per share. It is expected to grow @ 20% for the next
two years and 10% thereafter. The required rate of return of equity investors is 15%. Compute the current price
at which equity shares should sell.
Note: Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF) @ 15%:
For year 1 = 0.8696;
For year 2 = 0.7561
Answer:
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6.
Answer:
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7. X Limited, just declared a dividend of Rs. 14.00 per share. Mr. B is planning to purchase the share of X Limited,
anticipating increase in growth rate from 8% to 9%, which will continue for three years. He also expects the
market price of this share to be Rs. 360.00 after three years.
You are required to determine:
The maximum amount Mr. B should pay for shares, if he requires a rate of return of 13% per annum.
The maximum price Mr. B will be willing to pay for share, if he is of the opinion that the 9% growth can be
maintained indefinitely and require 13% rate of return per annum.
The price of share at the end of three years, if 9% growth rate is achieved and assuming other conditions
remaining same as in (ii) above.
Calculate rupee amount up to two decimal points.
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3

FVIF @ 9% 1.090 1.188 1.295
FVIF @ 13% 1.130 1.277 1.443
PVIF @ 13% 0.885 0.783 0.693
Answer:
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8. Piyush Loonker and Associates presently pay a dividend of Re. 1.00 per share and has a share price of Rs.
20.00.
(i) If this dividend were expected to grow at a rate of 12% per annum forever, what is the firm’s expected or
required return on equity using a dividend-discount model approach?
(ii) Instead of this situation in part (i), suppose that the dividends were expected to grow at a rate of 20% per
annum for 5 years and 10% per year thereafter. Now what is the firm’s expected, or required, return on equity?
Answer:
(i) Firm’s Expected or Required Return on Equity

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(Using a dividend discount model approach)

According to Dividend discount model approach the firm’s expected or required return on equity is computed as
follows:
Where,
Ke = Cost of equity share capital or (Firm’s expected or required return on equity share capital)
D1 = Expected dividend at the end of year 1
P0 = Current market price of the share.
g = Expected growth rate of dividend.
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9. Capital structure of Sun Ltd., as at 31.3.2003 was as under:
Sun Ltd., earns a profit of Rs. 32 lakhs annually on an average before deduction of income-tax, which works out
to 35%, and interest on debentures.
Normal return on equity shares of companies similarly placed is 9.6% provided:
(a) Profit after tax covers fixed interest and fixed dividends at least 3 times.
(b) Capital gearing ratio is 0.75.
(c) Yield on share is calculated at 50% of profits distributed and at 5% on undistributed profits.
Sun Ltd., has been regularly paying equity dividend of 8%.
Compute the value per equity share of the company assuming:

(i) 1% for every one time of difference for Interest and Fixed Dividend Coverage.
(ii) 2% for every one time of difference for Capital Gearing Ratio.
Answer:
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10. ABC Ltd. has been maintaining a growth rate of 10 percent in dividends. The company has paid dividend @
Rs. 3 per share. The rate of return on market portfolio is 12 percent and the risk free rate of return in the market
has been observed as 8 percent. The Beta co-efficient of company’s share is 1.5.
You are required to calculate the expected rate of return on company’s shares as per CAPM model and
equilibrium price per share by dividend growth model.
Answer:
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11. A Company pays a dividend of Rs. 2.00 per share with a growth rate of 7%. The risk free rate is 9% and the
market rate of return is 13%. The Company has a beta factor of 1.50. However, due to a decision of the Finance
Manager, beta is likely to increase to 1.75. Find out the present as well as the likely value of the share after the
decision.
Answer:
12. Calculate the value of share from the following information:

Profit after tax of the company Rs. 290 crores
Equity capital of company Rs. 1,300 crores
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Par value of share Rs. 40 each

Debt ratio of company (Debt/ Debt + Equity) 27%
Long run growth rate of the company 8%
Beta 0.1; risk free interest rate 8.7%
Market returns 10.3%
Capital expenditure per share Rs. 47
Depreciation per share Rs. 39
Change in Working capital Rs. 3.45 per share
Answer:
13. Shares of Voyage Ltd. are being quoted at a price-earning ratio of 8 times. The company retains Rs. 5 per
share which is 45% of its Earning Per Share.
You are required to compute
(i) The cost of equity to the company if the market expects a growth rate of 15% p.a.
(ii) If the anticipated growth rate is 16% per annum, calculate the indicative market price with the same cost of
capital.
(iii) If the company's cost of capital is 20% p.a. & the anticipated growth rate is 19% p.a., calculate the market
price per share.
Answer:
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14. Following Financial data are available for PQR Ltd. for the year 2008:
You are required to:

(i) Draw income statement for the year
(ii) Calculate its sustainable growth rate of earnings
(iii) Calculate the fair price of the Company's share using dividend discount model, and
(iv) What is your opinion on investment in the company's share at current price?
Answer:
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15. M/s X Ltd. has paid a dividend of Rs. 2.50 per share on a face value of Rs. 10 in the financial year ending on
31st March, 2009. The details are as follows:
Current market price of share Rs. 60
Growth rate of earnings and dividends 10%
Beta of share 0.75
Average market return 15%
Risk free rate of return 9%
Calculate the intrinsic value of the share.
Answer:
16. Mr. A is thinking of buying shares at Rs. 500 each having face value of Rs. 100. He is expecting a bonus at
the ratio of 1: 5 during the fourth year. Annual expected dividend is 20% and the same rate is expected to be
maintained on the expanded capital base. He intends to sell the shares at the end of seventh year at an
expected price of Rs. 900 each. Incidental expenses for purchase and sale of shares are estimated to be 5% of
the market price. He expects a minimum return of 12% per annum.
Should Mr. A buy the share? If so, what maximum price should he pay for each share? Assume no tax on
dividend income and capital gain.
Answer:
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P.V. of dividend stream and sales proceeds
17. The risk free rate of return Rf is 9 percent. The expected rate of return on the market portfolio Rm is 13
percent. The expected rate of growth for the dividend of Platinum Ltd. is 7 percent. The last dividend paid on
the equity stock of firm A was Rs. 2.00. The beta of Platinum Ltd. equity stock is 1.2.
(i) What is the equilibrium price of the equity stock of Platinum Ltd.?
(ii) How would the equilibrium price change when
The inflation premium increases by 2 percent?
The expected growth rate increases by 3 percent?
The beta of Platinum Ltd. equity rises to 1.3?
Answer:
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18. SAM Ltd. has just paid a dividend of Rs. 2 per share and it is expected to grow @ 6% p.a. After paying
dividend, the Board declared to take up a project by retaining the next three annual dividends. It is expected
that this project is of same risk as the existing projects. The results of this project will start coming
from the 4th year onward from now. The dividends will then be Rs. 2.50 per share and will grow @ 7% p.a.
An investor has 1,000 shares in SAM Ltd. and wants a receipt of at least Rs. 2,000 p.a. from this investment.
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Show that
the market value of the share is affected by the decision of the Board. Also show as to how the investor can
maintain his target receipt from the investment for first 3 years and improved income thereafter, given that
the cost of capital of the firm is 8%. (MARCH MTP-2022)(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
19. XYZ Ltd. paid a dividend of Rs. 2 for the current year. The dividend is expected to grow at 40% for the next
5 years and at 15% per annum thereafter. The return on 182 days T-bills is 11% per annum and the market
return is expected to be around 18% with a variance of 24%. The co-variance of XYZ's return with that of the
market is 30%. You are required to calculate the required rate of return and intrinsic value of the stock.
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Answer:
20. Rahul Ltd. has surplus cash of Rs. 100 lakhs and wants to distribute 27% of it to the shareholders. The
company decides to buy back shares. The Finance Manager of the company estimates that its share price after
re-purchase is likely to be 10% above the buyback price-if the buyback route is taken. The number of shares
outstanding at present is 10 lakhs and the current EPS is Rs. 3.

(i) The price at which the shares can be re-purchased, if the market capitalization of the company should be Rs.
210 lakhs after buyback,
(ii) The number of shares that can be re-purchased, and
(iii) The impact of share re-purchase on the EPS, assuming that net income is the same. (NOV-22 RTP)
Answer: 50

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
21. Nominal value of 10% bonds issued by a company is Rs.100. The bonds are redeemable at Rs. 110 at the
end of year 5. Determine the value of the bond if required yield is (i) 5%, (ii) 5.1%, (iii) 10% and (iv) 10.1%.
Answer:
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22. An investor is considering the purchase of the following Bond:

Face value Rs. 100
Coupon rate 11%
Maturity 3 years
(i) If he wants a yield of 13% what is the maximum price, he should be ready to pay for?
(ii) If the Bond is selling for Rs. 97.60, what would be his yield?
Answer:
(i) Calculation of Maximum price
23. Calculate Market Price of:

(i) 10% Government of India security currently quoted at Rs. 110, but yield is expected to go up by 1%.
(ii) A bond with 7.5% coupon interest, Face Value Rs. 10,000 & term to maturity of 2 years, presently yielding
6% . Interest payable half yearly.
Answer:
(i) Current yield = (Coupon Interest / Market Price) X 100
(10/110) X 100 = 9.09%
If current yield go up by 1% i.e. 10.09 the market price would be 10.09 = 10 / Market Price X 100
Market Price = Rs. 99.11
(ii) Market Price of Bond = P.V. of Interest + P.V. of Principal
= Rs. 1,394 + Rs. 8,885 = Rs. 10,279
24. A convertible bond with a face value of Rs. 1,000 is issued at Rs. 1,350 with a coupon rate of 10.5%. The
conversion rate is 14 shares per bond. The current market price of bond and share is Rs. 1,475 and Rs. 80
respectively. What is the premium over conversion value?
Answer:
25. Saranam Ltd. has issued convertible debentures with coupon rate 12%. Each debenture has an option to
convert to 20 equity shares at any time until the date of maturity.
Debentures will be redeemed at Rs. 100 on maturity of 5 years. An investor generally requires a rate of return
of 8% p.a. on a 5-year security. As an investor when will you exercise conversion for given market prices of the
equity share of (i) Rs. 4, (ii) Rs. 5 and (iii) Rs. 6.
52
Cumulative PV factor for 8% for 5 years : 3.993


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
PV factor for 8% for year 5 : 0.681
Answer:
26. The data given below relates to a convertible bond :
Calculate:
(i) Stock value of bond.
(ii) The percentage of downside risk.
(iii) The conversion premium
(iv) The conversion parity price of the stock. [ALSO IN MTP - APRIL 2018]
Answer:
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27. ABC Ltd. has Rs. 300 million, 12 per cent bonds outstanding with six years remaining to maturity. Since
interest rates are falling, ABC Ltd. is contemplating of refunding these bonds with a Rs. 300 million issue of
6year bonds carrying a coupon rate of 10 per cent. Issue cost of the new bond will be Rs. 6 million and the call
premium is 4 per cent. Rs. 9 million being the unamortized portion of issue cost of old bonds can be written off
no sooner the old bonds are called off. Marginal tax rate of ABC Ltd. is 30 per cent. You are required to analyze
the bond refunding decision. (NOV-21 EXAM)(NOV-22 RTP)
Answer:
28. The following data are available for a bond

Face value Rs. 1,000
Coupon Rate 16%
Years to Maturity 6
Redemption value Rs. 1,000
Yield to maturity 17%
What is the current market price, duration and volatility of this bond? Calculate the expected market price, if
increase in required yield is by 75 basis points.
Answer:
54

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
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29. Mr. A will need Rs. 1,00,000 after two years for which he wants to make one time necessary investment
now. He has a choice of two types of bonds. Their details are as below:
Advice Mr. A whether he should invest all his money in one type of bond or he should buy both the bonds and,
if so, in which quantity? Assume that there will not be any call risk or default risk.
Answer:
56

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Note: The investor has to keep the money invested for two years. Therefore, the investor can invest in both
the bonds with the assumption that Bond X will be reinvested for another one year on same returns.
Further, in the above computation, Modified Duration can also be used instead of Duration.
30. RBI sold a 91-day T-bill of face value of Rs. 100 at an yield of 6%. What was the issue price?
Answer:
57

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31. Wonderland Limited has excess cash of Rs. 20 lakhs, which it wants to invest in short term marketable
securities. Expenses relating to investment will be Rs. 50,000.
The securities invested will have an annual yield of 9%.
The company seeks your advice
(i) as to the period of investment so as to earn a pre-tax income of 5%. (discuss)
(ii) the minimum period for the company to breakeven its investment expenditure overtime value of money.
Answer:
32. (STUDY MAT)

Z Co. Ltd. issued commercial paper worth `10 crores as per following details:
Date of issue : 16th January, 2019
Date of maturity: 17th April, 2019
No. of days : 91
Interest rate 12.04% p.a
What was the net amount received by the company on issue of CP? (Charges of intermediary may be ignored)
ANSWER
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33. Co. Ltd. issued commercial paper worth Rs.10 crores as per following details: (MTP- NOV 2021)
Date of issue : 16th January, 2019
Date of maturity: 17th April, 2019
No. of days : 91
Interest rate 12.04% p.a
What was the net amount received by the company on issue of CP? (Charges of intermediary may be ignored)
Answer:
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34. Bank A enter into a Repo for 14 days with Bank B in 10% Government of India Bonds 2028 @ 5.65% for Rs.
8 crore. Assuming that clean price (the price that does not have accrued interest) be Rs. 99.42 and initial Margin
be 2% and days of accrued interest be 262 days. You are required to determine
(i) Dirty Price
(ii) Repayment at maturity. (consider 360 days in a year)
Answer:
35. a) The risk free rate of return is 5%. The expected rate of return on the market portfolio
is 11%. The expected rate of growth in dividend of X Ltd. is 8%. The last dividend paid
was Rs. 2.00 per share. The beta of X Ltd. equity stock is 1.5.
(i) What is the present price of the equity stock of X Ltd.?
(ii) How would the price change when:
• The inflation premium increases by 3%
• The expected growth rate decreases by 3% and
• The beta decreases to 1.3. ?(MTP MAY-2018)
b) The risk-free rate of return Rf is 9 percent. The expected rate of return on the market portfolio Rm is 13
percent. The expected rate of growth for the dividend of Platinum Ltd. is 7 percent. The last dividend paid on
the equity stock of firm A was Rs. 2.00. The beta of Platinum Ltd. equity stock is 1.2.
(i) Calculate the equilibrium price of the equity stock of Platinum Ltd.?
(ii) Also, calculate the equilibrium price when
• The inflation premium increases by 2 percent?
• The expected growth rate increases by 3 percent?
• The beta of Platinum Ltd. equity rises to 1.3?(MTP MARCH-2018)
Answer:
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61

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b)
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36. Tangent Ltd. is considering calling Rs. 3 crores of 30 years, Rs. 1,000 bond issued 5 years ago with a coupon
interest rate of 14 per cent. The bonds have a call price of Rs. 1,150 and had initially collected proceeds of Rs.
2.91 crores since a discount of Rs. 30 per bond was offered. The initial floating cost was Rs. 3,90,000. The
Company intends to sell Rs. 3 crores of 12 per cent coupon rate, 25 years bonds to raise funds for retiring the
old bonds. It proposes to sell the new bonds at their par value of Rs. 1,000. The estimated floatation cost is Rs.
4,25,000. The company is paying 40% tax and its after tax cost of debt is 8
per cent. As the new bonds must first be sold and then their proceeds to be used to retire the old bonds, the
company expects a two months period of overlapping interest during which interest must be paid on both the
old and the new bonds. You are required to evaluate the bond retiring decision. [PVIFA 8%, 25 = 10.675]
[NOV 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
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37. Shares of Volga Ltd. are being quoted at a price-earning ratio of 8 times. The company retains 50% of its
Earnings Per Share. The Company's EPS is Rs. 10. You are required to determine:
(1) the cost of equity to the company if the market expects a growth rate of 15% p.a.
(2) the indicative market price with the same cost of capital and if the anticipated growth
rate is 16% p.a.
(3) the market price per share if the company's cost of capital is 20% p.a. and the
anticipated growth rate is 18% p.a. [NOV 2018 8 MARKS]
Answer:
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38. Following details are available for X Ltd.
The Company is contemplating for new sales strategy as follows :

(i) Sales to grow at 30% per year for next four years.
(ii) Assets turnover ratio, net profit ratio and tax rate will remain the same.
(iii) Depreciation will be 15% of value of net fixed assets at the beginning of the year.
(iv) Required rate of return for the company is 15%
Evaluate the viability of new strategy.
[NOV 2018 12 MARKS]
Answer:
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Residual Value = 11,995.62/0.15 = 79,970.80

Present value of Residual value = 79,970.80 x PVF (15%, 4)
= 79,970.80 x 0.572 = 45,743.30
Total shareholders’ value = 45743.30 + 4052.65 = 49795.95
Pre-strategy value = 4200 / 0.15 = 28,000
Value of strategy = 49795.95 – 28,000 = 21795.95
Conclusion: The strategy is financially viable.
39. The following data are available for three bonds A, B and C. These bonds are used by a bond portfolio
manager to fund an outflow scheduled in 6 years. Current yield is 9%. All bonds have face value of Rs.100 each
and will be redeemed at par. Interest is payable annually.
(i) Calculate the duration of each bond.

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(ii) The bond portfolio manager has been asked to keep 45% of the portfolio money in
Bond A. Calculate the percentage amount to be invested in bonds B and C that need to be purchased to
immunize the portfolio.
(iii) After the portfolio has been formulated, an interest rate change occurs, increasing the yield to 11%. The
new duration of these bonds are: Bond A = 7.15 Years, Bond B = 6.03
Years and Bond C = 4.27 years.
Is the portfolio still immunized? Why or why not?
(iv) Determine the new percentage of B and C bonds that are needed to immunize the portfolio. Bond A
remaining at 45% of the portfolio.
Present values be used as follows :
[NOV 2018 -12 MARKS]

Answer:
(i) Calculation of Bond Duration
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(ii) Amount of Investment required in Bond B and C

Period required to be immunized 6.000 Year
Less: Period covered from Bond A 3.087 Year
To be immunized from B and C 2.913 Year
Let proportion of investment in Bond B and C is b and c respectively then

b + c = 0.55 (1)
5.883b + 4.242c = 2.913 (2)
On solving these equations, the value of b and c comes 0.3534 or 0.3621 and 0.1966 or 0.1879 respectively and
accordingly, the % of investment of B and C is 35.34% or 36.21% and 19.66 % or 18.79% respectively.
(iii) With revised yield the Revised Duration of Bond stands
0.45 x 7.15 + 0.36 x 6.03 + 0.19 x 4.27 = 6.20 year
No portfolio is not immunized as the duration of the portfolio has been increased from 6 years to 6.20 years.
(iv) New percentage of B and C bonds that are needed to immunize the portfolio.
Period required to be immunized 6.0000 Year
Less: Period covered from Bond A 3.2175 Year
To be immunized from B and C 2.7825 Year
Let proportion of investment in Bond B and C is b and c respectively, then
b + c = 0.55
6.03b + 4.27c = 2.7825
b = 0.2466
On solving these equations, the value of b and c comes 0.2466 and 0.3034 respectively and accordingly, the %
of investment of B and C is 24.66% or 25% and 30.34 % or 30.00% respectively.
40. The shares of G Ltd. we currently being traded at Rs. 46. The company published its results for the year
ended 31st March 2019 and declared a dividend of Rs. 5. The company made a return of 15% on its capital and
expects that to be the norm in which it operates. G Ltd.
Also expects the dividends to grow at 10% for the first three years and thereafter at 5%.
You are required to advise whether the share of the company is being traded at a premium
69

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
or discount. PVIF @ 15% for the next 3 years is 0.870, 0.756 and 0.658 respectively. [MAY 2019- 8 MARKS]
Answer:
Expected dividend for next three years

Year 1 (D1) = 5 (1.1) = 5.5
Year 2 (D2) = 5.5 (1.1) = 6.05
Year 3 (D3) = 6.05 (1.1) = 6.655
Required Rate (Ke) = 15%
Present Value of Dividends
= 5.5 (0.870) + 6.05 (0.756) + 6.655 (0.658)
= 4.785 + 4.574 + 4.379
= 13.74
Now, PV at growth rate of 5%
Therefore, P0 = 69.88 x 0.658 = 45.98

Now, adding the PV of dividend at two different growth rates, we get,
13.74 + 45.98 = 59.72
Hence, it is clear that shares are being traded at discount i.e. undervalued because intrinsic value of
share is more than the market price.
41. ABB Ltd. has a surplus cash balance of Rs. 180 lakhs and wants to distribute 50% of it to the equity
shareholders. The company decides to buyback equity shares. The company estimates that its equity share
price after re-purchase is likely to be 15% above the buyback price. if the buyback route is taken.
Other information is as under:
1. Number of equity shares outstanding at present (Face value Rs. 10 each) is Rs. 20 lakhs.
2. The current EPS is Rs. 5.
You are required to calculate the following:
I. The price at which the equity shares can be re-purchased, if market capitalization of the company should be
Rs. 400 lakhs after buy back.
II. Number of equity shares that can be re-purchased.
III. The impact of equity shares re-purchase on the EPS, assuming that the net income remains unchanged.
[MAY 2019- 8 MARKS](NOV-22 MTP)
Answer:
(i) Let P be the buyback price decided by ABB Ltd.
Market Capitalisation after Buyback
400 lakhs = 1.15P (Original Shares – Shares Bought Back)
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(ii) Number of Shares to be Bought Back :-

Rs. 90 lakhs/ 21.89 = 4.111 lakhs (Approx.) or 411147 shares
(iii) Shares after buyback

= 20 lakhs – 4.111 lakhs = 15.889 lakhs
or 20,00,000 – 4,11,147 = 15,88,853 shares
EPS = 5 x 20 lakhs/ 15.889 lakhs = Rs. 6.29
Thus, EPS of ABB Ltd., increases to Rs. 6.29.
So, EPS of ABB Ltd. is increased by Rs. 1.29 (6.29 – 5.00)
42. Following financial information’s are available of XP Ltd. for the year 2018:

(i) Prepare Income Statement for the year 2018.
(ii) Determine its Sustainable Growth Rate.
(iii) Determine the fair price of the company's share using Dividend Discount Model.
(iv) Give your opinion on investment in the company's share at current price. (MAY 2019-8 MARKS)
Answer:
Workings:
Asset turnover ratio = 2 times
Total Assets = Rs. 1200 lakh
Turnover Rs. 1200 lakhs × 2 = Rs. 2400 lakhs
Interest on Debentures = 350 lakh x 10% = 35 lakhs
Operating Margin = 10%
Hence operating cost = (1 - 0.10) 2400 lakhs = Rs. 2160 lakhs
Dividend Payout = 20% Tax rate = 30%
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that this project is of same risk as the existing projects. The results of this project will start coming from the 4th
year onward from now. The dividends will then be Rs. 2.50 per share and will grow @ 7% p.a.
An investor has 1,000 shares in SAM Ltd. and wants a receipt of atleast Rs. 2,000 p.a. from this investment.
Evaluate whether the market value of the share is affected by the decision of the Board.
Evaluate also as to how the investor can maintain his target receipt from the investment for first 3 years and
improved income thereafter, given that the cost of capital of the firm is 8%. [MTP MARCH 2018 -7 MARKS |
RTP- MAY 2018]
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Answer:
44. A hypothetical company ABC Ltd. issued a 10% Debenture (Face Value of Rs. 1000) of the duration of 10
years is currently trading at Rs. 850 per debenture. The bond is convertible into 50 equity shares being currently
quoted at Rs. 17 per share. Calculate the spread of yield of the above bond from this comparable bond, if
equivalent yield of the same is 11.80%.
The relevant present value table is as follows.
Answer:
Conversion Price = Rs. 50 x 17 = Rs. 850

Intrinsic Value = Rs. 850
Accordingly the yield (r) on the bond shall be :
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Rs. 850 = Rs. 100 PVAF (r, 10) + Rs. 1000 PVF (r, 10)
Let us discount the cash flows by 11%

850 = 100 PVAF (11%, 10) + 1000 PVF (11%, 10)
850 = 100 x 5.889 + 1000 x 0.295
= 90.90
Let us discount the cash flows by 11%

850 = 100 PVAF (11%, 10) + 1000 PVF (11%, 10)
850 = 100 x 5.889 + 1000 x 0.352
= 90.90
Now let us discount the cash flows by 13%

850 = 100 PVAF (13%, 10) + 1000 PVF (13%, 10)
850 = 100 x 5.426 + 1000 x 0.295
= -12.40
The spread from comparable bond = 12.76% - 11.80% = 0.96%
45. Abhishek Ltd. has a surplus cash of Rs.90 lakhs and wants to distribute 30% of it to the shareholders. The
Company decides to buyback shares. The Finance Manager of the Company estimates that its share price after
re-purchase is likely to be 10% above the buyback price; if the buyback route is taken. The number of shares
outstanding at present is 10 lakhs and the current EPS is Rs.3.
Evaluate:
(i) The price at which the shares can be repurchased, if the market capitalization of the company should be
Rs.200 lakhs after buyback.
(ii) The number of shares that can be re-purchased.
(iii) The impact of share re-purchase on the EPS, assuming the net income is same.
Answer:
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46. ABC Ltd. issued 9%, 5 year bonds of Rs. 1,000/- each having a maturity of 3 years. The present rate of interest
is 12% for one year tenure. It is expected that Forward rate of interest for one year tenure is going to fall by 75
basis points and further by 50 basis points for every next year in further for the same tenure. This bond has a
beta value of 1.02 and is more popular in the market due to less credit risk.
Calculate
(i) Intrinsic value of bond
(ii) Expected price of bond in the market
[MTP -APRIL 2018]
Answer:
47. Mr. A will need Rs. 1,00,000 after two years for which he wants to make one time necessary investment
now. He has a choice of two types of bonds. Their details are as below:
75

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Advice Mr. A whether he should invest all his money in one type of bond or he should buy both the bonds and,
if so, in which quantity? Assume that there will not be any call risk or default risk. [MTP AUGUST 2018-6 MARKS]
Answer:
48. GHI Ltd., AAA rated company has issued, fully convertible bonds on the following terms, a
year ago
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AAA rated company can issue plain vanilla bonds without conversion option at an interest
rate of 9.5%.
Required: Calculate as of today:
(i) Straight Value of bond.
(ii) Conversion Value of the bond.
(iii) Conversion Premium.
(iv) Percentage of downside risk.
(v) Conversion Parity Price. MTP AUGUST 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
49. Mr. A is thinking of buying shares at Rs. 500 each having face value of Rs. 100. He is expecting a bonus at
the ratio of 1:5 during the fourth year. Annual expected dividend is 20% and the same rate is expected to be
maintained on the expanded capital base. He intends to sell the shares at the end of seventh year at an
expected price of Rs. 900 each. Incidental expenses for purchase and sale of shares are estimated to be 5% of
the market price. He expects a minimum return of 12% per annum.
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Recommend whether Mr. A should buy the shares? If so, what maximum price should he pay for each share?
Assume no tax on dividend income and capital gain
[MTP-APRIL 2019- 6 MARKS | RTP- NOV 2019]
Answer:
50. The following data is available for a bond:

Face Value Rs. 1,000
Coupon Rate 11%
Years to Maturity 6
Redemption Value Rs. 1,000
Yield to Maturity 15%
(Round-off your answers to 3 decimals)
Calculate the following in respect of the bond:
(i) Current Market Price.
(ii) Duration of the Bond.
(iii) Volatility of the Bond.
(iv) Expected market price if increase in required yield is by 100 basis points.
(v) Expected market price if decrease in required yield is by 75 basis points.
[MTP APRIL 2019- 8 MARKS]
Answer:
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C
51. ABC Co. is considering a new sales strategy that will be valid for the next 4 years. They want to know the
value of the new strategy. Following information relating to the year which has just ended, is available:
If it adopts the new strategy, sales will grow at the rate of 20% per year for three years.
The gross margin ratio, Assets turnover ratio, the Capital structure and the income tax rate will remain
unchanged. Depreciation would be at 10% of net fixed assets at the beginning of the year. The Company’s
target rate of return is 15%. Calculate the incremental value due to adoption of the strategy. [MTP APRIL 2019
8 MARKS | RTP MAY 2020] (MTP- NOV 2021)
Answer:
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52. X Limited, just declared a dividend of Rs. 14.00 per share. Mr. B is planning to purchase the share of X
Limited, anticipating increase in growth rate from 8% to 9%, which will continue for three years. He also expects
the market price of this share to be Rs. 360.00 after three years.
You are required to calculate:

(i) the maximum amount Mr. B should pay for shares, if he requires a rate of return of 13% per annum.
(ii) the maximum price Mr. B will be willing to pay for share, if he is of the opinion that the 9% growth can be
maintained indefinitely and require 13% rate of return per annum.
(iii) the price of share at the end of three years, if 9% growth rate is achieved and assuming other conditions
remaining same as in (ii) above
Calculate rupee amount up to two decimal points.
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
FVIF @ 9% 1.090 1.188 1.295
FVIF @ 13% 1.130 1.277 1.443
PVIF @ 13% 0.885 0.783 0.693
[MTP OCTOBER 2019-7 MARKS]
Answer:
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53. XL Ispat Ltd. has made an issue of 14 per cent non-convertible debentures on January 1, 2007. These
debentures have a face value of Rs. 100 and is currently traded in the market at a price of Rs. 90. Interest on
these NCDs will be paid through post-dated cheques dated June 30 and December 31. Interest payments for
the first 3 years will be paid in advance through postdated cheques while for the last 2 years post-dated cheques
will be issued at the third year. The bond is redeemable at par on December 31, 2011 at the end of 5 years.
Required:
(i) CALCULATE the current yield and YTM of the bond.
(ii) CALCULATE the duration of the NCD.
(iii) CALCULATE the realized yield on the NCD assuming that intermediate coupon payments are, not available
for reinvestment calculate.
[RTP MAY 2018]
Answer:
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54. ABC Limited’s shares are currently selling at Rs. 13 per share. There are 10,00,000 shares outstanding. The
firm is planning to raise Rs. 20 lakhs to Finance a new project.
(i) CALCULATE the ex-right price of shares and the value of a right, if the firm offers one right share for every
two shares held.
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(ii) CALCULATE the ex-right price of shares and the value of a right, if the firm offers one right share for every
four shares held.
(iii) ANALYSE how does the shareholders’ wealth change from (i) to (ii) above and right issue increases
shareholders’ wealth?
[RTP NOV 2018]
Answer:
55.Based on the credit rating of bonds, Mr. Z has decided to apply the following discount rates for valuing
bonds:
Credit Rating Discount Rate
AAA 364 day T bill rate + 3% spread
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AA AAA + 2% spread
A AAA + 3% spread
He is considering to invest in AA rated, Rs. 1,000 face value bond currently selling at Rs.1,025.86. The bond has
five years to maturity and the coupon rate on the bond is 15% p.a. payable annually. The next interest payment
is due one year from today and the bond is redeemable at par. (Assume the 364 day T-bill rate to be 9%). You
are required to calculate the intrinsic value of the bond for Mr. Z. Should he invests in
the bond? Also calculate the current yield and the Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond.
[RTP MAY 2019]
Answer:
56. Seawell Corporation, a manufacturer of do-it-yourself hardware and housewares, reported earnings per
share of € 2.10 in 2013, on which it paid dividends per share of €0.69. Earnings are expected to grow 15% a year
from 2004 to 2008, during this period the dividend payout ratio is expected to remain unchanged. After 2018,
the earnings growth rate is expected to drop to a stable rate of 6%, and the payout ratio is expected to increase
to 65% of earnings. The firm has a beta of 1.40 currently, and is expected to have a beta of 1.10 after 2018. The
market risk premium is 5.5%. The Treasury bond rate is 6.25%.
(a) What is the expected price of the stock at the end of 2018?
(b) What is the value of the stock, using the two-stage dividend discount model?
[RTP MAY 2019]
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Answer:
that this project is of same risk as the existing projects. The results of this project will start coming from the 4th
year onward from now. The dividends will then be Rs. 2.50 per share and will grow @ 7% p.a.
An investor has 1,000 shares in SAM Ltd. and wants a receipt of at least Rs. 2,000 p.a. from this investment.
Interpret how the market value of the share is affected by the decision of the Board. Also advise as to how the
investor can maintain his target receipt from the investment for first 3 years and improved income thereafter,
given that the cost of capital of the firm is 8%. (MTP-OCT 2022-8 Marks)
Answer:
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58. M/s Agfa Industries is planning to issue a debenture series on the following terms:
Face value Rs. 100
Term of maturity 10 years
Years Yearly coupon rate
1−4 9%
5−8 10%
9 − 10 14%
The current market rate on similar debentures is 15 per cent per annum. The Company proposes to price the
issue in such a manner that it can yield 16 per cent compounded rate of return to the investors. The Company
also proposes to redeem the debentures at 5 percent premium on maturity. Determine the issue price of the
debentures.
[RTP MAY 2020]
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59.
(RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
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89

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60.
((RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
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61. Sun Ltd. recently made a profit of Rs. 200 crore and paid out Rs. 80 crore (slightly higher than the average
paid in the industry to which it pertains). The average PE ratio of this industry is 9. The estimated beta of Sun
Ltd. is 1.2. As per Balance Sheet of Sun Ltd., the shareholder’s fund is Rs. 450 crore and number of shares is 10
crore. In case the company is liquidated, building would fetch Rs. 200 crore more than book value and stock
would realize Rs. 50 crore less.
The other data for the industry is as follows:
Projected Dividend Growth 4% Risk Free Rate of Return 6% Market Rate of Return 11%
Calculate the valuation of Sun Ltd. using
(a) P/E Ratio
(b) Dividend Growth Model
(c) Book Value
(d) Net Realizable Value(MAY 2021 RTP)
Answer:
(a) Rs. 200 crore x 9 = Rs. 1800 crore (b) Ke = 6% + 1.2 (11% - 6%) = 12%
=80 crore×1.04/0.12 - 0.04= Rs. 1040
(c) Rs. 450 crore
(d) Rs. 450 crore + Rs. 200 crore – Rs. 50 crore = Rs. 600 crore
62. M/s.Roly Ltd. wants to acquire M/s.Poly Ltd. the following is the Balance Sheet of Poly Ltd. as on 31st
March, 2020 :
Shareholders of Poly Ltd. will get one share of Roly Ltd. at current Market Price of Rs.20 for every two shares.
External liabilities are expected to be settled at a discount of Rs.20,000. Sundry debtors and Inventories are
expected to realise Rs.2,00,000
Poly Ltd. will run as an independent unit. Cash Flow After Tax is expected to be Rs.4,00,000 per annum for next
6 years. Assume the disposal value of the plan after 6 years will be Rs.1,50,000.
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Poly Ltd. requires a return of 14%

n 1 2 3 4 5 6
PVIF(14%, n) 0.587 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519 0.456
7
Advise the Board of Directors on the financial feasibility of the Proposal. (Jan 2021 new paper question)
Answer:
63. AB industries equity capital of Rs 12,00,000, total debt of Rs 8,00,000 and annual sales of Rs30,00,000. Two
mutually exclusive proposals are under consideration for next year. The details of proposal are as under.
(Nov 2020 (new) paper)

Answer:
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64.
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(Nov 19 question)
Answer:
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Decision:
Since the MPS is expected to be more in the case of additional financing done through debt (Option– I) Option–
I is preferred.
65. Today being 1st January 2019, Ram is considering to purchase an outstanding Corporate Bond having a face
value of Rs.1,000 that was issued on 1st January 2017 which has 9.5% Annual Coupon and 20 years of original
maturity (i.e. maturing on 31st December 2027). Since the bond was issued, the interest rates have been on
downside and it is now selling at a premium of Rs.125.75 per bond. Determine the prevailing interest on the
similar type of Bonds if it is held till the maturity which shall be at Par.
PV Factors :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6% 0.943 0.890 0.840 0.792 0.747 0.705 0.665 0.627 0.592
8% 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 0.681 0.630 0.583 0.540 0.500
(NOV-2020 RTP)
Answer:
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66. The following data are available for a bond:

Face Value Rs 10,000 to be redeemed at par on maturity Coupon Rate 8.5% PA
Years to Maturity 5 years Yield to maturity 10%
You are required to calculate
Answer:
(i) Current Market Price of Bond
= Rs. 850 (PVIAF 10%, 5) + Rs. 10,000 (PVIF 10%, 5)
= Rs. 850 (3.79) + Rs. 10,000 (0.621) = Rs. 3,221.50 + Rs. 6,210 = Rs. 9,431.5
1. Current price of the bond
2. Macaulay’s duration
3. Volatility of the bond
4. Convexity of the bond
5. Expected Market Price, if there is a decrease in the YTM by 200 basis points
a. By Macaulay’s Duration based estimate
b. By intrinsic Value method. Years 1 2 3 4 5
PVIF (10%, n) 0.909 0.826 0.751 0.683 0.621
PVIF (8%, n) 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 0.681(Nov 2020 exam Ques)
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Duration of the Bond is 4.252 years

(iii) Volatility of Bond:
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67. Following are the yields on Zero Coupon Bonds (ZCB) having a face value of Rs.1,000 : Maturity (Years) Yield
to Maturity (YTM)
1 10%
2 11%
3 12%
Assume that the term structure of interest rate will remain the same.
You are required to
Calculate the implied one year forwards rates
Expected Yield to Maturity and prices of one year and two year Zero Coupon Bonds at the end of the first year
(JAN 2021 EXAM)
Answer:
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68. The risk free rate of return is 5 percent. The expected rate of return on the market portfolio is 11 percent.
The expected rate of growth in dividend of X Ltd. is 8 percent. The last dividend paid was Rs.2.00 per share. The
beta of X Ltd. equity stock is 1.5
What is the present price of the equity stock of X Ltd.?
How would the price change when
The inflation premium increases by 3 percent?
The expected growth rate decreases by 3 percent?
The beta decreases to 1.3?(MAY 2018 exam )
Answer:
An established company is going to be de merged in two separate entities. The valuation of the company is
done by a well-known analyst. He has estimated a value of Rs.5,000 lakhs, based on the expected free cash
flow for next year of Rs.200 lakhs and an expected growth rate of 5%. While going through the valuation
procedure, it was found that the analyst has made the mistake of using the book values of debt and equity in
his calculation. While you do not know the book value weights he used, you have been provided with the
following information:
The market value of equity is 4 times the book value of equity, while the market value of debt is equal to the
book value of debt,
Company has a cost of equity of 12%,
After tax cost of debt is 6%.
You are required to advise the correct value of the company.(MAY 2018)
Answer:
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The weights are equal i.e. 1:1 for equity and debt.
The correct weights should be market value of equity : market value of debts.
i.e. 4 times book value of equity : book value of debts. i.e. 4:1 equity : debt
Revised Kc = 4/5 x 12 + 1/5 x 6= 10.8 %
Revised value of the company = 200/10.8−5 = 200 / 5.8% = 3448.28 lacs.
70) ABC Ltd. wants to issue 9% Bonds redeemable in 5 years at its face value of Rs. 1,000each.
The annual spot yield curve for similar risk class of Bond is as follows:
Year Interest Rate
1 12%
2 11.62%
3 11.33%
4 11.06%
5 10.80%
i. Evaluate the expected market price of the Bond if it has a Beta value of 1.10 due to its
popularity because of lesser risk.
ii. Interpret the nature of the above yield curve and reasons for the same.
Note: Use PV Factors upto 4 decimal points and value in Rs. upto 2 decimal points?(MTP JULY 2021) (IMP QUES)
ANSWER
100

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71. Mr. A will need Rs 1,00,000 after two years for which he wants to make onetime
necessary investment now. He has a choice of two types of bonds. Their details are as
below: 101

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Advice Mr. A whether he should invest all his money in one type of bond or he should buy
both the bonds and, if so, in which quantity? Assume that there will not be any call risk or
default risk. .(RTP NOV 2021).
Answer:
Duration of the Bond is 3.563 years

Let x1 be the investment in Bond X and therefore investment in Bond Y shall be (1 - x1). Since
the required duration is 2 year the proportion of investment in each of these two securities
shall be computed as follows:
2 = x1 + (1 - x1) 3.563
x1 = 0.61
Accordingly, the proportion of investment shall be 61% in Bond X and 39% in Bond Y
respectively.
Amount of investment
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72. The following data is related to 8.5% Fully Convertible (into Equity shares) Debentures issued by JAC Ltd. at
Rs 1000.
Market Price of Debenture Rs 900
Market Price of Equity share on the date of Conversion Rs 25
Expected Dividend Per Share Rs 1
(a) Conversion Value of Debenture
(b) Market Conversion Price
(c) Conversion Premium per share
(d) Ratio of Conversion Premium
(e) Premium over Straight Value of Debenture
(f) Favourable income differential per share
(g) Premium pay back period(RTP NOV 2021)
ANSWER
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73)Market Value Added is an attempt to resolve some of the issues involved in Economic Value Added”.
104
Explain this statement. (MTP- NOV 2021)


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
ANSWER
To some extent it can be said that MVA is an attempt to resolve some of the issues involved in EVA e.g. ignoring
Value Drivers, Book Value etc. Though MVA itself does not give any basis of share valuation but an alternative
way to gauge performance efficiencies of an enterprise, albeit from a market capitalization point of view, the logic
being that the market will discount the efforts taken by the management fairly. Hence, the MVA can be perceived
as true value added by the market. In contrast, EVA is a derived value added that is for the more discerning
investor.
Since MVA represents market views regarding company’s future value generation companies with a
higher MVA will naturally become the darlings of the share market and would eventually become ‘pricey’
from a pure pricing perspective. In such cases, the EVA may also sometimes have a slightly negative
correlation as compared to MVA. But this will be a short term phenomenon as eventually the gap will get
closed by investors themselves. A stock going ex-dividend will exhibit such propensities.
Thus we can conclude that the main objective of EVA is thus to show management efficiency in
generating returns over and above the hurdle rate of invested capital.
74) M/s Trans India Ltd. is contemplating calling ₹3 crores of 30 years, ₹1,000 bond issued 5 years ago with a
coupon interest rate of 14 per cent. The bonds have a call price of ₹1,140 and had initially collected proceeds
of ₹2.91 crores due to a discount of ₹30 per bond. The initial floating cost was ₹3,60,000. The Company intends
to sell ₹3 crores of 12 per cent coupon rate, 25 years bonds to raise funds for retiring the old bonds. It proposes
to sell the new bonds at their par value of ₹1,000. The estimated floatation cost is ₹4,00,000. The company is
paying 40% tax and its after tax cost of debt is 8 per cent. As the new bonds must first be sold and their
proceeds, then used to retire old bonds, the company expects a two months period of overlapping interest
during which interest must be paid on both the old and new bonds. Evaluate the feasibility of refunding bonds?
(MTP- NOV 2021)
ANSWER
NPV for bond refunding
Recommendation: Refunding of bonds is recommended as NPV is positive.

Working Notes:
(1) Initial investment:
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(2) Annual cash flow savings:
106
75. What are Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds? What are their advantages?(MAY -22)

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Answer:
(a) A type of convertible bond issued in a currency different than the issuer's domestic currency. In other words,
the money being raised by the issuing company is in the form of a foreign currency. A convertible bond is a
mix between a debt and equity instrument. It acts like a bond by making regular coupon and principal
payments, but these bonds also give the bondholder the option to convert the bond into stock.
Advantages of FCCBs
(i) The convertible bond gives the investor the flexibility to convert the bond into equity at a price or redeem the
bond at the end of a specified period, normally three years if the price of the share has not met his
expectations.
(ii) Companies prefer bonds as it leads to delayed dilution of equity and allows company to avoid any current
dilution in earnings per share that a further issuance of equity would cause.
76. The following is the data related to 9% Fully convertible (into Equity Shares) debentures issued by Delta
Ltd. at RS 1000.
RS
Market Price of 9% Debenture 1,000
Conversion Ratio (No. of shares) 25
Straight Value of 9% Debentures 800
Market price of equity share on the date of conversion 30
Expected Dividend per share 1
ANALYSE the value of Debenture both from cost and payback period angle for an investor who is
considering to adopt the route of conversion to acquire the shares of the company?(MAY-22 MTP)
Answer:
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77. Mr. A is holding 1000 shares of face value of ` 100 each of M/s. ABC Ltd. He wants to hold these shares for
long term and have no intention to sell.
On 1st January 2020, M/s XYZ Ltd. has made short sales of M/s. ABC Ltd.’s shares and
approached Mr. A to lend his shares under Stock Lending Scheme with f ollowing terms:
a. Shares to be borrowed for 3 months from 01-01-2020 to 31-03-2020,
b. Lending Charges/Fees of 1% to be paid every month on the closing price of the stock quoted in Stock
Exchange and
c. Bank Guarantee will be provided as collateral for the value as on 01-01-2020.
Other Information:
(a) Cost of Bank Guarantee is 8% per annum,
(b) On 29-02-2020 M/s ABC Ltd.’s share quoted in Stock Exchange on various dates
are as follows:
Date Share Price in Scenario -1 Bullish Share Price in Scenario -2

Bullish
01-01-2020 1000 1000
31-01-2020 1020 980
29-02-2020 1040 960
31-03-2020 1050 940
You are required to find out:
(i) Earning of Mr. A through Stock Lending Scheme in both the scenarios,
(ii) Total Earnings of Mr. A during 01-01-2020 to 31-03-2020 in both the scenarios,
(iii) What is the Profit or loss to M/s. XYZ by shorting the shares using through Stock Lending Scheme in both the
scenarios?(MAY-22 RTP)
Answer:
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78. Following is the information for the options free bond:
Face value of the bond ` 1,000

Coupon rate 7%
Terms of Maturity 7 years
Yield to Maturity 8%

(i) Market price of the bound and duration.
(ii) If there is an increase in yield by 35 basis points, what would be the price of bond?
Present Value t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
PVIF0.07,t 0.935 0.874 0.817 0.764 0.71 0.667 0.623
4
PVIF0.08,t 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 0.68 0.631 0.584
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1
(MAY -22 RTP)
Answer :
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79. Mr. X wants to buy shares of A Ltd. (having a Beta of 2) at current market price of Rs.500 each having
face value of ` 100. He is expecting a bonus at the ratio of 1: 4 during the fifth year. Annual expected
dividend is 20% and the same rate is expected to be maintained throughout the holding period. He
intends to sell the shares at the end of 7th year and expect that the market price shall be doubled
during this holding period. Incidental expenses for purchase of shares are estimated to be 5% of the
market price. The risk-free rate of return and market rate of return are 5% and 7.50% respectively.
ADVISE Mr. X should buy this share or not. If so, then recommend the maximum price should he pay
for each share.
Note: Assume no tax on dividend income and capital gain.(MTP SEPTEMBER -2022)
Answer:
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80. (a) ABC Company is considering acquisition of XYZ Ltd. which has 1.5 crores shares outstanding
and issued. The market price per share is RS. 400 at present. ABC's average cost of capital is 12%.
Available information from XYZ indicates its expected cash accruals for the next 3 years as follows:
Year RS.
Cr.
1 250
2 300
3 400
CALCULATE the range of valuation that ABC has to consider. (PV factors at 12% for years 1 to 3
respectively: 0.893, 0.797 and 0.712).(MTP OCTOBER -2022)
Answer:
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81. The Bank BK enters into a Repo for 9 days with Bank NE in 6% Government bonds 2022 for an
amount of RS. 2 crore. The other relevant details are as follows:
First Leg Payment (Start Proceed) RS. 2,00,06,750

Second Leg Payment (Repayment Proceed) RS. 2,00,31,759
Initial Margin 1.25%
Days of accrued interest 240
Assume 360 days in a year.
CALCULATE:
(1) Repo Rate
(2) Dirty Price and
(3) Clean Price (MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
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(ii)Aggressive Ltd. is proposing to fund its expansion plan of ` 12 crore by making a rights issue. The
current market price (CMP) is ` 40. The Board is willing to offer a discount of 20% on the CMP for the
rights issue. The Board is also desirous that the fall in Ex-right price of the shares be restricted to
10% of CMP.
CALCULATE:
The number of new equity shares to be offered for each rights held,
Theoretical value of right and
The total number of equity shares to be issued.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
1. The following details are given for X and Y companies’ stocks and the Bombay Sensex for a period of
one year. Calculate the systematic and unsystematic risk for the companies’ stocks. If equal amount of
money is allocated for the stocks what would be the portfolio risk?
X Y Sense
Stock Stock x
Average return 0.15 0.25 0.06
Variance of return 6.30 5.86 2.25
Β 0.71 0.685
Correlation Co-efficient 0.424
Co-efficient of 0.18
determination (r2)
Solution
The co-efficient of determination (r2) i.e. square of Coefficient of Correlation gives the percentage of the variation in the
security’s return that is explained by the variation of the market index return. In the X company stock return, 18 per cent
of variation is explained by the variation of the index and 82 per cent is not explained by the index.
According to Sharpe, the variance explained by the index is the systematic risk. The unexplained variance or the residual
variance is the unsystematic risk.
Company X:
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Illustration 2
A company’s beta is 1.40. The market return is 14% and the risk free rate is 10%.
118

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(i) What is the expected return of the company’s stock based on CAPM.
(ii) (ii) If the risk premium on the market goes up by 2.50% points, what would be the revised expected
return on this stock?
Solution
(i) Computation of expected return based on CAPM

Rj = Rf + β (Rm – Rf) = 10% + 1.40 (14% - 10%) = 10% + 5.6% = 15.6%
(ii) Computation of expected return if the market risk premium goes up by 2.50% points
The return from the market goes up by 2.50% i.e. 14% + 2.50% = 16.50%
Expected Return based on CAPM is given by
Rj = 10% + 1.40 (16.5% - 10%) = 10% + 1.40 × 6.5% = 10% + 9.10% = 19.10%
A graphical representation of CAPM is the Security Market Line, (SML). This line indicates the rate of return
required to compensate at a given level of risk. Plotting required return on Y axis and Beta on the X-axis we
get an upward sloping line which is given by (Rm – Rf), the risk premium.
The higher the Beta value of a security, higher would be the risk premium relative to the market. This
upward sloping line is called the Security Market Line. It measures the relationship between systematic risk and
return.
Illustration 3
The risk premium for the market is 10%. Assuming Beta values of Security K are 0, 0.25, 0.42, 1.00 and
1.67. Compute the risk premium on Security K.
Solution
Market Risk Premium is 10%
Value of K Risk Premium of K

0.00 0%
0.25 2.50%
0.42 4.20%
1.00 10.00%
1.67 16.70%
Illustration 4
Treasury Bills give a return of 5%. Market Return is 13%
(i) What is the market risk premium
(ii) Compute the β Value and required returns for the following combination of investments.
119

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Treasur 100 70 30 0
y Bill
Market 0 30 70 100
Solution
Risk Premium Rm – Rf = 13% - 5% = 8%
β is the weighted average investing in portfolio consisting of market β = 1 and treasury bills (β = 0)
Portfolio Treasury Bills: β Rj = Rf + β ×

Market (Rm – Rf)
1 100:0 0 5% + 0(13% -
2 70:30 0.7(0) + 0.3(1) = 5%) = 5%
3 30:70 0.3 5% + 0.3(13% -
4 0:100 0.3(0) + 0.7(1) = 5%) = 7.40%
0.7 5% + 0.7(13% -
1 5%) = 10.60%
5% + 1.0(13% -
5%) = 13%
Illustration 5
Pearl Ltd. expects that considering the current market prices, the equity shareholders as per Moderate
Approach, should get a return of at least 15.50% while the current return on the market is 12%. RBI has
closed the latest auction for ₹2500 crores of 182 day bills for the lowest bid of 4.3% although there were
bidders at a higher rate of 4.6% also for lots of less than ₹10 crores. What is Pearl Ltd’s Beta?
Solution
Determining Risk free rate: Two risk free rates are given. The aggressive approach would be to consider
4.6% while the conservative approach would be to take 4.3%. If we take the moderate value then the
simple average of the two i.e. 4.45% would be considered
Application of CAPM
Illustration 6
The following information is available with respect of Jaykay Ltd.
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Compute Beta Value of the company as at the end of 2005. What is your observation?
Solution
Computation of Beta Value
Calculation of Returns
Calculation of Returns from market Index
Computation of Beta
Year X Y XY Y2
2002-2003 25.62 12.62 323.32 159.26
121
2003-2004 20.07 21.79 437.33 474.80


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2004-2005 17.05 5.32 90.71 28.30
62.74 39.73 851.36 662.36
Illustration 7
The expected returns and Beta of three stocks are given below
Stock A B C
Expected Return 18 11 15
(%)
Beta Factor 1.7 0.6 1.2
If the risk free rate is 9% and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio is 14% which of the
above stocks are over, under or correctly valued in the market? What shall be the strategy?
Solution
Required Rate of Return is given by
Rj = Rf + β (Rm-Rf)
For Stock A, Rj = 9 + 1.7 (14 - 9) = 17.50%
Stock B, Rj = 9 + 0.6 (14-9) = 12.00%
Stock C, Rj = 9 + 1.2 (14-9) = 15.00%
Required Expected Valuation Deci
Return % Return % sion
17.50% 18.00% Under Buy
12.00% 11.00% Valued Sell
15.00% 15.00% Over Valued Hold
Correctly
Valued
Illustration 8
With the help of following data determine the return on the security X.
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Factor Risk Premium βi

associated with the
Factor
Market 4% 1.3
Growth Rate of GDP 1% 0.3
Inflation -4% 0.2
Risk Free Rate of Return is 8%.

Solution
Expected Return = Rf + 112233λβ+λβ+λβ
= 8% + 1.3 x 4% + 0.3 x 1% + 0.2 x (-4%)
= 8% + 5.2% + 0.3% - 0.8%
= 12.7%
Theory Questions
9. Write short note on factors affecting decision of investment in fixed income securities.
Answer:
Bonds are fixed income avenues. The following factors have to be evaluated in selecting fixed income
avenues:
(a) Yield to maturity: The yield to maturity for a fixed income avenues represent the rate of return earned
by the investor, if he invests in the fixed income avenues and holds it till its maturity.
(b) Risk of Default: To assess such risk on a bond, one has to look at the credit rating of the bond. If no
credit rating is available relevant financial ratios of the firm have to be examined such as debt equity,
interest coverage, earning power etc and the general prospect of the industry to which the firm belongs
have to be assessed.
(c) Tax Shield: In the past, several fixed income avenues offers tax shields but at present only a few of them
do so.
(d) Liquidity: If the fixed income avenues can be converted wholly or substantially into cash at a fairly short
notice it possesses a liquidity of a high order.
10. Briefly explain the objectives of “Portfolio Management”.

Answer:
Some of the important objectives of portfolio management are:
a. Security/Safety of Principal: Security not only involves keeping the principal sum intact but also
its purchasing power.
b. Stability of Income: To facilitate planning more accurately and systematically the reinvestment
or consumption of income.
c. Capital Growth: It can be attained by reinvesting in growth securities or through purchase of
growth securities.
(b) Marketability i.e. the case with which a security can be bought or sold: This is essential for providing
flexibility to investment portfolio.
a. Liquidity i.e. nearness to money: It is desirable for the investor so as to take advantage of
attractive opportunities upcoming in the market.
b. Diversification: The basic objective of building a portfolio is to reduce the risk of loss of capital
and/or income by investing in various types of securities and over a wide range of industries.
c. Favourable Tax Status: The effective yield an investor gets from his investment depends on tax
to which it is subjected to. By minimising the tax burden, yield can be effectively improved.
11. Discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its relevant assumptions. [ALSO ASKED IN MAY
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Answer:
The CAPM distinguishes between risk of holding a single
asset and holding a portfolio of assets. There is a trade off between risk and return. Modern portfolio
theory concentrates on risk and stresses on risk management rather than on return management. Risk may
be security risk involving danger of loss of return from an investment in a single financial or capital asset.
Security risk differs from portfolio risk, which is the probability of loss from investment in a portfolio of
assets. Portfolio risk is comprised of unsystematic risk and systematic risk. Unsystematic risks can be
averted through diversification and is related to random variables. Systematic risk is market related
component of portfolio risk. It is commonly measured by regression coefficient Beta or the Beta coefficient.
Low Beta reflects low risk and high Beta reflects high risk. As the unsystematic risk can be diversified by
building a portfolio, the relevant risk is the non diversifiable component of the total risk. As mentioned
earlier, it can be measured by using Beta (β) a statistical parameter which measures the market sensitivity
of returns. The beta for the market is equal to 1.0. Beta explains the systematic relationship between the
return on a security and the return on the market by using a simple linear regression equation. The return
on a security is taken as a dependent variable and the return on market is taken as independent variable
then Rj = Rf + β (Rm – Rf). The beta parameter β in this William Sharpe model represents the slope of the
above regression relationship and measures the sensitivity or responsiveness of the security returns to
the general market returns. The portfolio beta is merely the weighted average of the betas of individual
securities included in the portfolio. Portfolio beta β = Σ proportion of security × beta for security. CAPM
provides a conceptual framework for evaluating any investment decision where capital is
committed with a goal of producing future returns. CAPM is based on certain assumptions to provide
conceptual framework for evaluating risk and return. Some of the important assumptions are discussed
below:
(i) Efficient market: It is the first assumption of CAPM. Efficient market refers to the existence of
competitive market where financial securities and capital assets are bought and sold with full information
of risk and return available to all participants. In an efficient market, the price of individual assets will reflect
a real or intrinsic value of a share as the market prices will adjust quickly to any new situation, John J.
Hampton has remarked in “Financial decision making” that although efficient capital market is not much
relevant to capital budgeting decisions, but CAPM would be useful to evaluate capital budgeting proposal
because the company can compare risk and return to be obtained by investment in machinery with risk
and return from investment in securities.
(ii) Rational investment goals: Investors desire higher return for any acceptable level of risk or the lowest
risk for any desired level of return. Such a rational choice is made on logical and consistent ranking of
proposals in order of preference for higher good to lower good and this is the scale of the marginal
efficiency of capital. Beside, transactive preferences and certainty equivalents are other parameters of
rational choice.
(iii) Risk aversion in efficient market is adhered to although at times risk seeking behavior is adopted for
gains.
(iv) CAPM assumes that all assets are divisible and liquid assets.
(v) Investors are able to borrow freely at a risk less rate of interest i.e. borrowings can fetch equal return
by investing in safe Government securities.
(vi) Securities can be exchanged without payment of brokerage, commissions or taxes and without any
transaction cost.
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(vii) Securities or capital assets face no bankruptcy or insolvency.


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Practical Questions
12. A stock costing Rs. 120 pays no dividends. The possible prices that the stock might sell for at the end
of the year with the respective probabilities are:
Price Probability
115 0.1
120 0.1
125 0.2
130 0.3
135 0.2
140 0.1
Required:
(i) Calculate the expected return.
(ii) Calculate the Standard deviation of returns.
Answer:
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13. Following information is available in respect of expected dividend, market price and market condition
after one year.
The existing market price of an equity share is Rs. 106 (F.V. Rs. 1), which is cum 10% bonus debenture of
Rs. 6 each, per share. M/s. X Finance Company Ltd. had offered the buy-back of debentures at face value.
Find out the expected return and variability of returns of the equity shares if buyback offer is accepted
by the investor.
And also advise-Whether to accept buy back offer?
Answer:
M/s X Finance company has offered the buyback of debenture at face value. There is
reasonable 10% rate of interest compared to expected return 12% from the market.
Considering the dividend rate and market price the creditworthiness of the company se ems
to be very good. The decision regarding buy-back should be taken considering the maturity
period and opportunity in the market. Normally, if the maturity period is low say up to 1 year
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better to wait otherwise to opt buy back option.


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
14. Mr. A is interested to invest Rs. 1,00,000 in the securities market. He selected two securities B
and D for this purpose. The risk return profile of these securities are as follows :
Security Risk Expected Return (ER)
B 10% 12%
D 18% 20%
Co-efficient of correlation between B and D is 0.15.

You are required to calculate the portfolio return of the following portfolios of B and D to be
considered by A for his investment.
(i) 100 percent investment in B only;
(ii) 50 percent of the fund in B and the rest 50 percent in D;
(iii) 75 percent of the fund in B and the rest 25 percent in D; and
(iv) 100 percent investment in D only.
Also indicate that which portfolio is best for him from risk as well as return point of view?
Answer:
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15. Consider the following information on two stocks, A and B :

(i) The expected return on a portfolio containing A and B in the proportion of 40% and
60% respectively.
(ii) The Standard Deviation of return from each of the two stocks.
(iii) The covariance of returns from the two stocks.
(iv) Correlation coefficient between the returns of the two stocks.
(v) The risk of a portfolio containing A and B in the proportion of 40% and 60%.
Answer:
129

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16. Following is the data regarding six securities:
(i) Assuming three will have to be selected, state which ones will be picked.
(ii) Assuming perfect correlation, show whether it is preferable to invest 75% in A and 25% in C or to
invest 100% in E
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Answer:
(i) Security A has a return of 8% for a risk of 4, whereas B and F have a higher risk for the same return.
Hence, among them A dominates. For the same degree of risk 4, security D has only a return of 4%.
Hence, D is also
dominated by A. Securities C and E remain in reckoning as they have a higher return though with higher
degree of risk. Hence, the ones to be selected are A, C & E.
17. The historical rates of return of two securities over the past ten years are given. Calculate the
Covariance and the Correlation coefficient of the two securities:(MAY -22 EXAM QUESTION)
Answer:
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Alternatively, Standard Deviation of securities can also be calculated as follows:

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18 An investor has decided to invest to invest Rs. 1,00,000 in the shares of two companies, namely, ABC
and XYZ. The projections of returns from the shares of the two companies along with their probabilities
are as follows:
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You are required to

(i) Comment on return and risk of investment in individual shares.
(ii) Compare the risk and return of these two shares with a Portfolio of these shares in equal proportions.
(iii) Find out the proportion of each of the above shares to formulate a minimum risk portfolio.
Answer:
Hence, the return is 12.325% with the risk of 1.25% for the portfolio. Thus the portfolio results in the
reduction of risk by the combination of two shares.
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19 The following information are available with respect of Krishna Ltd.
Compute Beta Value of the Krishna Ltd. at the end of 2015 and state your observation.
Answer:
135

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20 The distribution of return of security ‘F’ and the market portfolio ‘P’ is given below:
You are required to calculate the expected return of security ‘F’ and the market portfolio ‘P’, the
covariance between the market portfolio and security and beta for the security.
Answer:
136

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21 Given below is information of market rates of Returns and Data from two Companies A and B:
You are required to determine the beta coefficients of the Shares of Company A and Company B.
Answer:
137

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22 The returns on stock A and market portfolio for a period of 6 years are as follows:
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(i) Characteristic line for stock A
(ii) The systematic and unsystematic risk of stock A.
Answer:
23 The rates of return on the security of Company X and market portfolio for 10 periods are given below:
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(i) What is the beta of Security X?

(ii) What is the characteristic line for Security X?
Answer:
140

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
24 Expected returns on two stocks for particular market returns are given in the following table:

(a) The Betas of the two stocks.
(b) Expected return of each stock, if the market return is equally likely to be 7% or 25%.
(c) The Security Market Line (SML), if the risk free rate is 7.5% and market return is equally likely to be
7% or 25%.
(d) The Alphas of the two stocks.
Answer:
(a) The Betas of two stocks:
Aggressive stock - (40% - 4%)/(25% - 7%) = 2
Defensive stock - (18% - 9%)/(25% - 7%) = 0.50
Alternatively, it can also be solved by using the Characteristic Line Relationship as follows:
Rs = α + βRm
Where
α = Alpha
β = Beta
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Rm= Market Return

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
For Aggressive Stock

4% = α + β(7%)
40% = α + β(25%)
36% = β(18%)
β=2
For Defensive Stock

9% = α + β(7%)
18% = α + β(25%)
9% = β(18%)
β =0.50
(b) Expected returns of the two stocks:-

Aggressive stock - 0.5 x 4% + 0.5 x 40% = 22%
Defensive stock - 0.5 x 9% + 0.5 x 18% = 13.5%
(c) Expected return of market portfolio = 0.5 x 7% + 0.5% x 25% = 16%

Market risk prem. = 16% - 7.5% = 8.5%
SML is, required return = 7.5% + βi 8.5%
(d) Rs = α + βRm
For Aggressive Stock
22% = αA + 2(16%)
αA = -10%
For Defensive Stock

13.5% = αD + 0.50(16%)
αD = 5.5%
25 A study by a Mutual fund has revealed the following data in respect of three securities:
The standard deviation of market portfolio (BSE Sensex) is observed to be 15%.

(i) What is the sensitivity of returns of each stock with respect to the market?
(ii) What are the covariances among the various stocks?
(iii) What would be the risk of portfolio consisting of all the three stocks equally?
(iv) What is the beta of the portfolio consisting of equal investment in each stock?
(v) What is the total, systematic and unsystematic risk of the portfolio in (iv)?
Answer:
(i) Sensitivity of each stock with market is given by its beta.
Standard deviation of market Index = 15%
Variance of market Index = 0.0225
Beta of stocks = σi r/ σ m
A = 20 × 0.60/15 = 0.80
B = 18 × 0.95/15 = 1.14
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C = 12 × 0.75/15 = 0.60

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(iii) Total risk of the equally weighted portfolio (Variance) = 400(1/3) 2 + 324(1/3)2 +
144(1/3)2 + 2 (205.20)(1/3)2 + 2(108.0)(1/3)2 + 2(153.900) (1/3)2 = 200.244
(iv) β of equally weighted portfolio =
(v)
26 Mr. X owns a portfolio with the following characteristics:
It is assumed that security returns are generated by a two factor model.

(i) If Mr. X has Rs. 1,00,000 to invest and sells short Rs. 50,000 of security B and purchases Rs. 1,50,000
of security A what is the sensitivity of Mr. X’s portfolio to the two factors?
(ii) If Mr. X borrows Rs. 1,00,000 at the risk free rate and invests the amount he borrows along with the
original amount of Rs. 1,00,000 in security A and B in the same proportion as described in part (i), what
is the sensitivity of the portfolio to the two factors?
(iii) What is the expected return premium of factor 2?
Answer:
143

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Mr. Tempest has the following portfolio of four shares:

144

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
The risk-free rate of return is 7% and the market rate of return is 14%.
Required.
Determine the portfolio return. (ii) Calculate the portfolio Beta.
Answer:
28. Mr. Abhishek is interested in investing Rs. 2,00,000 for which he is considering following three
alternatives:
(i) Invest Rs. 2,00,000 in Mutual Fund X (MFX)
(ii) Invest Rs. 2,00,000 in Mutual Fund Y (MFY)
(iii) Invest Rs. 1,20,000 in Mutual Fund X (MFX) and Rs. 80,000 in Mutual Fund Y (MFY)
Average annual return earned by MFX and MFY is 15% and 14% respectively. Risk free rate of return is
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10% and market rate of return is 12%.

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Covariance of returns of MFX, MFY and market portfolio Mix are as follow:
MFX MFY Mix
MFX 4.800 4.300 3.370
MFY 4.300 4.250 2.800
Mix 3.370 2.800 3.100
(i) variance of return from MFX, MFY and market return,
(ii) portfolio return, beta, portfolio variance and portfolio standard deviation,
(iii) expected return, systematic risk and unsystematic risk; and
(iv) Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Alpha of MFX, MFY and Portfolio Mix (ALSO IN RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
146

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29. Amal Ltd. has been maintaining a growth rate of 12% in dividends. The company has paid dividend
@ Rs. 3 per share. The rate of return on market portfolio is 15% and the risk-free rate of return in the
market has been observed as10%. The beta co-efficient of the company’s share is 1.2.
You are required to calculate the expected rate of return on the company’s shares as per CAPM model
and the equilibrium price per share by dividend growth model.
(NOV-22 RTP)
Answer:
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula for calculation of expected rate of return is
ER = Rf + β (Rm – Rf)
ER = Expected Return
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30. The following information is available in respect of Security X
You are required to determine the Standard Deviation of Market Return and Security Return.
Answer:
149

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31. Assuming that shares of ABC Ltd. and XYZ Ltd. are correctly priced according to Capital Asset Pricing
Model. The expected return from and Beta of these shares are as follows:
You are required to derive Security Market Line.

Answer:
32. A Ltd. has an expected return of 22% and Standard deviation of 40%. B Ltd. has an expected return
of 24% and Standard deviation of 38%. A Ltd. has a beta of 0.86 and B Ltd. a beta of 1.24. The correlation
coefficient between the return of A Ltd. and B Ltd. is 0.72. The Standard deviation of the market return
is 20%. Suggest:
(i) Is investing in B Ltd. better than investing in A Ltd.?
(ii) If you invest 30% in B Ltd. and 70% in A Ltd., what is your expected rate of return and portfolio
Standard deviation?
(iii) What is the market portfolios expected rate of return and how much is the risk-free rate?
What is the beta of Portfolio if A Ltd.’s weight is 70% and B Ltd.’s weight is 30%?
(NOV-2021 RTP)(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
A Ltd. has lower return and higher risk than B Ltd. investing in B Ltd. is better than in A Ltd. because the
returns are higher and the risk, lower. However, investing in both will yield diversification advantage.
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
33. XYZ Ltd. has substantial cash flow and until the surplus funds are utilised to meet the future capital
expenditure, likely to happen after several months, are invested in a portfolio of short-term equity
investments, details for which are given below
The current market return is 19% and the risk free rate is 11%.
Required to:
(i) Calculate the risk of XYZ’s short-term investment portfolio relative to that of the market;
(ii) Whether XYZ should change the composition of its portfolio.
Answer:
151

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34. A company has a choice of investments between several different equity oriented mutual funds. The
company has an amount of Rs.1 crore to invest. The details of the mutual funds are as follows:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Required:
(i) If the company invests 20% of its investment in each of the first two mutual funds and an equal
amount in the mutual funds C, D and E, what is the beta of the portfolio?
(ii) If the company invests 15% of its investment in C, 15% in A, 10% in E and the balance in equal amount
in the other two mutual funds, what is the beta of the portfolio?
If the expected return of market portfolio is 12% at a beta factor of 1.0, what will be the portfolios
expected return in both the situations given above?
Answer:
153

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35. Suppose that economy A is growing rapidly and you are managing a global equity fund and so far you
have invested only in developed-country stocks only. Now you have decided to add stocks of economy
A to your portfolio. The table below shows the expected rates of return, standard deviations, and
correlation coefficients (all estimates are for aggregate stock market of developed countries and stock
market of Economy A).
Assuming the risk-free interest rate to be 3%, you are required to determine:
(a) What percentage of your portfolio should you allocate to stocks of Economy A if you want to increase
the expected rate of return on your portfolio by 0.5%?
(b) What will be the standard deviation of your portfolio assuming that stocks of Economy A are included
in the portfolio as calculated above?
(c) Also show how well the Fund will be compensated for the risk undertaken due to inclusion of stocks
of Economy A in the portfolio?
Answer:
154

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36. Mr. FedUp wants to invest an amount of Rs. 520 lakhs and had approached his Portfolio Manager.
The Portfolio Manager had advised Mr. FedUp to invest in the following manner:
You are required to advise Mr. FedUp in regard to the following, using Capital Asset Pricing Methodology:
(i) Expected return on the portfolio, if the Government Securities are at 8% and the NIFTY is yielding 10%.
(ii) Advisability of replacing Security 'Better' with NIFTY.
Answer:
37. Your client is holding the following securities:

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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Average return of the portfolio is 15.7%, calculate:

(i) Expected rate of return in each, using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
(ii) Risk free rate of return.
Answer:
38. A holds the following portfolio:

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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Calculate:
(i) The expected rate of return of each security using Capital Asset Pricing Method (CAPM)
(ii) The average return of his portfolio.
Risk-free return is 14%
Answer:
157

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393 Your client is holding the following securities:
Assuming a Risk-free rate of 15%, calculate:

– Expected rate of return in each, using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
– Simple Average return of the portfolio.
Answer:
158

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40. An investor is holding 1,000 shares of Fatlass Company. Presently the rate of dividend being paid by
the company is Rs. 2 per share and the share is being sold at Rs. 25 per share in the market. However,
several factors are likely to change during the course of the year as indicated below:
In view of the above factors whether the investor should buy, hold or sell the shares? And why?
Answer:
In case of existing market price of c 25 per share, rate of return (20.4%) and possible equilibrium price of
share at Rs. 13.63, this share needs to be sold because the share is overpriced (Rs. 25 – 13.63) by Rs.
11.37. However, under the changed scenario where growth of dividend has been revised at 9% and the
return though decreased at 15% but the possible price of share is to be at Rs. 36.33 and therefore, in
order to expect price appreciation to Rs. 36.33 the investor should hold the shares, if other things remain
the same.
41. An investor is holding 5,000 shares of X Ltd. Current year dividend rate is Rs. 3/ share. Market price
of the share is Rs. 40 each. The investor is concerned about several factors which are likely to change
during the next financial year as indicated below:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
In view of the above, advise whether the investor should buy, hold or sell the shares.
Answer:
Market price of share of Rs. 40 is higher in comparison to current equilibrium price of Rs. 34.42
and revised equity price of Rs. 31.10. Under this situation investor should sell the share.
42. An investor has two portfolios known to be on minimum variance set for a population of three
securities A, B and C having below mentioned weights: s
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
It is supposed that there are no restrictions on short sales.
(i) What would be the weight for each stock for a portfolio constructed by investing Rs. 5,000 in portfolio
X and Rs. 3,000 in portfolio Y?.
(ii) Suppose the investor invests Rs. 4,000 out of Rs. 8,000 in security A. How he will allocate the balance
between security B and C to ensure that his portfolio is on minimum variance set?
Answer:
43. X Co., Ltd., invested on 1.4.2009 in certain equity shares as below:

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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
In September, 2009, 10% dividend was paid out by M Ltd. and in October, 2009, 30% dividend paid out
by N Ltd. On 31.3.2010 market quotations showed a value of Rs. 220 and Rs. 290 per share for M Ltd.
and N Ltd. respectively.
On 1.4.2010, investment advisors indicate (a) that the dividends from M Ltd. and N Ltd. for the year
ending 31.3.2011 are likely to be 20% and 35%, respectively and (b) that the probabilities of market
quotations on 31.3.2011 are as below:

(i) Calculate the average return from the portfolio for the year ended 31.3.2010;
(ii) Calculate the expected average return from the portfolio for the year 2010-11; and
Advise X Co. Ltd., of the comparative risk in the two investments by calculating the standard deviation
in each case.(NOV-21 EXAM QUESTION)( MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(i) Average Return from Portfolio for the year ended 31.03.2010 is 7.55%.
(ii) Expected Average Return from portfolio for the year 2010-11 is 18.02%
(iii) Calculation of Standard Deviation
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44. An investor holds two stocks A and B. An analyst prepared ex-ante probability distribution for the
possible economic scenarios and the conditional returns for two stocks and the market index as shown
below:
The risk free rate during the next year is expected to be around 11%. Determine whether the investor
should liquidate his holdings in stocks A and B or on the contrary make fresh investments in them. CAPM
assumptions are holding true.
Answer:
164

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45. Following are the details of a portfolio consisting of three shares:
Standard Deviation of Market Portfolio Returns = 10%

165
You are given the following additional data:

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Covariance (A, B) = 0.030

Covariance (A, C) = 0.020
Covariance (B, C) = 0.040
Calculate the following:
(i) The Portfolio Beta
(ii) Residual variance of each of the three shares
(iii) Portfolio variance using Sharpe Index Model
Portfolio variance (on the basis of modern portfolio theory given by Markowitz) (MTP- NOV 2021)
Answer:
(i) Portfolio Beta
0.20 x 0.40 + 0.50 x 0.50 + 0.30 x 1.10 = 0.66
(ii) Residual Variance

To determine Residual Variance first of all we shall compute the Systematic Risk as follows:
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46. Ramesh wants to invest in stock market. He has got the following information about individual
securities
Market index variance is 10 percent and the risk free rate of return is 7%. What should be the optimum
portfolio assuming no short sales?
Answer:
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47. A Portfolio Manager (PM) has the following four stocks in his portfolio:
Compute the following:

(i) Portfolio beta.
(ii) If the PM seeks to reduce the beta to 0.8, how much risk free investment should he bring in?
If the PM seeks to increase the beta to 1.2, how much risk free investment should he bring in?
Answer:
168

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49. A has portfolio having following features:

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You are required to find out the risk of the portfolio if the standard deviation of the market index is
18%.(MTP MARCH-2022)
Answer:
50. Mr. Tamarind intends to invest in equity shares of a company the value of which depends upon
various parameters as mentioned below
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If the risk free rate of interest be 9.25%, how much is the return of the share under Arbitrage Pricing
Theory?
Answer:
51. The total market value of the equity share of O.R.E. Company is Rs. 60,00,000 and the total value of
the debt is Rs. 40,00,000. The treasurer estimate that the beta of the stock is currently 1.5 and that the
expected risk premium on the market is 10 per cent. The treasury bill rate is 8 per cent.
Required:
(i) What is the beta of the Company’s existing portfolio of assets?
(ii) Estimate the Company’s Cost of capital and the discount rate for an expansion of the company’s
present business. (MTP- NOV 2021)(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
In case of expansion of the company’s present business, the same rate of return i.e.
13.40% will be used. However, in case of diversification into new business the risk profile of new business
is likely to be different. Therefore, different discount factor has to be worked out for such business.
52. Mr. Nirmal Kumar has categorized all the available stock in the market into the following types:
(i) Small cap growth stocks

(ii) Small cap value stocks
(iii) Large cap growth stocks
(iv) Large cap value stocks

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Mr. Nirmal Kumar also estimated the weights of the above categories of stocks in the market index.
Further, the sensitivity of returns on these categories of stocks to the three important factor are
estimated to be:
The rate of return on treasury bonds is 4.5%

Required:
(a) Using Arbitrage Pricing Theory, determine the expected return on the market index.
(b) Using Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), determine the expected return on the market index.
(c) Mr. Nirmal Kumar wants to construct a portfolio constituting only the ‘small cap value’ and ‘large cap
growth’ stocks. If the target beta for the desired portfolio is 1, determine the composition of his
portfolio.( MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
(a) Method I
Stock’s return
Small cap growth = 4.5 + 0.80 x 6.85 + 1.39 x (-3.5) + 1.35 x 0.65 = 5.9925%
Small cap value = 4.5 + 0.90 x 6.85 + 0.75 x (-3.5) + 1.25 x 0.65 = 8.8525%
Large cap growth = 4.5 + 1.165 x 6.85 + 2.75 x (-3.5) + 8.65 x 0.65 = 8.478%
Large cap value = 4.5 + 0.85 x 6.85 + 2.05 x (-3.5) + 6.75 x 0.65 = 7.535%
Expected return on market index
0.25 x 5.9925 + 0.10 x 8.8525 + 0.50 x 8.478 + 0.15 x 7.535 = 7.7526%
Method II
Expected return on the market index
= 4.5% + [0.1x0.9 + 0.25x0.8 + 0.15x0.85 + 0.50x1.165] x 6.85 + [(0.75 x 0.10 + 1.39 x 0.25 + 2.05 x 0.15 +
2.75 x 0.5)] x (-3.5) + [{1.25 x 0.10 + 1.35 x 0.25 + 6.75 x 0.15 + 8.65 x 0.50)] x 0.65
= 4.5 + 6.85 + (-7.3675) + 3.77 = 7.7525%.
(b) Using CAPM,

Small cap growth = 4.5 + 6.85 x 0.80 = 9.98%
Small cap value = 4.5 + 6.85 x 0.90 = 10.665%
Large cap growth = 4.5 + 6.85 x 1.165 = 12.48%
Large cap value = 4.5 + 6.85 x 0.85 = 10.3225%

Expected return on market index
= 0.25 x 9.98 + 0.10 x 10.665 + 0.50 x 12.45 + 0.15 x 10.3225 = 11.33%
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53. The following are the data on five mutual funds:
Fund Return Standard Deviation Beta A 15 7 1.25 B 18 10 0.75 C 14 5 1.40 D 12 6 0.98 E 16 9 1.50
You are required to compute Reward to Volatility Ratio and rank these portfolio using:
:- Sharpe method and
:- Treynor's method
assuming the risk free rate is 6%.
(ALSO IN MTP-OCT 2020)
Answer:
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54. Consider the following information on two stocks, X and Y.

(i) The expected return on a portfolio containing X and Y in the proportion of 40% and
60% respectively.
(ii) The Standard Deviation of return from each of the two stocks.
(iii) The Covariance of returns from the two stocks.
(iv) The Correlation coefficient between the returns of the two stocks.
(v) The risk of a portfolio containing X and Y in the proportion of 40% and 60%.
[MAY 2018 - 10 MARKS]
175
Answer:

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
55. Mr. Kapoor owns a portfolio with the following characteristics:

It is assumed that security returns are generated by a two factor model.
(i) If Mr. Kapoor has Rs. 1,00,000 to invest and sells short Rs. 50,000 of security Y and purchases Rs.
1,50,000 of security X, what is the sensitivity of Mr. Kapoor's portfolio to the two factors?
(ii) If Mr. Kapoor borrows Rs. 1,00,000 at the risk free rate and invests the amount he borrows along with
the original amount of Rs. 1,00,000 in security X and Y in the same proportion as described in part (i),
what is the sensitivity of the portfolio to the two factors?
(iii) What is the expected return premium of factor 2?
Answer:
(i) Mr. Kapoor’s position in the two securities is +1.50 in security X and -0.5 in security Y. Hence the
portfolio sensitivities to the two factors:-
b prop. 1 =1.50 x 0.75 + (-0.50 x 1.50) = 0.375
b prop. 2 = 1.50 x 0.60 + (-0.50 x 1.10) = 0.35
(ii) Mr. Kapoor’s current position:

Security X Rs. 3,00,000 / Rs. 1,00,000 = 3
Security Y -Rs. 1,00,000 / Rs. 1,00,000 = -1
Risk free asset -Rs. 100000 / Rs. 100000 = -1
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b prop. 1 = 3.0 x 0.75 + (-1 x 1.50) + (- 1 x 0) = 0.75


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
b prop. 2 = 3.0 x 0.60 + (-1 x 1.10) + (-1 x 0) = 0.70
(iii) Expected Return = Risk Free Rate of Return + Risk Premium

Let λ1 and λ2 are the Value Factor 1 and Factor 2 respectively.
Accordingly
15 = 10 + 0.75 λ1 + 0.60 λ2
20 = 10 + 1.50 λ1 + 1.10 λ2
On solving equation, the value of λ1 and λ2 comes 6.67 and 0 respectively.
Accordingly, the expected risk premium for the factor 2 shall be Zero and whatever be the risk the same
shall be on account of factor 1.
Alternatively, the risk premium of Securities X & Y can be calculated as follows:

Security X
Total Return = 15%
Risk Free Return = 10%
Risk Premium = 5%
Security Y
Total Return = 20%
Risk Free Return = 10%
Risk Premium = 10%
56. Following are the details of a portfolio consisting of 3 shares:
Standard Deviation of Market Portfolio Return = 12%

You are required to calculate the following:
(i) The Portfolio Beta.
(ii) Residual Variance of each of the three shares.
(iii) Portfolio Variance using Sharpe Index Model.
[MAY 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
177

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57. On 1 April 2015, Sunidhi was holding a portfolio of 10 securities whose value was Rs.9,94,450, the
weighted average of beta of 9 securities was 1.10. Since she was expecting a fall in the prices of the
shares in near future to hedge her portfolio she sold 5 contract of NIFTY Futures (Multiplier of 25)
expiring in May 2015, which was trading at 8767.07 on 1 April.
(a) Calculate the beta of the 10th security.
(b) Reconcile the reasons in spite of 2% fall in the market as per Sunidhi’s apprehension if she would
have earned some profit on her cash position.
[MTP MARCH 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
178

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(i) Recommend at least three securities which shall be selected among the six securities mentioned
above.
(ii) Assuming perfect correlation, evaluate whether it is preferable to invest 80% in security U and 20%
in security W or to invest 100% in Y.
[MTP -MARCH 2018]
Answer:
(i) When we make risk-return analysis of different securities from U to Z, we can observe that security U
gives a return of 10% at risk level of 5%. Simultaneously securities V and Z give the same return of 10% as
of security U, but their risk levels are 6% and 7% respectively. Security X is giving only 5% return for the risk
rate of 5%. Hence, security U dominates securities V, X and Z.
Securities W and Y offer more return but it carries higher level of risk. Hence securities U, W and Y can be
selected based on individual preferences.
(ii) In a situation where the perfect positive correlation exists between two securities, their risk and return
can be averaged with the proportion. Assuming the perfect correlation exists between the securities U and
W, average risk and return of U and W together for proportion 4 : 1 is calculated as follows:
Therefore: 80% U 100%Y

20% V -
Risk 6.6% 6%
Return 11% 11%
When we compare risk of 6.6% and return of 11% with security Y with 6% risk and 11% return, security Y is
preferable over the portfolio of securities U and W in proportion of 4: 1.
59. Explain Asset Allocation Strategies. [MTP AUGUST 2018 - 4 MARKS](MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
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(a) Integrated Asset Allocation: Under this strategy, capital market conditions and investor objectives and
constraints are examined and the allocation that best serves the investor’s needs while incorporating the
capital market forecast is determined.
(b) Strategic Asset Allocation: Under this strategy, optimal portfolio mixes based on returns, risk, and co-
variances is generated using historical information and adjusted periodically to restore target allocation
within the context of the investor’s objectives and constraints.
(c) Tactical Asset Allocation: Under this strategy, investor’s risk tolerance is assumed constant and the
asset allocation is changed based on expectations about capital market conditions.
(d) Insured Asset Allocation: Under this strategy, risk exposure for changing portfolio values (wealth) is
adjusted; more value means more ability to take risk.
60. Mr. Tempest has the following portfolio of four shares:
The risk-free rate of return is 7% and the market rate of return is 14%.
CALCULATE
(i) Portfolio return.
(ii) Calculate the portfolio Beta
[MTP - OCTOBER 2018 -8 MARKS]
Answer:
180

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61. The following information is available with respect of Krishna Ltd.
Calculate the Beta Value of the Krishna Ltd. at the end of 2015 and State your observation. [MTP -MARCH
2019 -8 MARKS]
Answer:
181

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62. Details about portfolio of shares of an investor is as below:
The investor thinks that the risk of portfolio is very high and wants to reduce the portfolio beta to 0.91.
He is considering two below mentioned alternative strategies:
(1) Dispose off a part of his existing portfolio to acquire risk free securities, or
(2) Take appropriate position on Nifty Futures which are currently traded at Rs. 8125 and each Nifty
points is worth Rs.200.

(i) portfolio beta,
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(ii) the value of risk free securities to be acquired,


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(iii) the number of shares of each company to be disposed off,

(iv) the number of Nifty contracts to be bought/sold; and
(v) the value of portfolio beta for 2% rise in Nifty.
[MTP APRIL 2019 / OCTOBER 2019 -10 MARKS / 8 MARKS]( MTP MARCH -2022)
Answer:
183

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63. Ram buys 10,000 shares of X Ltd. at a price of Rs. 22 per share whose beta value is 1.5 and sells 5,000
shares of A Ltd. at a price of Rs. 40 per share having a beta value of 2. He obtains a complete hedge by
Nifty futures at Rs. 1,000 each. He closes out his position at the closing price of the next day when the
share of X Ltd. dropped by 2%, share of A Ltd. appreciated by 3% and Nifty futures dropped by 1.5%.
Calculate the overall profit/loss to Ram? [MTP - APRIL 2019 -7 MARKS | RTP -NOV 2018]
Answer:
184

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64. Given below is information of market rates of Returns and Data from two Companies A and B:
Calculate the beta coefficients of the Shares of Company A and Company B

[MTP -APRIL 2019 - 7 MARKS]
Answer:
185

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65. X Co., Ltd., invested on 1.4.2009 in certain equity shares as below:
In September, 2009, 10% dividend was paid out by M Ltd. and in October, 2009, 30% dividend paid out
by N Ltd. On 31.3.2010 market quotations showed a value of Rs. 220 and Rs. 290 per share for M Ltd.
and N Ltd. respectively.
On 1.4.2010, investment advisors indicate (a) that the dividends from M Ltd. and N Ltd. for the year
ending 31.3.2011 are likely to be 20% and 35%, respectively and (b) that the probabilities of market
quotations on 31.3.2011 are as below:
(i) Calculate the average return from the portfolio for the year ended 31.3.2010;
(ii) Calculate the expected average return from the portfolio for the year 2010-11; and
(iii) Advise X Co. Ltd., of the comparative risk in the two investments by calculating the
standard deviation in each case. [MTP - APRIL 2019 -8 MARKS | RTP - MAY 2019]
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Answer:
187

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66. Expected returns on two stocks for particular market returns are given in the following table:

(i) The Betas of the two stocks.
(ii) Expected return of each stock, if the market return is equally likely to be 7% or 25%.
(iii) The Security Market Line (SML), if the risk free rate is 7.5% and market return is equally likely to be
7% or 25%.
(iv) The Alphas of the two stocks. [MTP OCTOBER 2019 8 MARKS | RTP MAY 2018]
Answer:
188

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67. An investor has decided to invest to invest Rs. 1,00,000 in the shares of two companies, namely, ABC
and XYZ. The projections of returns from the shares of the two companies along with their probabilities
are as follows:
You are required to

(i) Comment on return and risk of investment in individual shares.
(ii) Compare the risk and return of these two shares with a Portfolio of these shares in equal proportions.
(iii) Find out the proportion of each of the above shares to formulate a minimum risk portfolio.
[RTP MAY 2019]
Answer:
189

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190

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68. A company has a choice of investments between several different equity oriented mutual funds. The
company has an amount of Rs.1 crore to invest. The details of the mutual funds are as follows:
Required:
(i) If the company invests 20% of its investment in each of the first two mutual funds and an equal
amount in the mutual funds C, D and E, what is the beta of the portfolio?
(ii) If the company invests 15% of its investment in C, 15% in A, 10% in E and the balance in equal amount
(iii) If the expected return of market portfolio is 12% at a beta factor of 1.0, what will be the portfolios
expected return in both the situations given above?
[RTP NOV 2019]
Answer:
191

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(i) Portfolio beta.
(ii) If the PM seeks to reduce the beta to 0.8, how much risk free investment should he bring in?
(iii) If the PM seeks to increase the beta to 1.2, how much risk free investment should he bring in? [RTP
-MAY 2020]
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Answer:
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70.
(RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
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70.(MTP-OCT 2020) Mr. A, a HNI invested on 1.4.2014 in certain equity shares as below:
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Answer:
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71. Following are risk and return estimates for two stocks :
Stock Expected returns(%) Beta Specific SD of expected return (%)
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A 14 0.8 35
B 18 1.2 45
The market index has a Standard Deviation (SD) of 25% and risk free rate on Treasury Bills is 6%.
You are required to calculate :
The standard deviation of expected return on A and B.
Suppose a portfolio is to be constructed with the proportions of 25%, 40% and 35% in stock A, B and
Treasury Bills respectively, what would be the expected return, standard deviation of expected return of
the portfolio?(Nov 2019 )
Answer:
Standard deviation of expected return i.e. total of Systematic Risk and Unsystematic Risk. Total Risk =
Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk
Stock A
Systematic Risk = β2 σ2m = (0.8)2 (25)2 = 400 Unsystematic Risk = (35)2 = 1225
∴Total Risk = 400 +1225 = 40.31%
Stock B
Systematic Risk = (1.2)2 (25)2 = 900
Unsystematic Risk = (45)2 = 2025
∴Total Risk = 900 + 2025 = 54.08%
Expected Return and S.D. of portfolio
Expected Return = Wt Average
= (0.25 × 14) + (0.40 + 18) + (0.35 × 6) = 12.8%
Total Risk = Systematic Risk and Unsystematic Risk
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71. The following are the details of three mutual funds of MFL
The yield on 182 days treasure bill is 9% PA.

Rank the funds as per Sharpe’s measure.
Rank the funds as per Treynor’s measure.
Compare the performance with the market. .(NOV 2020)
Answer:
200

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201
72. JAN 2021) Ramesh has identified stocks of two companies A and B having good investment potential:

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73. RTP JULY 2021

(a)K Ltd. has invested in a portfolio of short-term equity investments. You are required to calculate the
risk of K Ltd.’s short-term investment portfolio relative to that of the market from the information given
below:
The current market return is 20% and the risk free return is 10%.
Advise whether K Ltd. should change the composition of its portfolio. If yes, then how. Note: Make
calculations upto 4 decimal points.
(b)
Answer:
(a)
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Market β implicit is 0.238 while the portfolio β is 2.93. Thus, the portfolio is marginally risky
compared to the market.
(b)
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Return (%)
Risk (Standard deviation) 4 5 12 4 5 6
Assuming three will have to be selected, advise which ones will be picked.
Assuming perfect correlation, evaluate whether it will be preferable to invest 75% in A and 25% in C or
to invest 100% in E. (8 Marks)(MTP JULY 2021)
Answer:
(i) Security A has a return of 8% for a risk of 4, whereas B and F have a higher risk for the same return.
Hence, among them A dominates.
For the same degree of risk 4, security D has only a return of 4%. Hence, D is also dominated by A.
Securities C and E remain in reckoning as they have a higher return though with higher degree of risk.
Hence, the ones to be selected are A, C & E. Alternatively, three securities can also be found as follows
206

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75. JULY 2021 QUES)

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A company has a choice of investments between several different equity oriented mutual funds. The
company has an amount of ` 100 lakhs to invest. The details of the mutual funds are as follows:
Mutual Funds A B C D E
Beta 1.5 1.0 0.8 2.0 0.7
PLAN I
If the company invests 20% of its investments in each of the first two mutual funds (A and B) and balance
in equal amounts in the mutual funds C, D and E, what is the beta of the portfolio?
PLAN II
If the company invests 15% of its investment in C, 15% in A, 10% in E and the balance in equal amounts
If the expected return of market portfolio is 12% at a beta factor of 1.0, what will be the expected return
on' the portfolio in both the plans given above?
ANSWER
Plan I: Investment in A and B at 20 % each and balance in equal proportion in C, D, and E.
Plan II: Investment in A at 15%, C at 15% and E at 10% and balance in equal proportion in B and D:
Expected return = Market return × Portfolio Beta
Plan Return
I 12% × 1.20 =
II 14.40%
12% × 1.315 =
15.78%
76. Mr. A is interested to invest Rs 1,00,000 in the securities market. He selected two securities B and D
for this purpose. The risk return profile of these securities are as follows:
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Co-efficient of correlation between B and D is 0.15.

You are required to calculate the portfolio return of the following portfolios of B and D to be considered
by A for his investment.
100 percent investment in B only;
50 percent of the fund in B and the rest 50 percent in D;
75 percent of the fund in B and the rest 25 percent in D; and
100 percent investment in D only.
RTP NOV 2021)(MTP MARCH -2022)
Answer:
209

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Portfolio beta.
If the PM seeks to reduce the beta to 0.8, how much risk free investment should he bring in?
(i) If the PM seeks to increase the beta to 1.2, how much risk free investment
should he bring in? (RTP NOV 2021)
Answer: 210

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211

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78. (MTP- NOV 2021)(MAY -22 RTP)

M is interested to construct a Portfolio of Securities A and B. He has collected the following information:
A B
Expected Return (ER) 19% 23%
14% 18%
M has 4 Portfolio options of A and B as follows:
(i) 50% of funds in each A and B
(ii) 75% of funds in A and 25% in B
(iii) 25% of funds in A and 75% in B
(iv) 60% of funds in A and 40% in B
Co-efficient of correlation (r) between A and B is 0.16. You are required to calculate:
(i) Expected Return under different Portfolio Options.
(ii) Risk Factor associated with these Portfolio Options.
(iii) Which Portfolio is best from the point of view of Risk?
(iv) Which Portfolio is best from the point of view of Return?
ANSWER
212

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213

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79. . (MTP- NOV 2021)
Suppose one of your HNI clients is holding the following portfolio as per his risk appetite:
Particulars Securities
Equity Shares:
G Ltd. 1000
S Ltd. 1000
B Ltd. 500
PSU Bonds 20,000
The other data related to each of these securities is as follows:
Your client is interested in investing some more funds in Bonds issued by GOI.
(1) Estimate the minimum rate of return that your client would expect from these Bonds keeping in view
his risk appetite and assuming Market Return as 15.70%.
(2) Analyze whether this portfolio has out-performed the market or not assuming Risk Free Rate of
Return as 7%.
ANSWER
(1) Working Notes:

Calculation of Return on each single security
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Thus keeping in view the present risk appetite, the client would expect at least a return of 6.37% on Bonds.
(2) The expected return on the Portfolio using CAPM:
= 7% + 0.40[12.7 – 7%] = 9.28%
Since the actual return is 8.90% which is quite lower than expected return considering the systematic risk
borne by the investor and hence portfolio has not outperformed the market rather has underperformed.
80. Mr. A is having 1 lakh shares of K Ltd. The beta of the company is 1.40. Mr. B a financial advisor has
suggested having the following portfolio:
Security Beta % holding
L 1.20 10
M 0.75 10
N 0.40 30
O 1.40 50
100
Market Return is 12% Risk free rate is 8%
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You. Are required to calculate the following for the present investment and suggested portfolio:
What is the expected return based on CAPM and also
If the market goes up by 2.5%.
If the market goes down by 2.5%.
If the market is giving a negative return of 2.5%.
If the probability of market giving negative return is more, please advise Mr. A whether to continue the
holdings of M/s. K Ltd. or to buy the portfolio as per the suggestion of Mr. B. If so, why? (MAY-22
RTP)(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
216

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81. A Ltd. has an expected return of 22% and Standard deviation of 40%. B Ltd. has an expected return of
24% and Standard deviation of 38%. A Ltd. has a beta of 0.86 and B Ltd. has a beta of
1.24. The correlation coefficient between the return of A Ltd. and B Ltd. is 0.72. The Standard deviation
of the market return is 20%.
Required:
(i) ADVISE whether investing in B Ltd. better than investing in A Ltd.?
(ii) CALCULATE Expected Rate of Return and Standard Deviation of your Portfolio if you invest 30% in B
Ltd. and 70% in A Ltd.
(iii) CALCULATE the market portfolios expected rate of return and the risk-free rate of return.
(iv) CALCULATE the beta of Portfolio if A Ltd.’s weight is 70% and B Ltd.’s weight is 30%? (MTP OCTOBER-
2022)
Answer:
217

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May- Nov- Nov- Jan- Jul- Nov- May-

Year May-19 Nov-20 Nov-22 May-23
18 18 19 21 21 21 22
STUDY
Ques 1-12
MAT
PAST NO NO NO NO PENDING PENDING

Q3 Q4 Q3 NO QUES Q3
EXAMS QUES QUES QUES QUES
BY ICAI BY ICAI
NO PENDING
MTP Q5 Q4,6,8 Q3,5,9,10 Q1 Q7 Q11,12 Q4,13 Q5
QUES BY ICAI
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO PENDING
RTP NO QUES NO QUES Q6
QUES QUES QUES QUES QUES QUES QUES
BY ICAI
1. What are the main problems faced in securitization especially in Indian context? [ALSO ASKED IN MTP
OCTOBER 2019- 4 MARKS]
Following are main problems faced in growth of Securitization of instruments especially in Indian context:
1. Stamp Duty
Stamp Duty is one of the obstacle in India. Under Transfer of Property Act, 1882, a mortgage debt stamp
duty which even goes upto 12% in some states of India and this impeded the growth of securitization in
India. It should be noted that since pass through certificate does not evidence any debt only able to
receivable, they are exempted from stamp duty. Moreover, in India, recognizing the special nature of
securitized instruments in some states has reduced the stamp duty on them.
2. Taxation
Taxation is another area of concern in India. In the absence of any specific provision relating to securitized
220
instruments in Income Tax Act experts’ opinion differ a lot. Some are of opinion that SPV as a trustee is

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liable to be taxed in a representative capacity then others are of view that instead of SPV, investors will be
taxed on their share of income. Clarity is also required on the issues of capital gain implications on passing
payments to the investors.
3. Accounting
Accounting and reporting of securitized assets in the books of originator is another area of concern.
Although securitization is slated to be an off-balance sheet instrument but in true sense receivables are
removed from originator’s balance sheet. Problem arises especially when assets are transferred without
recourse.
4. Lack of standardization- Every originator following his own format for documentation and
administration having lack of standardization is another obstacle in the growth of securitization.
5. Inadequate Debt Market
Lack of existence of a well-developed debt market in India is another obstacle that hinders the growth of
secondary market of securitized or asse1t backed securities.
6. Ineffective Foreclosure laws
For many years efforts are on for effective foreclosure but still foreclosure laws are not supportive to
lending institutions and this makes securitized instruments especially mortgaged backed securities less
attractive as lenders face difficulty in transfer of property in event of default by the borrower.
2. DIFFERENTIATE between PTS and PTC.

Difference between Pass Through Certificates (PTCs) and Pay Through Security (PTS) Pass Through
Certificates (PTCs)
As the title suggests originator (seller of the assets) transfers the entire receipt of cash in form of interest
or principal repayment from the assets sold. Thus, these securities represent direct claim of the investors
on all the assets that has been securitized through SPV Since all cash flows are transferred the investors
carry proportional beneficial interest in the asset held in the trust by SPV.
It should be noted that since it is a direct route any prepayment of principal is also proportionately
distributed among the securities holders. Further, due to these characteristics on completion of
securitization by the final payment of assets, all the securities are terminated simultaneously. Skewness
of cash flows occurs in early stage if principals are repaid before the scheduled time.
Pay Through Security (PTS)
As mentioned earlier, since, in PTCs all cash flows are passed to the performance of the securitized assets.
To overcome this limitation and limitation to single mature there is another structure i.e. PTS.
In contrast to PTC in PTS, SPV debt securities backed by the assets and hence it can restructure different
tranches from varying maturities of receivables.
In other words, this structure permits desynchronization of servicing of securities issued from cash flow
generating from the asset. Further, this structure also permits the SPV to reinvest surplus funds for short
term as per their requirement.
Since, in Pass Through, all cash flow immediately in PTS in case of early retirement of receivables plus cash
can be used for short term yield. This structure also provides the freedom to issue several debt trances
with varying maturities.
3. Discuss briefly the steps involved in the Securitization mechanism.

OR
Explain the benefits of Securitization from the perspective of both originator as well as the investor?
[MAY 2018 -4 MARKS | MTP- APRIL 2019 - 6 MARKS | MAY 2019 - 4 MARKS](MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION)
The steps involved in securitization mechanism are as follows:

i. Creation of Pool of Assets: The process of securitization begins with creation of pool of assets by
segregation of assets backed by similar type of mortgages in terms of interest rate, risk, maturity and
concentration units.
ii. Transfer to SPV: One assets have been pooled, they are transferred to Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)
221
especially created for this purpose.


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iii. Sale of Securitized Papers: SPV designs the instruments based on nature of interest, risk, tenure etc. based
on pool of assets. These instruments can be Pass Through Security or Pay Through Certificates.
iv. Administration of assets: The administration of assets in subcontracted back to originator which collects
principal and interest from underlying assets and transfer it to SPV, which works as a conduct.
v. Recourse to Originator: Performance of securitized papers depends on the performance of
underlying assets and unless specified in case of default they go back to originator from SPV.
vi. Repayment of funds: SPV will repay the funds in form of interest and principal that arises from the
assets pooled.
vii. Credit Rating of Instruments: Sometime before the sale of securitized instruments credit rating can
be done to assess the risk of the issuer.
OR
The benefits of securitization can be viewed from the angle of various parties involved as follows:
(A) From the angle of originator: Originator (entity which sells assets collectively to Special Purpose
Vehicle) achieves the following benefits from securitization.
(i) Off – Balance Sheet Financing: When loan/receivables are securitized it release a portion of capital tied
up in these assets resulting in off Balance Sheet financing leading to improved liquidity position which helps
expanding the business of the company.
(ii) More specialization in main business: By transferring the assets the entity could concentrate more on
core business as servicing of loan is transferred to SPV. Further, in case of non-recourse arrangement even
the burden of default is shifted.
(iii) Helps to improve financial ratios: Especially in case of Financial Institutions and Banks, it helps to
manage Capital –To-Weighted Asset Ratio effectively.
(iv) Reduced borrowing Cost: Since securitized papers are rated due to credit enhancement even they can
also be issued at reduced rate as of debts and hence the originator earns a spread, resulting in reduced
cost of borrowings.
(B) From the angle of investor: Following benefits accrues to the investors of securitized securities.
1. Diversification of Risk: Purchase of securities backed by different types of assets provides the
diversification of portfolio resulting in reduction of risk.
2. Regulatory requirement: Acquisition of asset backed belonging to a particular industry say micro
industry helps banks to meet regulatory requirement of investment of fund in industry specific.
3. Protection against default: In case of recourse arrangement if there is any default by any third party
then originator shall make good the least amount. Moreover, there can be insurance arrangement for
compensation for any such default.
4. Discuss about the Primary Participants in the process of Securitization

[NOV 2018 -4 MARKS | MTP - AUGUST 2018 -4 MARKS](MTP MARCH -2022)
Primary Participants are main parties to the process of securitization. The primary participants in the
process of securitization are as follows:
(i) Originator: It is the initiator of deal or can be termed as securitizer. It is an entity which sells the assets
lying in its books and receives the funds generated through the sale of such assets. The originator transfers
both legal as well as beneficial interest to the Special Purpose Vehicle.
(ii) Special Purpose Vehicle: Also, called SPV, it is created for the purpose of executing the deal. Since issuer
originator transfers all rights in assets to SPV, it holds the legal title of these assets. It is created especially
for the purpose of securitization only and normally could be in form of a company, a firm, a society or a
222
trust.The main objective of creating SPV is to remove the asset from the Balance Sheet of Originator.

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Since, SPV makes an upfront payment to the originator, it holds the key position in the overall process of
securitization. Further, it also issues the securities (called Asset Based Securities or Mortgage Based
Securities) to the investors.
(iii) The Investors: Investors are the buyers of securitized papers which may be an individual, an
institutional investor such as mutual funds, provident funds, insurance companies, Financial Institutions
etc.
Since, they acquire a participating share in the total pool of assets/receivable, they receive their money
back in the form of interest and principal as per the agreed terms.
5. Describe various securitization instruments? [MTP - MARCH 2018 / APRIL 2019 - 5 MARKS / 6
MARKS](MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Securitization Instruments
On the basis of different maturity characteristics, the securitized instruments can be divided into
following three categories:
(i) Pass Through Certificates (PTCs): As the title suggests originator (seller of the assets) transfers the entire
receipt of cash in form of interest or principal repayment from the assets sold. Thus, these securities
represent direct claim of the investors on all the assets that has been securitized through SPV.
Since all cash flows are transferred the investors carry proportional beneficial interest in the asset held in
the trust by SPV.
It should be noted that since it is a direct route any prepayment of principal is also proportionately
distributed among the securities holders. Further, due to these characteristics on completion of
securitization by the final payment of assets, all the securities are terminated simultaneously.
Skewness of cash flows occurs in early stage if principals are repaid before the scheduled time.
(ii) Pay Through Security (PTS): As mentioned earlier, since, in PTCs all cash flows are passed to the
performance of the securitized assets. To overcome this limitation and limitation to single mature there is
another structure i.e. PTS. In contrast to PTC in PTS, SPV debt securities backed by the assets and hence it
can restructure different tranches from varying maturities of receivables. In other words, this structure
permits desynchronization of servicing of securities issued from cash flow generating from the asset.
Further, this structure also permits the SPV to reinvest surplus funds for short term as per their
requirement.
Since, in Pass Through, all cash flow immediately in PTS in case of early retirement of receivables plus cash
can be used for short term yield. This structure also provides the freedom to issue several debt trances
with varying maturities.
(iii) Stripped Securities: Stripped Securities are created by dividing the cash flows associated with
underlying securities into two or more new securities. Those two securities are as follows:
(i) Interest Only (IO) Securities
(ii) Principle Only (PO) Securities
As each investor receives a combination of principal and interest, it can be stripped into two portions of
Interest and Principle. Accordingly, the holder of IO securities receives only interest while PO security
holder receives only principal. Being highly volatile in nature these securities are less preferred by investors.
In case yield to maturity in market rises, PO price tends to fall as borrower prefers to postpone the payment
on cheaper loans.
Whereas if interest rate in market falls, the borrower tends to repay the loans as they prefer to borrow
fresh at lower rate of interest. In contrast, value of IO’s securities increases when interest rate goes up in
the market as more interest is calculated on borrowings. However, when interest rate due to prepayments
of principals, IO’s tends to fall. Thus, from the above, it is clear that it is mainly perception of investors that
determines the prices of IOs and POs.
6. Explain the features of ‘Securitization’? [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 4 MARKS]

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(NOV-22 RTP)

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
The securitization has the following features:
(i) Creation of Financial Instruments – The process of securities can be viewed as process of creation of
additional financial product of securities in market backed by collaterals.
(ii) Bundling and Unbundling – When all the assets are combined in one pool it is bundling and when these
are broken into instruments of fixed denomination it is unbundling.
(iii) Tool of Risk Management – In case of assets are securitized on non-recourse basis, then securitization
process acts as risk management as the risk of default is shifted.
(iv) Structured Finance – In the process of securitization, financial instruments are tailor structured to meet
the risk return trade of profile of investor, and hence, these securitized instruments are considered as best
examples of structured finance.
(v) Trenching – Portfolio of different receivable or loan or asset are split into several parts based on risk
and return they carry called ‘Trenche’. Each Trench carries a different level of risk and return.
(vi) Homogeneity – Under each trenche the securities are issued of homogenous nature and even meant
for small investors the who can afford to invest in small amounts.
7. Calculate the value of share from the following information:

Profit of the company Rs. 290 crores
Equity capital of company Rs. 1,300 crores
Par value of share Rs. 40 each
Debt ratio of company (Debt/ Debt + Equity) 27%
Long run growth rate of the company 8%
Beta 0.1; risk free interest rate 8.7%
Market returns 10.3%
Capital expenditure per share Rs. 47
Depreciation per share Rs. 39
Change in Working capital Rs. 3.45 per share
[MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 4 MARKS | RTP - MAY 2020]
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8. EXPLAIN securitization in India?
It is the Citi Bank who pioneered the concept of securitization in India by bundling of auto loans in
securitized instruments. Thereafter many organizations securitized their receivables. Although started
with securitization of auto loans it moved to other types of receivables such as sales tax deferrals, aircraft
receivable etc. In order to encourage securitization, the Government has come out with Securitization and
Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002, to tackle
menace of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) without approaching to Court. With growing sophistication of
financial products in Indian Capital Market, securitization has occupied an important place.
As mentioned above, though, initially started with auto loan receivables, it has become an important
source of funding for micro finance companies and NBFCs and even now a days commercial mortgage
backed securities are also emerging. The important highlight of the scenario of securitization in Indian
Market is that it is dominated by a few players e.g. ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, NHB etc.
As per a report of CRISIL, securitization transactions in India scored to the highest level of approximately
Rs. 70000 crores, in Financial Year 2016. (Business Line, 15th June, 2016) In order to further enhance the
investor base in securitized.
9. Explain the pricing of the securitized Instruments[MTP - MARCH 2019 - 4 MARKS]

ANSWER:
Pricing of the securitized Instruments

Pricing of securitized instruments in an important aspect of securitization. While pricing the instruments,
it is important that it should be acceptable to both originators as well as to the investors. On the same basis
pricing of securities can be divided into following two categories
From Originator’s Angle
From originator’s point of view, the instruments can be priced at a rate at which originator has to incur an
outflow and if that outflow can be amortized over a period of time by investing the amount raised through
securitization.
From Investor’s Angle
From an investor’s angle security price can be determined by discounting best estimate of expected future
cash flows using rate of yield to maturity of a security of comparable security with respect to credit quality
and average life of the securities. This yield can also be estimated by referring the yield curve available for
marketable securities, though some adjustments is needed on account of spread points, because of credit
quality of the securitized instruments.
10. Describe the concept of ‘Stripped Securities’. [MTP - MARCH 2019 - 4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Stripped Securities
Stripped Securities are created by dividing the cash flows associated with underlying securities into two or
more new securities. Those two securities are as follows:
(i) Interest Only (IO) Securities
(ii) Principle Only (PO) Securities
As each investor receives a combination of principal and interest, it can be stripped into two portion of
Interest and Principle. Accordingly, the holder of IO securities receives only interest while PO security
holder receives only principal. Being highly volatile in nature these securities are less preferred by investors.
In case yield to maturity in market rises, PO price tends to fall as borrower prefers to postpone the payment
on cheaper loans. Whereas if interest rate in market falls, the borrower tends to repay the loans as they
prefer to borrow fresh at lower rate of interest.
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In contrast, value of IO’s securities increases when interest rate goes up in the market as more interest is
calculated on borrowings. However, when interest rate due to prepayments of principals, IO’s tends to fall.
Thus, from the above, it is clear that it is mainly perception of investors that determines the prices of IOs
and POs.
11.List out the reasons for dismal growth of Securitization of instruments in India. (MTP- NOV 2021)
OR
Explain the term ‘Business Model’ with the help of an illustration?
ANSWER:
Following are main problems faced in growth of Securitization of instruments especially in Indian context:
(i) Stamp Duty: Stamp Duty is one of the obstacles in India. Under Transfer of Property Act, 1882, a
mortgage debt stamp duty which even goes upto 12% in some states of India and this impeded the growth
of securitization in India. It should be noted that since pass through certificate does not evidence any debt
only able to receivable, they are exempted from stamp duty.
Moreover, in India, recognizing the special nature of securitized instruments in some states has reduced
the stamp duty on them.
(ii) Taxation: Taxation is another area of concern in India. In the absence of any specific provision relating
to securitized instruments in Income Tax Act experts’ opinion differ a lot. Some are of opinion that SPV as
a trustee is liable to be taxed in a representative capacity then others are of view that instead of SPV,
investors will be taxed on their share of income. Clarity is also required on the issues of capital gain
implications on passing payments to the investors.
(iii) Accounting: Accounting and reporting of securitized assets in the books of originator is
another area of concern. Although securitization is slated to be an off -balance sheet instrument but in true
sense receivables are removed from originator’s balance sheet. Problem arises especially when assets are
transferred without recourse.
(iv) Lack of standardization: Every originator following his own format for documentation and
administration having lack of standardization is another obstacle in the growth of securitization.
(v) Inadequate Debt Market: Lack of existence of a well-developed debt market in India is another obstacle
that hinders the growth of secondary market of securitized or asset backed securities.
(vi) Ineffective Foreclosure laws: For many years efforts are on for effective foreclosure but still foreclosure
laws are not supportive to lending institutions and this makes securitized instruments especially mortgaged
backed securities less attractive as lenders face difficulty in transfer of property in event of default by the
borrower.
OR
The term business model is a wide term denoting core aspects of a business including purpose, business
process, target customers, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, sourcing, trading
practices, and operational processes and policies including culture.
Further, as per Investopedia, a business model is the way in which a company generates revenue and
makes a profit from company operations. Analysts use the term gross profit as a way to compare the
efficiency and effectiveness of a firm's business model. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of
goods sold from revenues. A business model can be illustrated with the help of an example. There are two
companies – company A and company B. Both the companies are engaged in the business of renting
movies. Prior to the advent of internet both the companies rent movies physically. Both the companies
made ₹5 crore as revenues. Cost of goods sold was ₹4 crore. So, the companies made ₹1 crore as gross
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profit. After the introduction of internet, company A started to offer movies online instead of renting or

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selling it physically. This change affected the business model of company A positively. Revenue is still ₹5
crore but the significant part is that cost of goods sold is now ₹2 crore only. This is because online sales
lead to significant reduction of storage and distribution costs. So, the gross profit increases from 20% to
60%.
Therefore, Company A isn't making more in sales, but it figured out a way to revolutionize its business
model, which greatly reduces costs. Managers at company A have an additional 40% more in margin to
play with than managers at company A. Managers at company A have little room for error and they have
to tread carefully.
12. “While pricing the securitized instruments, it is important that it should be acceptable to both
originators as well as to the investors”. Explain?
(MTP- NOV 2021)
Pricing of securitized instruments is an important aspect of securitization. While pricing the instruments, it
is important that it should be acceptable to both originators as well as to the investors. On the same basis
pricing of securities can be divided into following two categories:
(1) From Originator’s Angle: From originator’s point of view, the instruments can be priced at a rate at
which originator has to incur an outflow and if that outflow can be amortized over a period of time by
investing the amount raised through securitization.
(2) From Investor’s Angle: From an investor’s angle security price can be determined by discounting best
estimate of expected future cash flows using rate of yield to maturity of a security of comparable security
with respect to credit quality and average life of the securities. This yield can also be estimated by referring
the yield curve available for marketable securities, though some adjustments is needed on account of
spread points, because of credit quality of the securitized instruments.
13. “Securitization is a process of repackaging or rebundling of illiquid assets into marketable securities
‘? (MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
Yes, to some extent this statement is correct because the securitization has the following
features:
(i) Creation of Financial Instruments – The process of securities can be viewed as process of creation of
additional financial product of securities in market backed by collaterals.
(ii) Bundling and Unbundling – When all the assets are combined in one pool it is bundling and when these
are broken into instruments of fixed denomination it is unbundling.
(iii) Tool of Risk Management – In case of assets are securitized on non-recourse basis, then
securitization process acts as risk management as the risk of default is shifted.
(iv) Structured Finance – In the process of securitization, financial instruments are tailor
structured to meet the risk return trade of profile of investor, and hence, these securitized
instruments are considered as best examples of structured finance.
(v) Trenching – Portfolio of different receivable or loan or asset are split into several parts based
on risk and return they carry called ‘Tranche’. Each Trench carries a different level of risk and
return.
(vi) Homogeneity – Under each tranche the securities issued are of homogenous nature and even
meant for small investors who can afford to invest in small amounts.
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Theoretical Questions
1. Explain how to establish a Mutual Fund.
Answer:
Establishment of a Mutual Fund: A mutual fund is required to be registered with the Securities
and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) before it can collect funds from the public. All mutual funds are
governed by the same set of regulations and are subject to monitoring and inspections by the
SEBI.
The Mutual Fund has to be established through the medium of a sponsor. A sponsor means
anybody corporate who, acting alone or in combination with another body corporate,
establishes a mutual fund after completing the formalities prescribed in the SEBI's Mutual Fund
Regulations. The role of sponsor is akin to that of a promoter of a company, who provides the
initial capital and appoints the trustees. The sponsor should be a body corporate in the business
of financial services for a period not less than 5 years, be financially sound and be a fit party to
act as sponsor in the eyes of SEBI.
The Mutual Fund has to be established as either a trustee company or a Trust, under the Indian
Trust Act and the instrument of trust shall be in the form of a deed. The deed shall be executed
by the sponsor in favour of the trustees named in the instrument of trust. The trust deed shall
be duly registered under the provisions of the Indian Registration Act, 1908. The trust deed
shall contain clauses specified in the Third Schedule of the Regulations.
An Asset Management Company, who holds an approval from SEBI, is to be appointed to

manage the affairs of the Mutual Fund and it should operate the schemes of such fund. The
Asset Management Company is set up as a limited liability company, with a minimum net
worth of Rs. 10 crores.
The sponsor should contribute at least 40% to the networth of the Asset Management
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Company.

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The Trustee should hold the property of the Mutual Fund in trust for the benefit of the unit
holders.
SEBI regulations require that at least two-thirds of the directors of the Trustee Company or
board of trustees must be independent, that is, they should not be associated with the
sponsors. Also, 50 per cent of the directors of
AMC must be independent. The appointment of the AMC can be terminated by majority of
the trustees or by 75% of the unit holders of the concerned scheme.
The AMC may charge the mutual fund with Investment Management and Advisory fees subject
to prescribed ceiling. Additionally, the AMC may get the expenses on operation of the mutual
fund reimbursed from the concerned scheme. The Mutual fund also appoints a custodian,
holding valid certificate of registration issued by SEBI, to have custody of securities held by the
mutual fund under different schemes. In case of dematerialized securities, this is done by
Depository Participant. The custodian must be independent of the sponsor and the AMC.
2. What are the advantages of investing in Mutual Funds?

Answer:
(a) Professional Management: The funds are managed by skilled and professionally
experienced managers with a back up of a Research team.
(b) Diversification: Mutual Funds offer diversification in portfolio which reduces the risk.
(c) Convenient Administration: There are no administrative risks of share transfer, as many of
the Mutual Funds offer services in a demat form which save investor’s time and delay.
(d) Higher Returns: Over a medium to long-term investment, investors always get higher
returns in Mutual Funds as compared to other avenues of investment. This is already seen from
excellent returns, Mutual Funds have provided in the last few years. However, investors are
cautioned that such high returns riding on the IT boom should not be taken as regular returns
and therefore one should look at the average returns provided by the Mutual Funds particularly
in the equity schemes during the last couple of years.
(e) Low Cost of Management: No Mutual Fund can increase the cost beyond prescribed limits
of 2.5% maximum and any extra cost of management is to be borne by the AMC.
(f) Liquidity: In all the open ended funds, liquidity is provided by direct sales / repurchase by
the Mutual Fund and in case of close ended funds, the liquidity is provided by listing the units
on the Stock Exchange.
(g) Transparency: The SEBI Regulations now compel all the Mutual Funds to disclose their
portfolios on a half-yearly basis. However, many Mutual Funds disclose this on a quarterly or
monthly basis to their investors. The NAVs are calculated on a daily basis in case of open ended
funds and are now published through AMFI in the newspapers.
(h) Other Benefits: Mutual Funds provide regular withdrawal and systematic investment plans
according to the need of the investors. The investors can also switch from one scheme to
another without any load.
(i) Highly Regulated: Mutual Funds all over the world are highly regulated and in India all
Mutual Funds are registered with SEBI and are strictly regulated as per the Mutual Fund
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Regulations which provide excellent investor protection.

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(j) Economies of scale: The way mutual funds are structured gives it a natural advantage. The
“pooled” money from a number of investors ensures that mutual funds enjoy economies of
scale; it is cheaper compared to investing directly in the capital markets which involves higher
charges. This also allows retail investors access to high entry level markets like real estate, and
also there is a greater control over costs.
(k) Flexibility: There are a lot of features in a regular mutual fund scheme, which imparts
flexibility to the scheme. An investor can opt for Systematic Investment Plan (SIP), Systematic
Withdrawal Plan etc. to plan his cash flow requirements as per his convenience. The wide range
of schemes being launched in India by different mutual funds also provides an added flexibility
to the investor to plan his portfolio accordingly.
Practical Questions
3. Mr. A can earn a return of 16 per cent by investing in equity shares on his own. Now he is
considering a recently announced equity based mutual fund scheme in which initial expenses
are 5.5 per cent and annual recurring expenses are 1.5 per cent. How much should the mutual
fund earn to provide Mr. A return of 16 per cent?
Answer:-
4. The unit price of Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS) of a mutual fund is Rs. 10/-. The
public offer price (POP) of the unit is Rs. 10.204 and the redemption price is Rs. 9.80.
Calculate:
(i) Front-end Load
(ii) Back end Load (NOV-21 PAST EXAM)
Answer:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
5. A mutual fund that had a net asset value of Rs. 20 at the beginning of month - made income
and capital gain distribution of Rs. 0.0375 and Rs. 0.03 per share respectively during the
month, and then ended the month with a net asset value of Rs. 20.06. Calculate monthly
return.
Answer:
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6. An investor purchased 300 units of a Mutual Fund at Rs. 12.25 per unit on 31st December,
2009. As on 31st December, 2010 he has received Rs. 1.25 as dividend and Rs. 1.00 as capital
gains distribution per unit.
Required :
(i) The return on the investment if the NAV as on 31st December, 2010 is Rs. 13.00.
(ii) The return on the investment as on 31st December, 2010 if all dividends and capital gains
distributions are reinvested into additional units of the fund at Rs. 12.50 per unit? [ALSO IN
MTP - OCT 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:-
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7. SBI mutual fund has a NAV of Rs. 8.50 at the beginning of the year. At the end of the year
NAV increases to Rs. 9.10. Meanwhile fund distributes Rs. 0.90 as dividend and Rs. 0.75 as
capital gains.
(i) What is the fund’s return during the year?
(ii) Had these distributions been re-invested at an average NAV of Rs. 8.75 assuming
200 units were purchased originally. What is the return?
Answer:
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8. The following information is extracted from Steady Mutual Fund’s Scheme:

- Asset Value at the beginning of the month - Rs. 65.78
- Annualised return -15 %
- Distributions made in the nature of Income - Rs. 0.50 and Rs. 0.32 & Capital gain (per unit
respectively)
(i) Calculate the month end net asset value of the mutual fund scheme (limit your answers
to two decimals).
(ii) Provide a brief comment on the month end NAV.
Answer: 235

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9. Cinderella Mutual Fund has the following assets in Scheme Rudolf at the close of business
on 31stMarch,2014.
The total number of units of Scheme Rudol fare 10 lacs. The Scheme Rudolf has accrued
expenses of Rs. 2,50,000 and other liabilities of Rs. 2,00,000. Calculate the NAV per unit of
the Scheme Rudolf.
Answer:
236

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
10. A Mutual Fund Co. has the following assets under it on the close of business as on:
Total No. of Units 6,00,000

(i) Calculate Net Assets Value (NAV) of the Fund.
(ii) Following information is given:
Assuming one Mr. A, submits a cheque of Rs. 30,00,000 to the Mutual Fund and the Fund
manager of this company purchases 8,000 shares of M Ltd; and the balance amount is held
in Bank. In such a case, what would be the position of the Fund?
(iii) Find new NAV of the Fund as on 2nd February 2012.
(MTP MARCH -2022)
Answer:
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11. On 1st April 2009 Fair Return Mutual Fund has the following assets and prices at 4.00
p.m.
Please calculate:
(a) NAV of the Fund on 1st April 2009.
(b) Assuming that on 1st April 2009, Mr. X, a HNI, send a cheque of Rs. 50,00,000 to the Fund
and Fund Manager immediately purchases 18000 shares of C Ltd. and balance is held in bank.
Then what will be position of fund.
(c) Now suppose on 2 April 2009 at 4.00 p.m. the market price of shares is as follows:
Shares Rs.
A Ltd. 20.30
B Ltd. 513.70
C Ltd. 290.80
D Ltd. 671.90
E Ltd. 44.20
Then what will be new NAV? . [ALSO IN RTP NOV 2019]
Answer:
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12. A has invested in three Mutual Fund Schemes as per details below:
Required:
What is the effective yield on per annum basis in respect of each of the three schemes to Mr.
A upto 31.03.2010?
Answer: 239

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
13. Mr. Sinha has invested in three Mutual fund schemes as per details below:
You are required to calculate the effective yield on per annum basis in respect of each of the
three schemes to Mr. Sinha upto 31.03.2009.
Answer:
14. Mr. Y has invested in the three mutual funds (MF) as per the following details:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Assume 1 Year =365 days

Mr. Y has misplaced the documents of his investment. Help him in finding the date of his
original investment after ascertaining the following:
(i) Number of units in each scheme;

(ii) Total NAV;
(iii) Total Yield; and
(iv) Number of days investment held. .(ALSO IN MTP OCT 2020)
Answer:
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15. Mr. X on 1.7.2007, during the initial offer of some Mutual Fund invested in 10,000 units
having face value of Rs. 10 for each unit. On 31.3.2008, the dividend paid by the M.F. was
10% and Mr. X found that his annualized yield was 153.33%. On 31.12.2009, 20% dividend
was given. On 31.3.2010, Mr. X redeemed all his balance of 11,296.11 units when his
annualized yield was 73.52%. What are the NAVs as on 31.3.2008, 31.3.2009 and 31.3.2010?
Answer:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
16. Mr. X on 1.7.2012, during the initial public offer of a Mutual Fund (MF) invested Rs.
1,00,000 at Face Value of Rs. 10. On 31.3.2013, the MF declared a dividend of 10% when Mr.
X calculated that his holding period return was 115%. On 31.3.2014, MF again declared a
dividend of 20%. On 31.3.2015, Mr. X redeemed all his investment which had accumulated
to 11,296.11 units when his holding period return was 202.17%.
Calculate the NAVs as on 31.03.2013, 31.03.2014 and 31.03.2015.
Answer:
17. A Mutual Fund having 300 units has shown its NAV of Rs. 8.75 and Rs. 9.45 at the
beginning and at the end of the year respectively. The Mutual Fund has given two options:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(i) Pay Rs. 0.75 per unit as dividend and Rs. 0.60 per unit as a capital gain, or
(ii) These distributions are to be reinvested at an average NAV of Rs. 8.65 per unit.
What difference it would make in terms of return available and which option is preferable?
[ALSO IN NOV 2018 - 8 MARKS | MTP - MARCH 2018 - 8 MARKS](MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
18. On 1-4-2012 ABC Mutual Fund issued 20 lakh units at Rs. 10 per unit. Relevant initial
expenses involved were Rs. 12 lakhs. It invested the fund so raised in capital market
instruments to build a portfolio of Rs. 185 lakhs. During the month of April 2012 it disposed
off some of the instruments costing Rs. 60 lakhs for Rs. 63 lakhs and used the proceeds in
purchasing securities for Rs. 56 lakhs. Fund management expenses for the month of April
244
2012 was Rs. 8 lakhs of which 10% was in arrears. In April 2012 the fund earned dividends

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
amounting to Rs. 2 lakhs and it distributed 80% of the realized earnings. On 30-4-2012 the
market value of the portfolio was Rs. 198 lakhs.
Mr. Akash, an investor, subscribed to 100 units on 1-4-2012 and disposed off the same at
closing NAV on 30-4-2012. What was his annual rate of earning?(NOV-22 RTP)
Answer:
19. Sun Moon Mutual Fund (Approved Mutual Fund) sponsored open-ended equity oriented
scheme “Chanakya Opportunity Fund”. There were three plans viz. ‘A’ – Dividend Re-
investment Plan, ‘B’ – Bonus
Plan & ‘C’ – Growth Plan.
At the time of Initial Public Offer on 1.4.1999, Mr. Anand, Mr. Bacchan & Mrs. Charu, three
investors invested Rs. 1,00,000 each & chosen ‘B’, ‘C’ & ‘A’ Plan respectively.
The History of the Fund is as follows:

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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
On 31st July all three investors redeemed all the balance units.
Calculate annual rate of return to each of the investors.
Consider:
1. Long-term Capital Gain is exempt from Income tax.
2. Short-term Capital Gain is subject to 10% Income tax.
3. Security Transaction Tax 0.2 per cent only on sale/redemption of units.
4. Ignore Education Cess. [ALSO IN RTP - MAY 2018]
Answer:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
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20. A mutual fund company introduces two schemes i.e. Dividend plan (Plan-D) and Bonus
plan (Plan-B). The face value of the unit is Rs. 10. On 1-4-2005 Mr. K invested Rs. 2,00,000
each in Plan-D and Plan-B when the NAV was Rs. 38.20 and Rs. 35.60 respectively. Both the
plans matured on 31-3-2010.
Particulars of dividend and bonus declared over the period are as follows:
What is the effective yield per annum in respect of the above two plans?
Answer:
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21. A mutual fund made an issue of 10,00,000 units of Rs. 10 each on January 01, 2008. No
entry load was charged. It made the following investments:
During the year, dividends of Rs. 12,00,000 were received on equity shares. Interest on all
types of debt securities was received as and when due. At the end of the year equity shares
and 10% debentures are quoted at 175% and 90% respectively. Other investments are at par.
Find out the Net Asset Value (NAV) per unit given that operating expenses paid during the
year amounted to Rs. 5,00,000. Also find out the NAV, if the Mutual fund had distributed a
dividend of Rs. 0.80 per unit during the year to the unit holders.
Answer:
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22. Based on the following information, determine the NAV of a regular income scheme on
per unit basis(MTP APRIL-2022 )
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There has been a diminution of 20% in unlisted bonds and debentures. Other fixed interest
securities are at cost.
Answer:
23. On 1st April, an open ended scheme of mutual fund had 300 lakh units outstanding with
Net Assets Value (NAV) of Rs. 18.75. At the end of April, it issued 6 lakh units at opening NAV
plus 2% load, adjusted for dividend equalization. At the end of May, 3 Lakh units were
repurchased at opening NAV less 2% exit load adjusted for dividend equalization. At the end
of June, 70% of its available income was distributed.
In respect of April-June quarter, the following additional information are available:
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You are required to calculate

(i) Income available for distribution;
(ii) Issue price at the end of April;
(iii) repurchase price at the end of May; and
(iv) net asset value (NAV) as on 30th June? . [ALSO IN MTP - AUGUST 2018 / APRIL 2019 - 10
MARKS / 8 MARKS] (MAY-22 RTP)
Answer:
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24. Five portfolios experienced the following results during a 7- year period
Rank the portfolios using (a) Sharpe’s method, (b) Treynor’s method and (c) Jensen’s Alpha
Answer:
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25. There are two Mutual Funds viz. D Mutual Fund Ltd. and K Mutual Fund Ltd. Each having
close ended equity schemes.
NAV as on 31-12-2014 of equity schemes of D Mutual Fund Ltd. is Rs. 70.71 (consisting 99%
equity and remaining cash balance) and that of K Mutual Fund Ltd. is 62.50 (consisting 96%
equity and balance in cash).
Following is the other information:
There is no change in portfolios during the next month and annual average cost is Rs. 3 per
unit for the schemes of both the Mutual Funds. If Share Market goes down by 5% within a
month, calculate expected NAV after a month for the schemes of both the Mutual Funds. For
calculation, consider 12 months in a year and ignore number of days for particular month?
[ALSO IN RTP - MAY 2019, RTP-NOV 2020] (MTP- NOV 2021)
Answer:
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26. ANP Plan, a hedge fund currently has assets of Rs. 20 crore. CA. X, the manager of fund
charges fee of 0.10% of portfolio asset. In addition to it he charges incentive fee of 2%. The
incentive will be linked to gross return each year in excess of the portfolio maximum value
since the inception of fund. The maximum value the fund achieved so far since inception of
fund about one and half year ago was Rs. 21 crores.
You are required to compute the fee payable to CA. X, if return on the fund this year turns
out to be (a) 29%, (b) 4.5%, (c) -1.8%
Answer:
27. Ms. Sunidhi is working with an MNC at Mumbai. She is well versant with the portfolio
management techniques and wants to test one of the techniques on an equity fund she has
constructed and compare the gains and losses from the technique with those from a passive
buy and hold strategy. The fund consists of equities only and the ending NAVs of the fund he
constructed for the last 10 months are given below:
Month Ending NAV (Rs./unit) Month Ending
NAV (Rs./unit)
December 2008 40.00 May 2009
37.00
January 2009 25.00 June 2009
42.00
February 2009 36.00 July 2009
43.00
March 2009 32.00 August 2009
50.00
April 2009 38.00 September 2009
52.00
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Assume Sunidhi had invested a notional amount of Rs. 2 lakhs equally in the equity fund and
a conservative portfolio (of bonds) in the beginning of December 2008 and the total portfolio
was being rebalanced each time the NAV of the fund increased or decreased by 15%?
You are required to determine the value of the portfolio for each level of NAV following the
Constant Ratio Plan.(MTP- NOV 2021)
Answer:
28. A Mutual Fund Company introduces two schemes - Dividend Plan and Bonus Plan. The
face
value of the Unit is Rs.10 on 1-4-2014. Mr. R invested Rs. 5 lakh in Dividend Plan and Rs.
10 lakh in Bonus Plan. The NAV of Dividend Plan is Rs. 46 and NAV of Bonus Plan is Rs. 42.
Both the plans matured on 31-03-2019. The particulars of Dividend and Bonus declared[MAY
2019 - 8 MARKS]
over the period are as follows:

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You are required to calculate the effective yield per annum in respect of the above two plans.
Answer:
29. A Mutual Fund is holding the following assets in Rs. Crores :

Investments in diversified equity shares 90.00
Cash and Bank Balances 10.00
100.00
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The Beta of the portfolio is 1.1. The index future is selling at 4300 level. The Fund Manager
apprehends that the index will fall at the most by 10%. Calculate the number of index futures
he should short for perfect hedging. One index future consists of 50 units.
Evaluate your answer assuming the Fund Manager's apprehension will materialize. [MTP -
MARCH 2019 - 7 MARKS]
Answer:
30. Orange purchased 200 units of Oxygen Mutual Fund at Rs. 45 per unit on 31st December,
2009. In 2010, he received Rs. 1.00 as dividend per unit and a capital gains distribution of
Rs. 2 per unit.
Required:
(i) Calculate the return for the period of one year assuming that the NAV as on 31st December
2010 was Rs. 48 per unit.
(ii) Calculate the return for the period of one year assuming that the NAV as on 31st
December 2010 was Rs. 48 per unit and all dividends and capital gains distributions have
been reinvested at an average price of Rs. 46.00 per unit. Ignore taxation. [MTP - MARCH
2019 -8 MARKS]
Answer:
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31. Explain about Direct Plan in Mutual Fund[MTP - APRIL 2019 - 4 MARKS]
Answer:
Direct Plans in Mutual Funds
Asset management companies (AMC) have been permitted to make direct investments in
mutual fund schemes even before 2011. But, there were no separate plans for these
investments. These investments were made in distributor plan itself and were tracked with
single NAV - one of the distributor plans. Therefore, an investor was forced to buy mutual funds
based on the NAV of the distributor plans. However, things changed with introduction of direct
plans by SEBI on January 1, 2013.
Mutual fund direct plans are those plan where Asset Management Companies or mutual fund
Houses do not charge distributor expenses, trail fees and transaction charges. NAV of the
direct plan are generally higher in comparison to a regular plan. Studies have shown that the
‘Direct Plans’ have performed better than the ‘Regular Plans’ for almost all the mutual fund
schemes.
32. Following information is related to XYZ Regular Income Fund:
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CALCULATE the NAV of scheme on per unit basis if there has been a diminution of 20% in
unlisted bonds and debentures and Other fixed interest securities are valued at cost? [RTP -
NOV 2018]
Answer:
33. On 01-07-2016, Mr. X Invested Rs. 50,000/- at initial offer in Mutual Funds at a face value
of Rs. 10 each per unit. On 31-03-2017, a dividend was paid @ 10% and annualized yield was
120%. On 31-03-2018, 20% dividend and capital gain of Rs. 0.60 per unit was given. Mr. X
redeemed all his 6271.98 units when his annualized yield was 71.50% over the period of
holding. Calculate NAV as on 31-03-2017, 31-03-2018 and 31-03-2019. For calculations
consider a year of 12 months? [RTP - MAY 2020]
Answer:
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34. Explain the different methods for evaluating the performance of a mutual fund? (MTP-
JULY 21) (MTP- NOV 2021)
ANSWER
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35. The following particulars relating to S fund Schemes:
Answer:
CALCULATION OF NAV OF THE FUND:
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36. M/s Corpus an AMC on 1/4/2015 has floated two schemes Viz, Dividend Plan and Bonus
Plan. Mr. X an investor has invested in both the schemes. The following details (except the
issue price) are available.
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37. On 1st January, 2020. An open ended scheme of mutual fund had outstanding units of
300 lakhs with a NAV of Rs.20.25. At the end of January 2020, it had issued 5 lakhs at an
opening NAV plus a load of 2%, adjusted for dividend equalisation. At the end of February
2020, it had repurchased 2.5 lakhs units at an opening NAV less 2% exist load adjusted for
dividend equilisation.
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At the end of March 2020, it had distributed 70 per cent of its


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
available income.
Value appreciation of the portfolio -Rs.460 lakhs
Income for January- Rs.24 lakhs
Income for February- Rs.36 lakhs
Income for March Rs-.47 lakhs
You are require to calculate : Income available for distribution
Issue price at the end of January
Repurchase price at the end of February
Closing value of Net Assets at the end of March? (JAN 2021 EXAM QUES)
Answer:
Q-38(PAST EXAM JULY 21)

Mr. K has invested in three Mutual fund schemes as per details below:
Scheme Scheme B Scheme C
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Date of Investment 01-12- 01-01- 01-03-

2018 2019 2019
Amount of Investment ` ` `
5,00,000 10,00,00 5,00,000
0
Net Asset Value at entry ` 10.50 ` 10.00 ` 10.00
date
Dividend received up
to 31-03-2019 ` 9,500 ` 15,000 ` 5,000
NAV as at 31-3-2019 ` 10.40 ` 10.10 ` 9.80
You are required to calculate the effective yield on per annum basis in respect of each of the
three schemes to Mr. K upto 31-03-2019, taking the year consisting of 365 days.
Provide a brief comment on the course of action he should take for future period.
(Calculation should be upto three decimal places)
ANSWER
Calculation of effective yield on per annum basis in respect of three mutual fund schemes to
Mr. K up to 31-03-2019:
Particulars Scheme A Scheme Schem
B eC
(a) Investments ` 5,00,000 ` `
10,00,00 5,00,000
0
(b) Opening NAV ` 10.50 ` 10.00 ` 10.00
(c) No. of units (a/b) 47,619.048 1,00,000 50,000
(d) Unit NAV on 31-3-2019 ` 10.40 ` 10.10 ` 9.80
(e) Total NAV on 31-3-2019 (c x d) ` ` `
4,95,238.099 10,10,00 4,90,000
0
(f) Increase / Decrease of NAV (e - a) (` 4,761.901) ` 10,000 (`
10,000)
(g) Dividend Received ` 9,500 ` 15,000 ` 5,000
(h) Total yield (f + g) ` 4,738.099 ` 25,000 (` 5,000)
(i) Number of Days 121 90 31
(j) Effective yield p.a. (h/a x 365/i x 100) 2.859% 10.139% (-)
11.774%
Comments: Since the Effective Yield in Scheme C is negative and that of Scheme A is much
lower than Scheme B, it is advised that Mr. K should redeem the investments in Scheme A and
Scheme C and the proceeds should be invested in Scheme B in the next period.
Q-39 Describe Tracking error. List reasons for it? (PAST EXAM JULY 21) (MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
Tracking error can be defined as the divergence or deviation of a fund’s return
fromthe benchmarks return it is following.
The passive fund managers closely follow or track the benchmark index.
Although they design their investment strategy on the same index but often it
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may not exactly replicate theindex return. In such situation, there is possibility
of deviation between the returns.
The tracking error can be calculated on the basis of corresponding
benchmark return vis avis quarterly or monthly average NAVs.
Higher the tracking error higher is the risk profile of the fund. Whether the
funds outperform or underperform their benchmark indices; it clearly
indicates that of fund managers are not following the benchmark indices
properly
In addition to the same other reason for tracking error are as follows:
• Transaction cost
40. Five portfolios experienced the following results during a 7- year period:
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Answer:
Mr. D had invested in three mutual funds (MF) as per the following details:
Particulars MF ‘A’ MF ‘B’ MF ‘C’

Amount of Investment 2,00,000 5,00,000 4,00,000
NAV at the time of purchase 10.00 25.00 20.00
Dividend Yield up to 3% 5% 4%
31.03.2022
NAV as on 31.03.2022 10.50 22.80 20.80
Annualized Yield as on 9.733% - 11.185% 15%
31.03.2022
Assume 1 Year = 365 Days.
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Mr. D has misplaced the documents of his investments. You are required to help Mr. D to
find out the following:
Number of units allotted in each scheme,
Value of his investments as on 31.03.2022,
Holding period of his investments in number of days as on 31.03.2022
Dates of original investments
Total Return on investments,
Assuming past performance of all three schemes will continue for next one year, what action
the investor should take? What will be the expected return for the next one year after the
above action?
Will your answer as above point no. (vi) changes if the Mutual fund charges exit load of 5%
if the investment is redeemed within one year? If so, advise the investor what and when the
action to be taken to optimise the returns.
(MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION)
Answer:
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41. (i) M/s. Strong an AMC has floated a dividend bonus plan on 1st April, 2016 at a certain
net asset value (NAV). The fund has a robust growth and has declared a bonus of
1:5 (1 bonus unit for 5 right units held) on 30th September, 2017 and a second bonus of
1:4 (1 bonus unit for 4 right units held) on 30th September 2019. The fund, as on 31st
March 2021, has generated an average yield of 17.5%.
Mr. Optimistic has made an investment of ` 16 lakhs in the plan before the declaration of
the first bonus and remain invested thereafter.
The following information is also available :
Date 01.04.20 30.09. 30.09. 31.03.

16 2017 2019 2021
NAV ? 85 92 100
(RS.)
CALCULATE the opening NAV, which is required by Mr. Optimistic to calculate the capital
appreciation.
(ii) The Asset Management Company of the mutual fund (MF) has declared a dividend of 9 .98%
on the units under the dividend reinvestment plan for the year ended 31st March, 2021.
The investors are issued additional units for the dividend at the rate of closing Net Asset
Value (NAV) for the year as per the conditions of the scheme.
The closing NAV was RS. 24.95 as on 31st March, 2021. An investor Mr. X who is having
20,800 units at the year-end has made an investment in the units before the declaration
of the dividend and at the rate of opening NAV plus an entry load of RS. 0.04. The NAV has
appreciated by 25% during the year.
Assume the face value of the unit as ` 10.00.
CALCULATE:
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(1) Opening NAV,


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(2) Number of the units purchased,

Original amount of the investment. (MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
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Illustration 1
Following is a two sub-periods tree of 6-months each for the share of CAB Ltd.:
Using the binomial model, calculate the current fair value of a regular call option on CAB
Stock with the following characteristics: X = ₹28, Risk Free Rate = 5 percent p.a. You should
also indicate the composition of the implied riskless hedge portfolio at the valuation date.
Solution
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Illustration 2
The current market price of an equity share of Penchant Ltd is ₹420. Within a period of 3
months, the maximum and minimum price of it is expected to be ₹500 and ₹400 respectively.
If the risk free rate of interest be 8% p.a., what should be the value of a 3 months Call option
under the “Risk Neutral” method at the strike rate of ₹450 ? Given e0.02 = 1.0202
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Solution
Let the probability of attaining the maximum price be p
(500 - 420) х p+(400 - 420) х (1-p) = 420 х (e0.02-1)
or, 80p - 20(1 - p) = 420 х 0.0202
or, 80p – 20 + 20p = 8.48
or, 100p = 28.48
p= 0.2848
Illustration 3
(i) The shares of TIC Ltd. are currently priced at ₹415 and call option exercisable in three
months’ time has an exercise rate of ₹400. Risk free interest rate is 5% p.a. and standard
deviation (volatility) of share price is 22%. Based on the assumption that TIC Ltd. is not going
to declare any dividend over the next three months, is the option worth buying for ₹25?
(ii) Calculate value of aforesaid call option based on Block Scholes valuation model if the
current price is considered as ₹380.
(iii) What would be the worth of put option if current price is considered ₹380.
(iv) If TIC Ltd. share price at present is taken as ₹408 and a dividend of ₹10 is expected to be
paid in the two months time, then, calculate value of the call option.
(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Given
In(1.0375) = 0.03681
In(0.95) = -0.05129
In(0.9952) = -0.00481
e0.0125 = 1.012578
e0.008333 = 1.0084
Solution
(i) Given: TIC Ltd. Current Price = ₹415 Exercise rate = 400 Risk free interest rate is = 5% p.a. SD
(Volatility) = 22% Based on the above bit is calculated value of an option based on Block Scholes
Model:
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4. What are the reasons for stock index futures becoming more popular financial derivatives
over stock futures segment in India?
Answer:
Stock index futures is most popular financial derivatives over stock futures due to following
reasons:
1. It adds flexibility to one’s investment portfolio. Institutional investors and other large
equity holders prefer the most this instrument in terms of portfolio hedging purpose. The stock
systems do not provide this flexibility and hedging.
2. It creates the possibility of speculative gains using leverage. Because a relatively small
amount of margin money controls a large amount of capital represented in a stock index
contract, a small change in the index level might produce a profitable return on one’s
investment if one is right about the direction of the market. Speculative gains in stock futures
are limited but liabilities are greater.
3. Stock index futures are the most cost efficient hedging device whereas hedging through
individual stock futures is costlier.
4. Stock index futures cannot be easily manipulated whereas individual stock price can be
exploited more easily.
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5. Since, stock index futures consists of many securities, so being an average stock, is much
less volatile than individual stock price. Further, it implies much lower capital adequacy and
margin requirements in comparison of individual stock futures. Risk diversification is possible
under stock index future than in stock futures.
6. One can sell contracts as readily as one buys them and the amount of margin required is
the same.
7. In case of individual stocks the outstanding positions are settled normally against physical
delivery of shares. In case of stock index futures they are settled in cash all over the world on
the premise that index value is safely accepted as the settlement price.
8. It is also seen that regulatory complexity is much less in the case of stock index futures in
comparison to stock futures.
9. It provides hedging or insurance protection for a stock portfolio in a falling market.
5. Write short note on Marking to market.?

Answer:
It implies the process of recording the investments in traded securities (shares, debt-
instruments, etc.) at a value, which reflects the market value of securities on the reporting
date. In the context of derivatives trading, the futures contracts are marked to market on
periodic (or daily) basis.
Marking to market essentially means that at the end of a trading session, all outstanding
contracts are repriced at the settlement price of that session. Unlike the forward contracts,
the future contracts are repriced every day. Any loss or profit resulting from repricing would
be debited or credited to the margin account of the broker. It, therefore, provides an
opportunity to calculate the extent of liability on the basis of repricing. Thus, the futures
contracts provide better risk management measure as compared to forward contracts.
Suppose on 1st day we take a long position, say at a price of Rs. 100 to be matured on 7th day.
Now on 2nd day if the price goes up to Rs. 105, the contract will be repriced at Rs. 105 at the
end of the trading session and profit of Rs. 5 will be credited to the account of the buyer. This
profit of Rs. 5 may be drawn and thus cash flow also increases. This marking to market will
result in three things – one, you will get a cash profit of Rs. 5; second, the existing contract at
a price of Rs. 100 would stand cancelled; and third you will receive a new futures contract at
Rs. 105. In essence, the marking to market feature implies that the value of the futures contract
is set to zero at the end of each trading day.
6. State any four assumptions of Black Scholes Model?
Answer:
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The Black-Scholes model is used to calculate a theoretical price of an Option. The Black-Scholes price
is nothing more than the amount an option writer would require as compensation for writing a call
and completely hedging the risk of buying stock. The important point is that the hedger's view about
future stock prices is irrelevant. Thus, while any two investors may strongly disagree on the rate of
return they expect on a stock they will, given agreement to the assumptions of volatility and the risk-
free rate, always agree on the fair value of the option on that underlying asset. This key concept
underlying the valuation of all derivatives -- that fact that the price of an option is independent of the
risk preferences of investors -- is called risk-neutral valuation. It means that all derivatives can be
valued by assuming that the return from their underlying assets is the risk-free rate.
The model is based on a normal distribution of underlying asset returns.

The following assumptions accompany the model:
1. European Options are considered,
2. No transaction costs,
3. Short term interest rates are known and are constant,
4. Stocks do not pay dividend,
5. Stock price movement is similar to a random walk,
6. Stock returns are normally distributed over a period of time, and
7. The variance of the return is constant over the life of an Option
7. Write short note on Embedded derivatives.

Answer:
Embedded Derivatives: A derivative is defined as a contract that has all the following
characteristics:
• Its value changes in response to a specified underlying, e.g. an exchange rate, interest rate
or share price;
• It requires little or no initial net investment;
• It is settled at a future date;
• The most common derivatives are currency forwards, futures, options, interest rate swaps
281
etc. An embedded derivative is a derivative instrument that is embedded in another contract -


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
the host contract. The host contract might be a debt or equity instrument, a lease, an insurance
contract or a sale or purchase contract. Derivatives require to be marked-to-market through
the income statement, other than qualifying hedging instruments. This requirement on
embedded derivatives are designed to ensure that mark to-market through the income
statement cannot be avoided by including - embedding - a derivative in another contract or
financial instrument that is not marked-to market through the income statement.
An embedded derivative can arise from deliberate financial engineering and intentional
shifting of certain risks between parties. Many embedded derivatives, however, arise
inadvertently through market practices and common contracting arrangements. Even
purchase and sale contracts that qualify for executory contract treatment may contain
embedded derivatives. An embedded derivative causes modification to a contract's cash flow,
based on changes in a specified variable.
8. Define the term Greeks with respect to options.

Answer:
The Greeks are a collection of statistical values (expressed as percentages) that give the
investor a better overall view of how a stock has been performing. These statistical values can
be helpful in deciding what options strategies are best to use. The investor should remember
that statistics show trends based on past performance. It is not guaranteed that the future
performance of the stock will behave according to the historical numbers. These trends can
change drastically based on new stock performance.
Practical Questions
9. The 6-months forward price of a security is Rs. 208.18. The borrowing rate is 8% per annum
payable with monthly rests. What should be the spot price?
Answer:
10. The following data relate to Anand Ltd.'s share price:

Current price per share Rs. 1,800
6 months future's price/share Rs. 1,950
Assuming it is possible to borrow money in the market for transactions in securities at 12%
per annum, you are required:
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(i) to calculate the theoretical minimum price of a 6-months forward purchase; and
(ii) to explain arbitrate opportunity.(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
Anand Ltd
(i) Calculation of theoretical minimum price of a 6 months forward contract-
Theoretical minimum price = Rs. 1,800 + (Rs. 1,800 x 12/100 x 6/12) = Rs. 1,908
(ii) Arbitrage Opportunity-
The arbitrageur can borrow money @ 12 % for 6 months and buy the shares at Rs.1,800. At the
same time he can sell the shares in the futures market at Rs. 1,950. On the expiry date 6 months
later, he could deliver the share and collect Rs. 1,950 pay off Rs. 1,908 and record a profit of
Rs. 42 (Rs. 1,950 – Rs. 1,908)
11. On 31-8-2011, the value of stock index was Rs. 2,200. The risk free rate of return has been
8% per annum. The dividend yield on this Stock Index is as under:
Assuming that interest is continuously compounded daily, find out the future price of
contract deliverable on 31-12-2011. Given: e0.01583 = 1.01593
Answer:
12. Calculate the price of 3 months PQR futures, if PQR (FV Rs.10) quotes Rs.220 on NSE and
the three months future price quotes at Rs.230 and the one month borrowing rate is given
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as 15 percent and the expected annual dividend is 25 percent per annum payable before
expiry. Also examine arbitrage opportunities.
Answer:
Future’s Price = Spot + cost of carry – Dividend
F = 220 + 220 × 0.15 × 0.25 – 0.25** × 10 = 225.75
** Entire 25% dividend is payable before expiry, which is Rs.2.50.
Thus we see that futures price by calculation is Rs.225.75 which is quoted at Rs.230 in the
exchange.
(i) Analysis:
Fair value of Futures less than Actual futures Price:
Futures Overvalued Hence it is advised to sell. Also do Arbitraging by buying stock i n the cash
market.
Step I
He will buy PQR Stock at Rs.220 by borrowing at 15% for 3 months. Therefore, his outflows are:
Cost of Stock 220.00
Add: Interest @ 15 % for 3 months i.e. 0.25 years (220 × 0.15 × 0.25) 8.25
Total Outflows (A) 228.25
Step II
He will sell March 2000 futures at Rs.230. Meanwhile he would receive dividend for his stock.
Hence his inflows are 230.00
Sale proceeds of March 2000 futures 2.50
Total inflows (B) 232.50
Inflow – Outflow = Profit earned by Arbitrageur
= 232.50 – 228.25 = 4.25
13.
BSE Rs. 5000
Value of portfolio Rs. 10,10,000
Risk free interest rate 9% p.a.
Dividend yield on Index 6% p.a.
Beta of portfolio 1.5
We assume that a future contract on the BSE index with four months maturity is used to
hedge the value of portfolio over next three months. One future contract is for delivery of 50
times the index.
Based on the above information calculate:
(i) Price of future contract.
(ii) The gain on short futures position if index turns out to be 4,500 in three months.
(MTP SEPTEMBER -2022)
Answer:
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14. The share of X Ltd. is currently selling for Rs. 300. Risk free interest rate is 0.8% per month.
A three months futures contract is selling for Rs. 312. Develop an arbitrage strategy and show
what your riskless profit will be 3 month hence assuming that X Ltd. will not pay any dividend
in the next three months.
Answer:
15. A Mutual Fund is holding the following assets in Rs. Crores :

Investments in diversified equity shares 90.00
Cash and Bank Balances 10.00
100.00
The Beta of the equity shares portfolio is 1.1. The index future is selling at 4300 level. The
Fund Manager apprehends that the index will fall at the most by 10%. How many index
futures he should short for perfect hedging? One index future consists of 50 units.
Substantiate your answer assuming the Fund Manager's apprehension will materialize.
Answer:
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16. A trader is having in its portfolio shares worth Rs. 85 lakhs at current price and cash Rs.
15 lakhs. The beta of share portfolio is 1.6. After 3 months the price of shares dropped by
3.2%.
Determine:
(i) Current portfolio beta
(ii) Portfolio beta after 3 months if the trader on current date goes for long position on Rs.
100 lakhs Nifty futures.
Answer:
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17. Which position on the index future gives a speculator, a complete hedge against the
following transactions:
(i) The share of Right Limited is going to rise. He has a long position on the cash market of Rs.
50 lakhs on the Right Limited. The beta of the Right Limited is 1.25.
(ii) The share of Wrong Limited is going to depreciate. He has a short position on the cash
market of Rs. 25 lakhs on the Wrong Limited. The beta of the Wrong Limited is 0.90.
(iii) The share of Fair Limited is going to stagnant. He has a short position on the cash market
of Rs. 20 lakhs of the Fair Limited. The beta of the Fair Limited is 0.75.
Answer:
18. Ram buys 10,000 shares of X Ltd. at a price of Rs. 22 per share whose beta value is 1.5
and sells 5,000 shares of A Ltd. at a price of Rs. 40 per share having a beta value of 2. He
obtains a complete hedge by Nifty futures at Rs. 1,000 each. He closes out his position at the
closing price of the next day when the share of X Ltd. dropped by 2%, share of A Ltd.
appreciated by 3% and Nifty futures dropped by 1.5%.
What is the overall profit/loss to Ram? (ALSO IN MTP OCT 2020)
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Answer:
19. On January 1, 2013 an investor has a portfolio of 5 shares as given below:
The cost of capital to the investor is 10.5% per annum.

(i) The beta of his portfolio.
(ii) The theoretical value of the NIFTY futures for February 2013.
(iii) The number of contracts of NIFTY the investor needs to sell to get a full hedge until
February for his portfolio if the current value of NIFTY is 5900 and NIFTY futures have a
minimum trade lot requirement of 200 units. Assume that the futures are trading at their fair
value.
(iv) The number of future contracts the investor should trade if he desires to reduce the beta
of his portfolios to 0.6.
No. of days in a year be treated as 365. [MTP - MARCH 2019 - 8 MARKS | RTP - MAY 2020]
Given: In (1.105) = 0.0998 and e(0.015858) = 1.01598
Answer:
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20. Details about portfolio of shares of an investor is as below:
The investor thinks that the risk of portfolio is very high and wants to reduce the portfolio
beta to 0.91. He is considering two below mentioned alternative strategies: (i) Dispose off a
part of his existing portfolio to acquire risk free securities, or (ii) Take appropriate position
on Nifty Futures which are currently traded at Rs. 8125 and each Nifty points is worth Rs.200.
(1) portfolio beta,
(2) the value of risk free securities to be acquired,
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(3) the number of shares of each company to be disposed off,


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(4) the number of Nifty contracts to be bought/sold; and

(5) the value of portfolio beta for 2% rise in Nifty.
Answer:
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21. On April 1, 2015, an investor has a portfolio consisting of eight securities as shown below:
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The cost of capital for the investor is 20% p.a. continuously compounded. The investor fears
a fall in the prices of the shares in the near future. Accordingly, he approaches you for the
advice to protect the interest of his portfolio.
You can make use of the following information:
(1) The current NIFTY value is 8500.
(2) NIFTY futures can be traded in units of 25 only.
(3) Futures for May are currently quoted at 8700 and Futures for June are being quoted at
8850.
(i) the beta of his portfolio.
(ii) the theoretical value of the futures contract for contracts expiring in May and June.
Given (e0.03 =1.03045, e0.04 = 1.04081, e0.05 =1.05127)
(iii) the number of NIFTY contracts that he would have to sell if he desires to hedge until June
in each of the following cases:
(A) His total portfolio
(B) 50% of his portfolio
(C) 120% of his portfolio
Answer:
292

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22. Sensex futures are traded at a multiple of 50. Consider the following quotations of Sensex
futures in the 10 trading days during February, 2009:
Day High Low Closing
4-2-09 3306.4 3290.00 3296.50
5-2-09 3298.00 3262.50 3294.40
6-2-09 3256.20 3227.00 3230.40
7-2-09 3233.00 3201.50 3212.30
10-2-09 3281.50 3256.00 3267.50
11-2-09 3283.50 3260.00 3263.80
12-2-09 3315.00 3286.30 3292.00
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14-2-09 3315.00 3257.10 3309.30

17-2-09 3278.00 3249.50 3257.80
18-2-09 3118.00 3091.40 3102.60
Abshishek bought one sensex futures contract on February, 04. The average daily absolute
change in the value of contract is Rs. 10,000 and standard deviation of these changes is Rs.
2,000. The maintenance margin is 75% of initial margin. You are required to determine the
daily balances in the margin account and payment on margin calls, if any. [ALSO ASKED IN
RTP - NOV 2019](MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
23. Mr. A purchased a 3 month call option for 100 shares in XYZ Ltd. at a premium of Rs. 30
per share, with an exercise price of Rs. 550. He also purchased a 3 month put option for 100
shares of the same company at a premium of Rs. 5 per share with an exercise price of Rs.
450. The market price of the share on the date of Mr. A’s purchase of options, is Rs. 500.
Calculate the profit or loss that Mr. A would make assuming that the market price falls to Rs.
350 at the end of 3 months.
Answer:
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24. The market received rumour about ABC corporation’s tie-up with a multinational
company. This has induced the market price to move up. If the rumour is false, the ABC
corporation stock price will probably fall dramatically. To protect from this an investor has
bought the call and put options.
He purchased one 3 months call with a striking price of Rs. 42 for Rs. 2 premium, and paid
Re.1 per share premium for a 3 months put with a striking price of Rs. 40.
(i) Determine the Investor’s position if the tie up offer bids the price of ABC Corporation’s
stock up to Rs. 43 in 3 months.
(ii) Determine the Investor’s ending position, if the tie up programme fails and the price of
the stocks falls to Rs. 36 in 3 months.? . [ALSO IN RTP - MAY 2019]
Answer:
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25. Equity share of PQR Ltd. is presently quoted at Rs. 320. The Market Price of the share
after 6 months has the following probability distribution:
Market Price Rs. 180 260 280 320 400

Probability 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1
A put option with a strike price of Rs. 300 can be written.
You are required to find out expected value of option at maturity (i.e. 6 months)
Answer:
Expected Value of Option
(300 – 180) X 0.1 12
(300 – 260) X 0.2 8
(300 – 280) X 0.5 10
(300 – 320) X 0.1 Not Exercised*
(300 – 400) X 0.1 Not Exercised*
30
* If the strike price goes beyond Rs. 300, option is not exercised at all.
In case of Put option, since Share price is greater than strike price Option Value would be
zero.
26. You as an investor had purchased a 4 month call option on the equity shares of X Ltd. of
Rs. 10, of which the current market price is Rs. 132 and the exercise price Rs. 150. You expect
the price to range between Rs. 120 to Rs. 190. The expected share price of X Ltd. and related
probability is given below:

(i) Expected Share price at the end of 4 months.
(ii) Value of Call Option at the end of 4 months, if the exercise price prevails.
(iii) In case the option is held to its maturity, what will be the expected value of the call
option? [ALSO IN MTP - APRIL 2018](MTP MARCH -2022)(MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION)
Answer:
(i) Expected Share Price
= Rs.120X 0.05 + Rs.140X 0.20 + Rs.160X 0.50 + Rs.180X 0.10 + Rs.190X 0.15
= Rs.6 + Rs.28 + Rs.80 + Rs.18 + Rs.28.50 = Rs.160.50
(ii) Value of Call Option
= Rs.150 - Rs.150 = Nil
(iii) If the option is held till maturity the expected Value of Call Option
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27. Mr. X established the following strategy on the Delta Corporation’s stock :
(1) Purchased one 3-month call option with a premium of Rs. 30 and an exercise price of Rs.
550.
(2) Purchased one 3-month put option with a premium of Rs. 5 and an exercise price of Rs.
450.
Delta Corporation’s stock is currently selling at Rs. 500. Determine profit or loss, if the price
of Delta Corporation’s :
(i) remains at Rs. 500 after 3 months.

(ii) falls at Rs. 350 after 3 months.
(iii) rises to Rs. 600.
Assume the size option is 100 shares of Delta Corporation. [ALSO ASKED IN MTP – OCT-2018
- 8 MARKS](MAY-22 RTP)
Answer:
(i) Total premium paid on purchasing a call and put option
= (Rs. 30 per share × 100) + (Rs. 5 per share × 100).
= 3,000 + 500 = Rs. 3,500
In this case, X exercises neither the call option nor the put option as both will result in a loss
for him.
Ending value = - Rs. 3,500 + zero gain = - Rs. 3,500 i.e
Net loss = Rs. 3,500
(ii) Since the price of the stock is below the exercise price of the call, the call will not be
exercised.
Only put is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = Rs. 3,500
Ending value = – Rs. 3,500 + Rs. [(450 – 350) × 100] = – Rs. 3,500 + Rs. 10,000 = Rs. 6,500
- Net gain = Rs.6,500
(iii) In this situation, the put is worthless, since the price of the stock exceeds the put’s exercise
price. Only call option is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = Rs. 3,500
Ending value = -3,500 + [(600 – 550) × 100]
28. The equity share of VCC Ltd. is quoted at Rs. 210. A 3-month call option is available at a
premium of Rs. 6 per share and a 3-month put option is available at a premium of Rs. 5 per
share. Ascertain the net payoffs to the option holder of a call option and a put option
separately.
(i) the strike price in both cases in Rs. 220; and
(ii) the share price on the exercise day is Rs. 200,210,220,230,240.
Also indicate the price range at which the call and the put options may be gainfully exercised.
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[ALSO ASKED IN NOV 2018 EXAMS - 8 MARKS & MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 7 MARKS]
Answer:
29. Sumana wanted to buy shares of ElL which has a range of Rs. 411 to Rs. 592 a month later.
The present price per share is Rs. 421. Her broker informs her that the price of this share can
sore up to Rs. 522 within a month or so, so that she should buy a one-month CALL of ElL. In
order to be prudent in buying the call, the share price should be more than or at least Rs. 522
the assurance of which could not be given by her broker.
Though she understands the uncertainty of the market, she wants to know the probability
of attaining the share price Rs. 592 so that buying of a one-month CALL of EIL at the execution
price of Rs. 522 is justified. Advice her. Take the risk-free interest to be 3.60% and e0.036 =
1.037. [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 4 MARKS]
Answer:
30. Mr. Dayal is interested in purchasing equity shares of ABC Ltd. which are currently selling
at Rs. 600 each. He expects that price of share may go upto Rs. 780 or may go down to Rs.
480 in three months. The chances of occurring such variations are 60% and 40% respectively.
A call option on the shares of ABC Ltd. can be exercised at the end of three months with a
strike price of Rs. 630.
(i) What combination of share and option should Mr. Dayal select if he wants a perfect
hedge?
(ii) What should be the value of option today (the risk free rate is 10% p.a.)?
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(iii) What is the expected rate of return on the option? [ALSO IN MTP - MARCH 2018](NOV-
22 RTP)(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
31. Consider a two-year call option with a strike price of Rs. 50 on a stock the current price
of which is also Rs. 50. Assume that there are two-time periods of one year and in each year
the stock price can move up or down by equal percentage of 20%. The risk-free interest rate
is 6%. Using binominal option model, calculate the probability of price moving up and down.
Also draw a two-step binomial tree showing prices and payoffs at each node. . [ALSO IN RTP
- NOV 2019]
Answer:
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32. The current market price of an equity share of Penchant Ltd is Rs.420. Within a period of
3 months, the maximum and minimum price of it is expected to be Rs. 500 and Rs. 400
respectively. If the risk free rate of interest be 8% p.a., what should be the value of a 3
months Call option under the “Risk Neutral” method at the strike rate of Rs. 450?
Given e0.02 = 1.0202
Answer:
33. From the following data for certain stock, find the value of a call option:
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. [ALSO IN RTP - NOV 2019]

Answer:
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33. Sabanam Ltd. has issued convertible debentures with coupon rate 11%. Each debenture
has an option to convert to 16 equity shares at any time until the date of maturity.
Debentures will be redeemed at Rs. 100 on maturity of 5 years. An investor generally requires
a rate of return of 8% p.a. on a 5-year security.
As an advisor, when will you advise the investor to exercise conversion for given market
prices of the equity share of (i) Rs. 5, (ii) Rs. 6 and (iii) Rs. 7.10.
Cumulative PV factor for 8% for 5 years : 3.993
PV factor for 8% for year 5 : 0.681[MAY 2018 - 6 MARKS]
Answer:
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34. Mr. KK purchased a 3-month call option for 100 shares in PQR Ltd. at a premium of Rs. 40
per share, with an exercise price of Rs. 560. He also purchased a 3-month put option for 100
shares of the same company at a premium of Rs. 10 per share with an exercise price of Rs.
460. The market price of the share on the date of Mr. KK's purchase of options, is Rs. 500.
Compute the profit or loss that Mr. KK would make assuming that the market price falls to
Rs. 360 at the end of 3 months. [MAY 2018 - 4 MARKS]
Answer:
Since the market price at the end of 3 months falls to Rs. 360 which is below the exercise
price under the call option, the call option will not be exercised. Only put option becomes
viable.
35. Mr. John established the following spread on the TTK Ltd.'s stock:
1. Purchased one 3-month put option with a premium of Rs. 15 and an exercise price of Rs.
900.
2. Purchased one 3-month call option with a premium of Rs. 90 and an exercise price of Rs.
1100.
TTK Ltd.'s stock is currently selling) at Rs. 1000. Calculate gain or loss, if the price of stock of
TTK Ltd. –
(i) Remains at Rs. 1000 after 3 months.
(ii) Falls to Rs. 700 after 3 months.
(iii) Raises to Rs. 1200 after 3 months.
Assume the size of option is 200 shares of TTK Ltd
Answer:
304
(i) Total premium paid on purchasing a call and put option


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= (Rs. 15 per share × 200) + (Rs. 90 per share × 200).

= Rs. 3,000 + Rs. 18,000 = Rs. 21000
In this case, Mr. John exercises neither the call option nor the put option as both will result in
a loss for him.
Ending value = – Rs. 21000 + zero gain = - Rs. 21000
i.e. Net loss = Rs. 21000
(ii) Since the price of the stock is below the exercise price of the call, the call will not be
exercised.
Only put is valuable and is exercised.
Net Gain = (Exercise Price – Current Price) x No of Shares – Premium Paid
Total premium paid = Rs. 21000
Ending value = – Rs. 21000 + Rs. [(900 – 700) × 200] = Rs. 19,000
Net gain = Rs. 19,000
(iii) In this situation, the put is worthless, since the price of the stock exceeds the put’s exercise
price. Only call option is valuable and is exercised.
Total premium paid = Rs. 21000
Ending value = – Rs. 21000 + Rs. [(1200 – 1100) × 200] = -Rs. 1000
Net Loss = Rs. 1,000
36. A Rice Trader has planned to sell 22000 kg of Rice after 3 months from now. The spot
price of the Rice is Rs. 60 per kg and 3 months future on the same is trading at Rs. 59 per kg.
Size of the contract is 1000 kg. The price is expected to fall as low as Rs. 56 per kg, 3 months
hence. What the trader can do to mitigate its risk of reduced profit? If he decides to make
use of future market, what would be the effective realized price for its sale when after 3
months, spot price is Rs. 57 per kg and future contract price for 3 months is Rs. 58p kg?
[MAY 2019 - 8 MARKS, RTP-NOV 2020]
Answer:
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37. Explain Random Walk theory [MTP - APRIL 2018 - 6 MARKS]

Answer:
Random Walk Theory
Random Walk hypothesis states that the behavior of stock market prices is unpredictable and
that there is no relationship between the present prices of the shares and their future prices.
Basic premises of the theory are as follows:
: Prices of shares in stock market can never be predicted. The reason is that the price trends
are not the result of any underlying factors, but that they represent a statistical expression of
past data.
: There may be periodical ups or downs in share prices, but no connection can be established
between two successive peaks (high price of stocks) and troughs (low price of stocks).
38. Describe the characteristics of financial instruments? [MTP - MARCH 2019 - 4 MARKS]
Answer:
Characteristics of Financial Instruments
The important characteristics of financial instruments are enumerated as below:
(a) Liquidity: Financial instruments provide liquidity. These can be easily and quickly converted
into cash.
(b) Marketing: Financial instruments facilitate easy trading on the market. They have a ready
market.
c) Collateral value: Financial instruments can be pledged for getting loans.

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(d) Transferability: Financial instruments can be transferred from one person to another.

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(e) Maturity period: The maturity period of financial instruments may be short term, medium
term or long term.
(f) Transaction cost: Financial instruments involve buying and selling cost. The buying and
selling costs are called transaction costs.
(g) Risk: Financial instruments carry risk. Equity based instruments are riskier in comparison to
debt based instruments because the payment of dividend is uncertain. A company may not
declare dividend in a particular
year. However, payment of principle or interest is more or less certain unless the company gets
insolvent.
(h) Future trading: Financial instruments facilitate future trading so as to cover risks arising out
of
price fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations etc.
39. A Ltd. has issued convertible bonds, which carries a coupon rate of 14%. Each bond is
convertible into 20 equity shares of the company A Ltd. The prevailing interest rate for similar
credit rating bond is 8%. The convertible bond has 5 years maturity. It is redeemable at par
at Rs. 100. The relevant present value table is as follows.
You are required to estimate:

(Calculations be made upto 3 decimal places)
(i) current market price of the bond, assuming it being equal to its fundamental value,
(ii) minimum market price of equity share at which bond holder should exercise
conversion option; and
(iii) duration of the bond. [MTP - OCTOBER 2019- 8 MARKS]
Answer:
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40. The following market data is available:

Spot USD/JPY 116.00
Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) for Yen is Nil.

Required:
(i) CALCULATE 3 months FRA rate at 3 months forward?
(ii) RECOMMEND arbitrage strategy, when 6 & 12 months LIBORS are 5% & 6.5% respectively
and X Ltd. bank is quoting 6/12 USD FRA at 6.50 – 6.75%.?
[RTP - MAY 2018]
Answer:
308

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41. TMC Holding Ltd. has a portfolio of shares of diversified companies valued at Rs. 400 crore
enters into a swap arrangement with None Bank on the terms that it will get 1.15% quarterly
on notional principal of Rs. 400 crore in exchange of return on portfolio which is exactly
tracking the Sensex which is presently 21600.
CALCULATE the net payment to be received/ paid at the end of each quarter if Sensex turns
out to be 21,860, 21,780, 22,080 and 21,960.
[RTP - MAY 2018]
Answer:
309

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42 . Ram holding shares of Reliance Industries Ltd. which is currently selling at Rs. 1000. He
is expecting that this price will further fall due to lower than expected level of profits to be
announced after one month. As on following option contract are available in Reliance Share.
Ram is interested in selling his stock holding as he cannot afford to lose more than 5% of its
value.
RECOMMEND a hedging strategy with option and show how his position will be protected.
[RTP - NOV 2018]
Answer:
Instead of selling the stock of Reliance Ltd., Ram must cover his Risk by buying or long position
in
Put Option with appropriate strike price. Since Ram’s risk appetite is 5%, the most suitable
strike
price in Put Option shall be Rs. 950 (Rs. 1000 – 5% of Rs. 1000). If Ram does so, the overall
position
will be as follows:
Thus, from the above, it can be seen that the value of holding of Ram shall never be less than
Rs.
942 as Put Option will compensate for loss below spot price of Rs. 950. However, this strategy
will
involve a cost of Rs. 8.
43. Indira has a fund of Rs. 3 lacs which she wants to invest in share market with rebalancing
target after every 10 days to start with for a period of one month from now. The present
NIFTY is 5326. The minimum NIFTY within a month can at most be 4793.4. She wants to know
as to how she should rebalance her portfolio under the following situations, according to the
theory of Constant Proportion Portfolio Insurance Policy, using "2" as the multiplier:
(1) Immediately to start with.
(2) 10 days later-being the 1st day of rebalancing if NIFTY falls to 5122.96.
(3) 10 days further from the above date if the NIFTY touches 5539.04.
For the sake of simplicity, assume that the value of her equity component will change in
tandem with that of the NIFTY and the risk free securities in which she is going to invest will
have no Beta.
[RTP - MAY 2019]
Answer
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44. (RTP-NOV 2020

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Answer:
45. TRC Cables Ltd. (an Indian Company) is in the business of manufacturing Electrical Cables
and Data Cables including Fiber Optics cables. While mainly it exports the manufactured
312
cables to other countries it has also established its production facilities at some African

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countries’ due availability of raw material and cheap labour there. Some of the major raw
material such as copper, aluminum and other non-ferrous metals are also imported from
foreign countries. Hence overall TRC has frequent receipts and expenditure items
denominated in Non-INR currencies.
Though TRC make use of Long-Term Debts and Equity to meet its long term fund
requirements but to finance its operations it make use of short-term financial instruments
such as Commercial Papers, Bank Credit and Term Loans from the banks etc. If any surplus
cash is left with TRC it is invested in interest yielding securities. Recently due to stiff
competition from its competitors TRC has relaxed its policy for granting credit and to manage
receivables it has formed a separate credit division.
Further to hedge itself against the various risk it has entered into various OTC Derivatives
Contracts settled outside the Exchange.
Required:
Evaluate the major risks to which TRC Ltd. is exposed to. (MTP-OCT 2020-6 Marks)
Answer:
Following are main categories of risks to which TRC Cables is exposed to:
(i) Financial Risks: TRC is exposed to following financial risks:
(1) Currency Risk: Since most of the Receipts and Payments of TRC are denominated in Non-
INR currencies it is exposed to Currency Risk.
(2) Commodity Risk: As major constituents of production of TRC are commodities such copper,
aluminum etc. it is subject to Commodity Risk.
(3) Interest Rate Risk: As TRC borrows and invest money in short-term instruments it is
exposed to Interest Rate Risk.
(4) Counter Party Risk: Due to relaxation of norms for granting credits certainly the receivable
amount must have increased resulting in increased in Credit Risk.
(5) Liquidity Risk: Since for short-term funding requirements TRC is using Commercial Papers
etc. they are exposed to Liquidity Risk as in time of need if funds are not available from these
sources then securities shall be sold at discounted price.
(6) Political Risk: As TRC is operating in various other countries it is also exposed to Political
Risks such as Restriction on Conversion of local earnings into foreign currency, restrictions on
remittance etc.
(ii) Settlement Risk: The use of OTC Derivatives by TRC also expose it to the settlement risk as
the parties with whom it has entered into the contract may not honor the same.
46. A company is long on 10 MT of copper @ Rs. 534 per kg (spot) and intends to remain so
for the
ensuing quarter. The variance of change in its spot and future prices are 16% and 36%
respectively, having correlation coefficient of 0.75. The contract size of one contract is 1,000
kgs.
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Required:
(i)Calculate the Optimal Hedge Ratio for perfect hedging in Future Market.
(ii)Advice the position to be taken in Future Market for perfect hedging.
(iii)Determine the number and the amount of the copper futures to achieve a perfect hedge.
(MTP-OCT 2020-6 Marks)
Answer:
47. Jan 21)
Shyam buys 10,000 share of X Ltd., @Rs.25 per share and obtains a complete hedge of
shorting 400Nifty at Rs.1,100 each. He close out his position at the closing price of the next
day when the share of X Ltd., has fallen by 4% and Nifty Future has dropped by 2.5%.
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What is the overall profits or loss from this set of transaction?(4 marks)
Answer:
. Cash Outlay
= 10000 x Rs.25 – 400 Rs.1,100
= Rs2,50,000 – Rs4,40,000 = - RS 1,90,000
Cash Inflow at Close Out
= 10000 x Rs25 x 0.96 - 400 x Rs1,100 x 0.975
= Rs 2,40,000 – Rs4,29,000 = - Rs1,89,000
Gain/ Loss
= 1,90,000 – 1,89,000 = Rs1,000 (Gain)
48. (PAST EXAM JULY 21)(MAY-22 RTP)

Following information is available for consideration:
BSE Index 25,000
Value of Portfolio ` 50,50,000
Risk Free Interest Rate 9% p.a.
Dividend yield on Index 6% p.a.
Beta of portfolio 1.5
We assume that a future contract on the BSE Index with 4 months maturity is used to hedge
the value of portfolio over next 3 months. One future contract is for delivery of 50 times the
index.
Based on the above information, calculate:
(i) Price of future contract.
(ii) The gain on short futures position if index turns out to be 22,500 in three months.
ANSWER
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49. Options
AB Ltd.’s equity shares are presently selling at a price of Rs.500 each. An investor is interested
in purchasing AB Ltd.’s shares. The investor expects that there is a 70% chance that the price
will go up to Rs.650 or a 30% chance that it will go down to Rs.450, three months from now.
There is a call option on the shares of the firm that can be exercised only at the end of three
months at an exercise price of Rs.550.
Calculate the following :
If the investor wants a perfect hedge, what combination of the share and option should he
select?
Explain how the investor will be able to maintain identical position regardless of the share
price.
If the risk-free rate of return is 5% for the three months period, what is the value of the
option at the beginning of the period?
What is the expected return on the option?
Answer:
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50. (PAST EXAM NOV 20)
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Using binomial model, calculate :

The probability of price moving up and down
Expected pay off at each node N1, N2 and N3 (round off upto 2 decimal points).
Answer:
318

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51. company is long on 10 MT of copper @ Rs 534 per kg (spot) and intends to remain so for
the ensuing quarter. The variance of change in its spot and future prices are 16% and 36%
respectively, having correlation coefficient of 0.75. The contract size of one contract is 1,000
kgs.
Required:
Calculate the Optimal Hedge Ratio for perfect hedging in Future Market.
Advice the position to be taken in Future Market for perfect hedging.
Determine the number and the amount of the copper futures to achieve a perfect hedge.
.(RTP NOV 2021)
Answer:
319
52 Details about portfolio of shares of an investor is as below:

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Shares No. of shares Price per Beta

(Iakh) share
A Ltd. 3.00 Rs 500 1.40
B Ltd. 4.00 Rs750 1.20
C Ltd. 2.00 Rs 250 1.60
The investor thinks that the risk of portfolio is very high and wants to reduce the portfolio
beta to 0.91. He is considering two below mentioned alternative strategies:
Dispose off a part of his existing portfolio to acquire risk free securities, or
Take appropriate position on Nifty Futures which are currently traded at 8125 and each Nifty
points is worth Rs 200.
portfolio beta,
the value of risk free securities to be acquired,
the number of shares of each company to be disposed off,
the number of Nifty contracts to be bought/sold; and
the value of portfolio beta for 2% rise in Nifty. .(RTP NOV 2021)
Answer:
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53. CMT Pension Fund has a portfolio of shares of diversified companies valued at ₹800 crore
enters into a swap arrangement with Boom Bank on the terms that it will get 1.15% quarterly
on notional principal of ₹800 crore in exchange of return on portfolio which is exactly tracking
the Sensex which is presently 43,200.
You are required to determine the net payment to be received/ paid if Sensex turns out to
be 43,720, 43,560, 44,160 and 43,920 at the end of each quarter.
Note: Make calculations in ₹Crore and round off calculations upto 4 decimal points. (MTP-
NOV 2021)(NOV-21 EXAM QUESTION)
ANSWER
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On 1st July 2021 Mr. P has made the following investment:
Name of No. of Equity Beta Purchase Price per

Company Share Value Equity Share
ML Ltd 1000 1.25 ` 700
He wants to hold the investment till end of September 2021 with an expectation of huge
dividends to be announced in the AGM.
On the date of investment, September Nifty Futures are quoting at 175000 and tradeable
with lot size of 50 for each contract.
You are the Investment advisor to Mr. P,
Please advise Mr. P how to hedge his market exposure using the available data.
Calculate the profit or loss of Mr. P during the expiry of September 2021 futures in following
situation:
Nifty Future rise by 10%
ML Ltd. falls by 5%
Is it possible stock as well as nifty to raise or fall at the same percentage? Please state the
reason.(MTP MARCH-2022)
Answer:
322

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
323

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324

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1. What do you mean by Nostro, Vostro and Loro Accounts?

Answer:
In interbank transactions, foreign exchange is transferred from one account to another account
and from one centre to another centre. Therefore, the banks maintain three types of current
accounts in order to facilitate quick transfer of funds in different currencies. These accounts
are Nostro, Vostro and Loro accounts meaning “our”, “your” and “their”. A bank’s foreign
currency account maintained by the bank in a foreign country and in the home currency of that
country is known as Nostro Account or “our account with you”. For example, An Indian bank’s
Swiss franc account with a bank in Switzerland. Vostro account is the local currency account
maintained by a foreign bank/branch. It is also called “your account with us”. For example,
Indian rupee account maintained by a bank in Switzerland with a bank in India. The Loro
account is an account wherein a bank remits funds in foreign currency to another bank for
credit to an account of a third bank.
2. “Operations in foreign exchange market are exposed to a number of risks.” Discuss.

Answer:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Transaction Exposure
It measures the changes in the value of outstanding financial obligation incurred prior to a
change
in exchange rates but not due to be settled until after the exchange rates change. Thus, it deals
with the
changes in the cashflow which arise from existing contractual obligation. In fact, the
transaction exposures are the most common ones amongst all the exposures. Let’s take an
example of a company which exports to US and the export receivables are also denominated
in USD. While doing budgeting the company had assumed USD/INR rate of Rs. 62 per USD. By
the time the exchange inward remittance arrives. USD/INR could move down to Rs. 57 leading
to wiping off of commercial profit for exporter. Such transaction exposures arise whenever a
business has foreign currency denominated receipts or payments. The risk is an adverse
movement of the exchange rate from the time the transaction is budgeted till the time the
exposure is extinguished by sale or purchase of the foreign currency against the domestic
currency.
Translation Exposure
It refers to gains or losses caused by the translation of foreign currency assets and liabilities
into the currency of the parent company for consolidation purposes. Translation exposures
arise due to the need to “translate” foreign currency assets and liabilities into the home
currency for the purpose of finalizing the accounts for any given period. A typical example of
translation exposure is the treatment of foreign currency loans. It will be readily seen that both
transaction and translation exposures affect the bottom line of a company. The effect could be
positive as well if the movement is favorable – i.e., in the cited examples, in case the USD would
have appreciated and the USD would have depreciated against the rupee.
An important observation is that the translation exposure, of course, becomes a transaction
exposure at some stage: the dollar loan has to be repaid by undertaking the transaction of
purchasing dollars.
Economic Exposure
It refers to the extent to which the economic value of a company can decline due to changes
in exchange rate. It is the overall impact of exchange rate changes othe value of the firm. The
essence of economic exposure is that exchange rate changes significantly alter the cost of a
firm’s inputs and the prices of its outputs and thereby influence its competitive position
substantially.
326

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Practical Illustrations
3. Suppose you are a dealer of ABC Bank and on 20.10.2014 you found that balance in your
Nostro account with XYZ Bank in London is £65,000 and you had overbought £35,000. During
the day following transaction have taken place:
What steps would you take, if you are required to maintain a credit Balance of £7,500 in the
Nostro A/c and keep as overbought position on £7,500?
Answer:
To maintain Cash Balance in Nostro Account at £7,500 you have to sell £20,000 in Spot which
will bring Overbought exchange position to Nil. Since bank require Overbought position of
£7,500 it has
to buy the same in forward market.
327

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
4. If the Indian rupee is the home currency and the foreign currency is the US Dollar then
what is the exchange rate between the rupee and the US dollar?
Answer:
US$ 0.0217/Rs. 1 reads "0.0217 US dollar per rupee." This means that for one Indian rupee one
can buy 0.0217 US dollar. In this method, known as the European terms, the rate is quoted in
terms of the number of units of
the foreign currency for one unit of the domestic currency. This is called an indirect quote.
The alternative method, called the American terms, expresses the home currency price of one
unit
of the foreign currency. This is called a direct quote. This means the exchange rate between
the US dollar and rupee can be expressed as: Rs. 46.08/US$ reads "Rs. 46.08 per US dollar."
Hence, a relationship between US dollar and rupee can be expressed in two different ways
which have the same meaning:
: One can buy 0.0217 US dollars for one Indian rupee.
: Rs. 46.08 Indian rupees are needed to buy one US dollar.
5. On 1st June 2015 the bank enters into a forward contract for 2 months for selling US$
1,00,000 at Rs. 65.5000. On 1st July 2015 the spot rate was Rs. 65.7500/65.2500. Calculate
the amount to be debited in the customer’s account.
Answer:
The bank will apply rate originally agreed upon i.e. Rs. 65.5000 and will debit the account of
the customer with Rs. 65,50,000.
6. On 1 October 2015 Mr. X an exporter enters into a forward contract with a BNP Bank to
sell US$ 1,00,000 on 31 December 2015 at Rs. 65.40/$. However, due to the request of the
importer, Mr. X received amount on 28 November 2015. Mr. X requested the bank the take
delivery of the remittance on 30 November 2015 i.e. before due date. The inter banking rates
on 28 November 2015 was as follows:
Spot Rs. 65.22/65.27
One Month Premium 10/15
If bank agrees to take early delivery then what will be net inflow to Mr. X assuming that the
prevailing prime lending rate is 18% ?
Answer:
Bank will buy from customer at the agreed rate of Rs. 65.40. In addition to the same if bank
will
charge/ pay swap difference and interest on outlay funds.
(a) Swap Difference
Bank Sells at Spot Rate on 28 November 2015 Rs. 65.22
Bank Buys at Forward Rate of 31 December 2015 (65.27 + 0.15) Rs. 65.42
Swap Loss per US$ Rs. 00.20
Swap loss for US$ 1,00,000 Rs. 20,000
(b) Interest on Outlay Funds

On 28th November Bank sells at Rs. 65.22
It buys from customer at Rs. 65.40
Outlay of Funds per US$ Rs. 00.18
Interest on Outlay fund for US$ 1,00,000 for 31 days Rs.
328
275.00

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(US$100000 x 00.18 x 31/365 x 18%)
(c) Charges for early delivery

Swap loss Rs.
20,000.00
Interest on Outlay fund for US$ 1,00,000 for 31 days Rs. 275.00
Rs.
20,275.00
(d) Net Inflow to Mr. X

Amount received on sale (Rs. 65.40 x 1,00,000) Rs.
65,40,000
Less: Charges for early delivery payable to bank (Rs.
20,275)
Rs.
65,19,725
7. On 15th January 2015 you as a banker booked a forward contract for US$ 250000 for your
import customer deliverable on 15th March 2015 at Rs. 65.3450. On due date customer
request you to cancel the contract. On this date quotation for US$ in the inter-bank market
is as follows:
Spot Rs. 65.2900/2975 per US$
Spot/ April 3000/ 3100
Spot/ May 6000/ 6100
Assuming that the flat charges for the cancellation is Rs. 100 and exchange margin is 0.10%,
then determine the cancellation charges payable by the customer.
Answer:
Bank will buy from customer at the agreed rate of Rs. 65.40.
Since this is sale contract the contract shall be cancelled at ready buying rate on the date of
cancellation as follows:
Spot Buying Rate on 15 March 2015 Rs.
65.2900
Less: Exchange Margin Rs.
0.0653
Rs.
65.2247
Rounded to Rs. 65.2250
Dollar sold to customer at Rs.
65.3450
Dollar bought from customer Rs.
65.2250
Net amount payable by the customer per US$ Rs.
0.1200
Amount payable by the customer
Flat Charges Rs.
100.00
Cancellation Charges (Rs. 0.12 x 250000) Rs.
30,000.00
Rs.
329
30,100.00

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
8. You as a banker has entered into a 3 month’s forward contract with your customer to
purchase AUD 1,00,000 at the rate of Rs. 47.2500. However after 2 months your customer
comes to you and requests cancellation of the contract. On this date quotation for AUD in
the market is as follows:
Spot Rs. 47.3000/3500 per AUD
1 month forward Rs. 47.4500/5200 per AUD
Determine the cancellation charges payable by the customer

Answer:
The contract shall be cancelled at the 1 month forward sale rate of Rs. 47.5200 as follows:
AUD bought from customer under original forward contract at Rs. 47.2500
On cancellation it is sold to him at Rs. 47.5200
Net amount payable by customer per AUD Rs. 00.2700
Thus total cancellation charges payable by the customer Rs. 27,000
9. Suppose you are a banker and one of your export customer has booked a US$ 1,00,000
forward sale contract for 2 months with you at the rate of Rs. 62.5200 and simultaneously
you covered yourself in the interbank market at Rs. 62.5900. However on due date, after 2
months your customer comes to you and requests for cancellation of the contract and also
requests for extension of the contract by one month. On this date quotation for US$ in the
market was as follows:
Spot Rs. 62.7200/62.6800
1 month forward Rs. 62.6400/62.7400
Determine the extension charges payable by the customer assuming exchange margin of
0.10% on buying as well as selling.
Answer:
Cancellation
First the original contract shall be cancelled as follows:
US$/Rs. Spot Selling Rate Rs. 62.7200

Add: Margin @ 0.10% Rs. 0.06272
Net amount payable by customer per US$ Rs.
62.78272
Rounded off Rs. 62.7825
Bank buys US$ under original contract at Rs.
62.5200
Bank Sells at Rs. 62.7825
Rs.
0.2675
Thus total cancellation charges payable by the customer for US$ 1,00,000 is Rs. 26,750.
Rebooking
Forward US$/Rs. Buying Rate Rs.
62.6400
Less: Margin @ 0.10% Rs.
330
0.06264

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Net amount payable by customer per US$ Rs.

62.57736
Rounded off Rs. 62.5775
10. Suppose you as a banker entered into a forward purchase contract for US$ 50,000 on 5th
March with an export customer for 3 months at the rate of Rs. 59.6000. On the same day you
also covered yourself in the market at Rs. 60.6025. However on 5th May your customer
comes to you and requests extension of the contract to 5thJuly. On this date (5th May)
quotation for US$ in the market is as follows:
Spot Rs. 59.1300/1400 per US$
Spot/ 5th June Rs. 59.2300/2425 per US$
Spot/ 5th July Rs. 59.6300/6425 per US$
Assuming a margin 0.10% on buying and selling, determine the extension charges payable by
the customer and the new rate quoted to the customer.
Answer:
(a) Cancellation of Original Contract
The forward purchase contract shall be cancelled at the for the forward sale rate for delivery
June.
Interbank forward selling rate Rs. 59.2425

Add: Exchange Margin Rs. 0.0592
Net amount payable by customer per US$ Rs. 59.3017
Rounded off, the rate applicable is Rs. 59.3000
Buying US$ under original contract at original rate Rs. 59.6000
Selling rate to cancel the contract Rs. 59.3000
Difference per US$ Rs. 00.3000
Exchange difference for US$ 50,000 payable to the customer is Rs. 15,000.
(b) Rate for booking new contract
The forward contract shall be rebooked with the delivery 15th July as follows:
Forward buying rate (5 th July) Rs. 59.6300

Less: Exchange Margin Rs. 0.0596
Net amount payable by customer per US$ Rs. 59.5s704
Rounded off to Rs. 59.5700
11. An importer booked a forward contract with his bank on 10th April for USD 2,00,000 due
on 10th June @ Rs. 64.4000. The bank covered its position in the market at Rs. 64.2800. The
exchange rates for dollar in the interbank market on 10th June and 20th June were:
331

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Exchange Margin 0.10% and interest on outlay of funds @ 12%. The importer requested on
20th June for extension of contract with due date on 10th August. Rates rounded to 4 decimal
in multiples of 0.0025.
On 10th June, Bank Swaps by selling spot and buying one month forward. Calculate:
(i) Cancellation rate
(ii) Amount payable on $ 2,00,000
(iii) Swap loss
(iv) Interest on outlay of funds, if any
(v) New contract rate
(vi) Total Cost
[ALSO ASKED IN RTP - MAY 2018] (MTP- NOV 2021)
Answer:
332

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Practical Questions
12. The price of a bond just before a year of maturity is $ 5,000. Its redemption value is $
5,250 at the end of the said period. Interest is $ 350 p.a. The Dollar appreciates by 2% during
the said period. Calculate the rate of return.
Answer:
333

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(1+0.12)(1+0.02) -1 =1.12X1.02 - 1 = 0.1424 i.e. 14.24%
13. ABN-Amro Bank, Amsterdam, wants to purchase Rs. 15 million against US$ for funding
their Nostro account with Canara Bank, New Delhi. Assuming the inter-bank, rates of US$ is
Rs. 51.3625/3700, what would be the rate Canara Bank would quote to ABN-Amro Bank?
Further, if the deal is struck, what would be the equivalent US$ amount.
Answer:
14. XYZ Bank, Amsterdam, wants to purchase Rs. 25 million against £ for funding their Nostro
account and they have credited LORO account with Bank of London, London.
Calculate the amount of £’s credited. Ongoing inter-bank rates are per $, Rs. 61.3625/3700
& per £, $ 1.5260/70.
Answer:
334

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
15. ABC Ltd. of UK has exported goods worth Can $ 5,00,000 receivable in 6 months. The
exporter wants to hedge the receipt in the forward market. The following information is
available:
Spot Exchange Rate Can $ 2.5/£
Interest Rate in UK 12%
Interest Rate In Canada 15%
The forward rates truly reflect the interest rates differential. Find out the gain/loss to UK
exporter if Can
$ spot rates (i) declines 2%, (ii) gains 4% or (iii) remains unchanged over next 6 months.
Answer:
335

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
16. On April 3, 2016, a Bank quotes the following:
Spot exchange Rate (US $ 1) INR 66.2525 INR 67.5945

2 months’ swap points 70 90
3 months’ swap points 160 186
In a spot transaction, delivery is made after two days.
Assume spot date as April 5, 2016.
Assume 1 swap point = 0.0001,
(i) ascertain swap points for 2 months and 15 days. (For June 20, 2016),
(ii) determine foreign exchange rate for June 20, 2016, and
(iii) compute the annual rate of premium/discount of US$ on INR, on an average rate.
[ALSO IN MTP - MARCH 2019 -- 8 MARKS](NOV-22 RTP)
Answer:
336

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
17. JKL Ltd., an Indian company has an export exposure of JPY 10,000,000 receivable August
31, 2014. Japanese Yen (JPY) is not directly quoted against Indian Rupee.
The current spot rates are:
INR/US $ = Rs. 62.22
JPY/US$ = JPY 102.34
It is estimated that Japanese Yen will depreciate to 124 level and Indian Rupee to depreciate
against US $ to Rs. 65.
Forward rates for August 2014 are
INR/US $ = Rs. 66.50
Required:
(i) Calculate the expected loss, if the hedging is not done. How the position will change, if the
firm takes forward cover?
(ii) If the spot rates on August 31, 2014 are:
337
INR/US $= Rs. 66.25

CA Ravi Agarwal’s

Is the decision to take forward cover justified?
Answer:
Since the direct quote for ¥ and Rs. is not available it will be calculated by cross exchange
rate as follows:
18. You sold Hong Kong Dollar 1,00,00,000 value spot to your customer at Rs. 5.70 & covered
yourself in London market on the same day, when the exchange rates were
US$ 1 = H.K.$ 7.5880 7.5920
338
Local inter bank market rates for US$ were


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Spot US$ 1 = Rs. 42.70 42.85

Calculate cover rate and ascertain the profit or loss in the transaction. Ignore brokerage.
Answer:
19. You, a foreign exchange dealer of your bank, are informed that your bank has sold a T.T.
on Copenhagen for Danish Kroner 10,00,000 at the rate of Danish Kroner 1 = Rs. 6.5150. You
are required to cover the transaction either in London or New York market. The rates on that
date are as under:
In which market will you cover the transaction, London or New York, and what will be the
exchange profit or loss on the transaction? Ignore brokerages.
Answer:
339

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
The transaction would be covered through London which gets the maximum profit of Rs.
7,119 or lower cover cost at London Market by (Rs. 65,10,176 - Rs. 65,07,881) = Rs. 2,295
20. On January 28, 2013 an importer customer requested a Bank to remit Singapore Dollar
(SGD) 2,500,000 under an irrevocable Letter of Credit (LC). However, due to unavoidable
factors, the Bank could effect the remittances only on February 4, 2013. The inter-bank
market rates were as follows:
The Bank wishes to retain an exchange margin of 0.125%

Required:
How much does the customer stand to gain or lose due to the delay?
(Note: Calculate the rate in multiples of 0.0001)
Answer:
340

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
21. Following are the details of cash inflows and outflows in foreign currency denominations
of MNP Co. an Indian export firm, which have no foreign subsidiaries:
(i) Determine the net exposure of each foreign currency in terms of Rupees.
(ii) Are any of the exposure positions offsetting to some extent?
Answer:
341

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
22. The following 2-way quotes appear in the foreign exchange market:
Spot 2-months forward
RS/US $ Rs.46.00/Rs.46.25 Rs.47.00/Rs.47.50
Required:
(i) How many US dollars should a firm sell to get Rs. 25 lakhs after 2 months?
(ii) How many Rupees is the firm required to pay to obtain US $ 2,00,000 in the spot market?
(iii) Assume the firm has US $ 69,000 in current account earning no interest. ROI on Rupee
investment is 10% p.a. Should the firm encash the US $ now or 2 months later?
Answer:
342

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
23. Z Ltd. importing goods worth USD 2 million, requires 90 days to make the payment. The
overseas supplier has offered a 60 days interest free credit period and for additional credit
for 30 days an interest of 8% per annum.
The bankers of Z Ltd offer a 30 days loan at 10% per annum and their quote for foreign
exchange is as follows:
You are required to evaluate the following options:

(i) Pay the supplier in 60 days, or
(ii) Avail the supplier's offer of 90 days credit.
Answer:
24. Followings are the spot exchange rates quoted at three different forex markets:
343

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
USD/INR 48.30 in Mumbai

GBP/INR 77.52 in London
GBP/USD 1.6231 in New York
The arbitrageur has USD1,00,00,000. Assuming that there are no transaction costs, explain
whether there is any arbitrage gain possible from the quoted spot exchange rates. [ALSO IN
RTP - MAY 2020]
Answer:
The arbitrageur can proceed as stated below to realize arbitrage gains.
(i) Buy Rs. from USD 10,000,000 At Mumbai 48.30 × 10,000,000 Rs.483,000,000
25. The US dollar is selling in India at Rs. 55.50. If the interest rate for 6 months borrowing in
India is 10% per annum and the corresponding rate in USA is 4%.
(i) Do you expect that US dollar will be at a premium or at discount in the Indian Forex
Market?
(ii) What will be the expected 6-months forward rate for US dollar in India? and
(iii) What will be the rate of forward premium or discount?
Answer:
(i) Under the given circumstances, the USD is expected to quote at a premium in India as the
interest rate is higher in India. 344

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
26. In March, 2009, the Multinational Industries make the following assessment of dollar
rates per British pound to prevail as on 1.9.2009:
(i) What is the expected spot rate for 1.9.2009?

(ii) If, as of March, 2009, the 6-month forward rate is $ 1.80, should the firm sell forward its
pound receivables due in September, 2009?
Answer:
345

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Therefore, the expected spot value of $ for £ for September, 2009 would be $ 1.81.
(ii) If the six-month forward rate is $ 1.80, the expected profits of the firm can be maximised
by retaining its pounds receivable.
27. An importer customer of your bank wishes to book a forward contract with your bank on
3rd September for sale to him of SGD 5,00,000 to be delivered on 30th October.
The spot rates on 3rd September are USD 49.3700/3800 and USD/SGD 1.7058/68. The swap
points are:
Calculate the rate to be quoted to the importer by assuming an exchange margin of paisa.
Answer:
346

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
28. A company operating in Japan has today effected sales to an Indian company, the
payment being due 3 months from the date of invoice. The invoice amount is 108 lakhs yen.
At today's spot rate, it is equivalent to Rs. 30 lakhs. It is anticipated that the exchange rate
will decline by 10% over the 3 months period and in order to protect the yen payments, the
importer proposes to take appropriate action in the foreign exchange market. The 3 months
forward rate is presently quoted as 3.3 yen per rupee. You are required to calculate the
expected loss and to show how it can be hedged by a forward contract.(NOV-21 EXAM
QUESTION)
Answer:
Spot rate of Rs. 1 against yen = 108 lakhs yen/Rs. 30 lakhs = 3.6 yen
3 months forward rate of Re. 1 against yen = 3.3 yen
Anticipated decline in Exchange rate = 10%.
Expected spot rate after 3 months = 3.6 yen – 10% of 3.6 = 3.6 yen – 0.36 yen = 3.24 yen per
rupee
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Suggestion: If the exchange rate risk is not covered with forward contract, the expected
exchange loss is Rs. 3.33 lakhs. This could be reduced to Rs. 2.73 lakhs if it is covered with
Forward contract. Hence, taking forward contract is suggested.
29. ABC Co. have taken a 6 month loan from their foreign collaborators for US Dollars 2
millions. Interest payable on maturity is at LIBOR plus 1.0%. Current 6-month LIBOR is 2%.
Enquiries regarding exchange rates with their bank elicits the following information:
Spot USD 1 Rs. 48.5275
6 months forward Rs. 48.4575
(i) What would be their total commitment in Rupees, if they enter into a forward contract?
(ii) Will you advise them to do so? Explain giving reasons.
Answer:
Firstly, the interest is calculated at 3% p.a. for 6 months. That is:
USD 20,00,000 × 3/100 × 6/12 = USD 30,000
From the forward points quoted, it is seen that the second figure is less than the first, this
means that the currency is quoted at a discount.
(i) The value of the total commitment in Indian rupees is calculated as below:
Principal Amount of loan USD 20,00,000
Add: Interest USD 30,000
Amount due USD 20,30,000

Spot rate Rs. 48.5275
Forward Points (6 months) (–) 0.0700
Forward Rate Rs. 48.4575
Value of Commitment Rs. 9,83,68,725
(ii) It is seen from the forward rates that the market expectation is that the dollar will
depreciate. If the firm's own expectation is that the dollar will depreciate more than what the
bank has quoted, it may be worthwhile not to cover forward and keep the exposure open. If
the firm has no specific view regarding future dollar price movements, it would be better to
cover the exposure. This would freeze the total commitment and insulate the firm from undue
market fluctuations. In other words, it will be advisable to cut the losses at this point
of time.
Given the interest rate differentials and inflation rates between India and USA, it would be
unwise to expect continuous depreciation of the dollar. The US Dollar is a stronger currency
than the Indian Rupee based on past trends and it would be advisable to cover the exposure.
30. Excel Exporters are holding an Export bill in United States Dollar (USD) 1,00,000 due 60
days hence. They are worried about the falling USD value which is currently at Rs. 45.60 per
USD. The concerned Export Consignment has been priced on an Exchange rate of Rs. 45.50
per USD. The Firm’s Bankers have quoted a 60-day forward rate of Rs. 45.20.
Calculate:
(i) Rate of discount quoted by the Bank
(ii) The probable loss of operating profit if the forward sale is agreed to.
[ALSO IN RTP - NOV 2019]
Answer:
348

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
31. In International Monetary Market an international forward bid for December, 15 on

pound sterling is $ 1.2816 at the same time that the price of IMM sterling future for delivery
on December, 15 is $ 1.2806. The contract size of pound sterling is £ 62,500. How could the
dealer use arbitrage in profit from this situation and how much profit is earned?
Answer:
Buy £ 62500 × 1.2806 = $ 80037.50
Sell £ 62500 × 1.2816 = $ 80100.00
Profit $ 62.50
Alternatively, if the market comes back together before December 15, the dealer could unwind
his position (by simultaneously buying £ 62,500 forward and selling a futures contract. Both for
delivery on December 15) and earn the same profit of $ 62.5.
32. An Indian importer has to settle an import bill for $ 1,30,000. The exporter has given the
Indian exporter two options:
(i) Pay immediately without any interest charges.
(ii) Pay after three months with interest at 5 percent per annum.
The importer's bank charges 15 percent per annum on overdrafts. The exchange rates in the
market are as follows:
Spot rate (Rs. /$) : 48.35 /48.36
3-Months forward rate (Rs./$) : 48.81 /48.83
The importer seeks your advice. Give your advice. [ALSO IN RTP - NOV 2019]
Answer:
349

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
33. DEF Ltd. has imported goods to the extent of US$ 1 crore. The payment terms are 60 days
interest-free credit. For additional credit of 30 days, interest at the rate of 7.75% p.a. will be
charged.
The banker of DEF Ltd. has offered a 30 days loan at the rate of 9.5% p.a. Their quote for the
foreign exchange is as follows:
Spot rate INR/US$ 62.50
60 days forward rate INR/US$ 63.15
90 days forward rate INR/US$ 63.45
Which one of the following options would be better?
(i) Pay the supplier on 60th day and avail bank loan for 30 days.
(ii) Avail the supplier's offer of 90 days credit.
(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
350

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
34. A company is considering hedging its foreign exchange risk. It has made a purchase on
1st July, 2016 for which it has to make a payment of US$ 60,000 on December 31, 2016. The
present exchange rate is 1 US $ = Rs. 65. It can purchase forward 1 $ at Rs. 64. The company
will have to make an upfront premium @ 2% of the forward amount purchased. The cost of
funds to the company is 12% per annum.
In the following situations, compute the profit/loss the company will make if it hedges its
foreign exchange risk with the exchange rate on 31st December, 2016 as:
(i) Rs. 68 per US $.
(ii) Rs. 62 per US $.
(iii) Rs. 70 per US $.
(iv) Rs. 65 per US $.
(NOV-21 PAST EXAM)
Answer:
35. Following information relates to AKC Ltd. which manufactures some parts of an
electronics device which are exported to USA, Japan and Europe on 90 days credit terms.
Cost and Sales information:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Advise AKC Ltd. by calculating average contribution to sales ratio whether it should hedge
it’s foreign currency risk or not?
[ALSO IN MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
36. EFD Ltd. is an export business house. The company prepares invoice in customers'
currency. Its debtors of US$. 10,000,000 is due on April 1, 2015.
Market information as at January 1, 2015 is:
352

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On April 1, 2015 the spot rate US$/INR is 0.016136 and currency future rate is 0.016134.
Which of the following methods would be most advantageous to EFD Ltd?
(i) Using forward contract
(ii) Using currency futures
(iii) Not hedging the currency risk [ALSO IN MTP - MARCH 2019 - 7 MARKS]( MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
Receipts under different methods of hedging

Forward contract Rs. 620,001,240
Futures Rs. 620,337,627
No hedge (US$ 10,000,000/0.016136) Rs. 619,732,276
The most advantageous option would have been to hedge with futures.
37. Spot rate 1 US $ = Rs. 48.0123

180 days Forward rate for 1 US $ = Rs. 48.8190
Annualised interest rate for 6 months – Rupee = 12%
Annualised interest rate for 6 months – US $ = 8%
Is there any arbitrage possibility? If yes how an arbitrageur can take advantage of the
situation, if he is willing to borrow Rs. 40,00,000 or US $83,312.
Answer:
353

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38. Given the following information:

Exchange rate – Canadian dollar 0.665 per DM (spot)
Canadian dollar 0.670 per DM (3 months)
Interest rates – DM 7% p.a.
Canadian Dollar – 9% p.a.
What operations would be carried out to take the possible arbitrage gains?
Answer:
In this case, DM is at a premium against the Can$.
Premium = [(0.67 – 0.665) /0.665] x (12/3) x 100 = 3.01 per cent
Interest rate differential = 9% - 7% = 2 per cent.
Since the interest rate differential is smaller than the premium, it will be profitable to place
money in Deutschmarks the currency whose 3-months interest is lower.
The following operations are carried out:
(i) Borrow Can$ 1000 at 9 per cent for 3- months;
(ii) Change this sum into DM at the spot rate to obtain DM = (1000/0.665) = 1503.76
(iii) Place DM 1503.76 in the money market for 3 months to obtain a sum of DM
Principal: 1503.76
Add: Interest @ 7% for 3 months = 26.32
Total 1530.08
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(iv) Sell DM at 3-months forward to obtain Can$= (1530.08x0.67) = 1025.15
(v) Refund the debt taken in Can$ with the interest due on it, i.e.,
Can$
Principal 1000.00
Add: Interest @9% for 3 months 22.50
Total 1022.50
Net arbitrage gain = 1025.15 – 1022.50 = Can$ 2.65
39. An Indian exporting firm, Rohit and Bros., would be covering itself against a likely
depreciation of pound sterling. The following data is given:
Receivables of Rohit and Bros : £500,000
Spot rate : Rs. 56.00/£
Payment date : 3-months
3 months interest rate : India : 12 per cent per annum
: UK : 5 per cent per annum
What should the exporter do?
Answer:
355

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40. An exporter is a UK based company. Invoice amount is $3,50,000. Credit period is three
months. Exchange rates in London are :
Spot Rate ($/£) 1.5865 – 1.5905
3-month Forward Rate ($/£) 1.6100 – 1.6140
Rates of interest in Money Market:
Compute and show how a money market hedge can be put in place. Compare and contrast
the outcome with a forward contract? [ALSO IN RTP - MAY 2019]
Answer:
Identify: Foreign currency is an asset. Amount $ 3,50,000.
Create: $ Liability.
Borrow: In $. The borrowing rate is 9% per annum or 2.25% per quarter.
Amount to be borrowed: 3,50,000 / 1.0225 = $ 3,42,298.29
Convert: Sell $ and buy £. The relevant rate is the Ask rate, namely, 1.5905 per £,
(Note: This is an indirect quote). Amount of £s received on conversion is 2,15,214.27
(3,42,298.29/1.5905).
Invest: £ 2,15,214.27 will be invested at 5% for 3 months and get £ 2,17,904.45

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Settle: The liability of $3,42,298.29 at interest of 2.25 per cent quarter matures to $3,50,000
receivable from customer.
Using forward rate, amount receivable is = 3,50,000 / 1.6140 = £2,16,852.54
Amount received through money market hedge = £2,17,904.45

Gain = 2,17,904.45 – 2,16,852.54 = £1,051.91
So, money market hedge is beneficial for the exporters
41. The rate of inflation in India is 8% per annum and in the U.S.A. it is 4%. The current spot
rate for USD in India is Rs. 46. What will be the expected rate after 1 year and after 4 years
applying the Purchasing Power Parity Theory.
Answer:
42. On April 1, 3 months interest rate in the UK £ and US $ are 7.5% and 3.5% per annum
respectively. The UK £/US $ spot rate is 0.7570. What would be the forward rate for US $
for delivery on 30th June?
Answer:
43. An importer requests his bank to extend the forward contract for US$ 20,000 which is
due
for maturity on 30th October, 2010, for a further period of 3 months. He agrees to pay the
required margin money for such extension of the contract.
Contracted Rate – US$ 1= Rs. 42.32
The US Dollar quoted on 30-10-2010:-

Spot – 41.5000/41.5200
3 months’ Premium -0.87% /0.93%
Margin money for buying and selling rate is 0.075% and 0.20% respectively.
Compute:
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(i) The cost to the importer in respect of the extension of the forward contract, and
(ii) The rate of new forward contract.
Answer:
44. XYZ, an Indian firm, will need to pay JAPANESE YEN (JY) 5,00,000 on 30th June. In order
to hedge the risk involved in foreign currency transaction, the firm is considering two
alternative methods i.e. forward market cover and currency option contract.
On 1st April, following quotations (JY/INR) are made available:
Spot 3 months forward
1.9516/1.9711. 1.9726./1.9923
The prices for forex currency option on purchase are as follows:
Strike Price JY 2.125
Call option (June) JY 0.047
Put option (June) JY 0.098
For excess or balance of JY covered, the firm would use forward rate as future spot rate.
You are required to recommend cheaper hedging alternative for XYZ. (MTP- NOV 2021)
Answer:
358

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
45. ABC Technologic is expecting to receive a sum of US$ 4,00,000 after 3 months. The
company decided to go for future contract to hedge against the risk. The standard size of
future contract available in the market is $1000. As on date spot and futures $ contract are
quoting at Rs. 44.00 &Rs. 45.00 respectively. Suppose after 3 months the company closes out
its position futures are quoting at Rs. 44.50 and spot rate is also quoting at Rs. 44.50. You are
required to calculate effective realization for the company while selling the receivable. Also
calculate how company has been benefitted by using the future option.
Answer:
46. Gibralater Limited has imported 5000 bottles of shampoo at landed cost in Mumbai, of
US $ 20 each. The company has the choice for paying for the goods immediately or in 3
months’ time. It has a clean overdraft limited where 14% p.a. rate of interest is charged.
Calculate which of the following method would be cheaper to Gibralter Limited.
(i) Pay in 3 months’ time with interest @ 10% p.a. and cover risk forward for 3 months.
(ii) Settle now at a current spot rate and pay interest of the over draft for 3 months.
The rates are as follows:
Mumbai Rs. /$ spot : 60.25-60.55
3 months swap points : 35/25
Answer:
359

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47. An American firm is under obligation to pay interests of Can$ 1010000 and Can$ 705000
on 31st July and 30th September respectively. The Firm is risk averse and its policy is to hedge
the risks involved in all foreign currency transactions. The Finance Manager of the firm is
thinking of hedging the risk considering two methods i.e. fixed forward or option contracts.
It is now June 30. Following quotations regarding rates of exchange, US$ per Can$, from the
firm’s bank were obtained:
Price for a Can$ /US$ option on a U.S. stock exchange (cents per Can$, payable on purchase
of the option, contract size Can$ 50000) are as follows:
According to the suggestion of finance manager if options are to be used, one month option
should be bought at a strike price of 94 cents and three month option at a strike price of 95
cents and for the
remainder uncovered by the options the firm would bear the risk itself. For this, it would use
forward rate as the best estimate of spot. Transaction costs are ignored.
Recommend, which of the above two methods would be appropriate for the American firm
to hedge its foreign exchange risk on the two interest payments.
(MTP MARCH -2022)(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
360

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48. Zaz plc, a UK Company is in the process of negotiating an order amounting €2.8 million
with a large German retailer on 6 month’s credit. If successful, this will be first time for Zaz
has exported goods into the highly competitive German Market. The Zaz is considering
following 3 alternatives for managing the transaction risk before the order is finalized.
(a) Mr. Peter the Marketing head has suggested that in order to remove transaction risk
completely Zaz should invoice the German firm in Sterling using the current €/£ average spot
rate to calculate the invoice amount.
(b) Mr. Wilson, CE is doubtful about Mr. Peter’s proposal and suggested an alternative of
invoicing the German firm in € and using a forward exchange contract to hedge the
transaction risk.
(c) Ms. Karen, CFO is agreed with the proposal of Mr. Wilson to invoice the German first in €,
but she is of opinion that Zaz should use sufficient 6 month sterling further contracts (to the
nearest whole number) to hedge the transaction risk.
361
Following data is available


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Spot Rate € 1.1960 - €1.1970/£

6 months forward points 0.60 – 0.55 Euro Cents.
6 month further contract is currently trading at € 1.1943/£
6 month future contract size is £62,500
After 6 month Spot rate and future rate € 1.1873/£
You are required to
(a) Calculate (to the nearest £) the £ receipt for Zaz plc, under each of 3 above proposals.
(b) In your opinion which alternative you consider to be most appropriate.
Answer:
362

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(ii) Proposal of option (b) is preferable because the option (a) & (c) produces least receipts.
Further, in case of proposal (a) there must be a doubt as to whether this would be acceptable
to German firm as it is described as a competitive market and Zaz is moving into it first time.
49. Columbus Surgicals Inc. is based in US, has recently imported surgical raw materials from
the UK and has been invoiced for £ 480,000, payable in 3 months. It has also exported surgical
goods to India and France.
The Indian customer has been invoiced for £ 138,000, payable in 3 months, and the French
customer has been invoiced for € 590,000, payable in 4 months.
Current spot and forward rates are as follows:
£ / US$
Spot : 0.9830 – 0.9850
Three months forward :0.9520 – 0.9545
US$ / €
Spot: 1.8890 – 1.8920
Four months forward: 1.9510 – 1.9540
Current money market rates are as follows:
UK: 10.0% – 12.0% p.a.
France: 14.0% – 16.0% p.a.
USA: 11.5% – 13.0% p.a.
You as Treasury Manager are required to show how the company can hedge its foreign
exchange exposure using Forward markets and Money markets hedge and suggest which the
best hedging technique is.
Answer:
£ Exposure
Since Columbus has a £ receipt (£ 138,000) and payment of (£ 480,000) maturing at the same
time i.e. 3 months, it can match them against each other leaving a net liability of £ 342,000 to
be hedged.
(i) Forward market hedge

Buy 3 months' forward contract accordingly, amount payable after 3 months will be £ 342,000
/ 0.9520 = US$ 359,244
(ii) Money market hedge

To pay £ after 3 months' Columbus shall requires to borrow in US$ and translate to £ and then
deposit in £.
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For payment of £ 342,000 in 3 months (@2.5% interest) amount required to be deposited now
(£ 342,000 ÷ 1.025) = £ 333,658
With spot rate of 0.9830 the US$ loan needed will be = US$ 339,429
Loan repayable after 3 months (@3.25% interest) will be = US$ 350,460
In this case the money market hedge is a cheaper option.
€ Receipt
Amount to be hedged = € 590,000
(i) Forward market hedge

Sell 4 months' forward contract accordingly, amount receivable after 4 months will be (€
590,000 x1.9510) = US$ 1,151,090
(ii) Money market hedge

For money market hedge Columbus shall borrow in € and then translate to US$ and deposit in
US$
For receipt of € 590,000 in 4 months (@ 5.33% interest) amount required to be borrowed now
(€590,000 ÷ 1.0533) = € 560,144
With spot rate of 1.8890 the US$ deposit will be = US$ 1,058,113
Deposit amount will increase over 3 months (@3.83% interest) will be = US$ 1,098,639
In this case, more will be received in US$ under the forward hedge.
50. XYZ Ltd. a US firm will need £ 3,00,000 in 180 days. In this connection, the following
information is available:
Spot rate 1 £ = $ 2.00
180 days forward rate of £ as of today = $1.96
Interest rates are as follows:
U.K. US
180 days deposit rate 4.5% 5%
180 days borrowing rate 5% 5.5%
A call option on £ that expires in 180 days has an exercise price of $ 1.97 and a premium of $
0.04.
XYZ Ltd. has forecasted the spot rates 180 days hence as below:
Future rate Probability
$ 1.91 25%
$ 1.95 60%
$ 2.05 15%
Which of the following strategies would be most preferable to XYZ Ltd.
(a) A forward contract;
(b) A money market hedge;
(c) An option contract;
(d) No hedging.
Show calculations in each case.
[ALSO ASKED IN MTP - APRIL 2018 - 10 MARKS]
Answer:
(a) Forward contract: Dollar needed in 180 days = £3,00,000 x $ 1.96 = $5,88,000/-
(b) Money market hedge: Borrow $, convert to £, invest £, repay $ loan in 180 days
Amount in £ to be invested = 3,00,000/1.045 = £ 2,87,081
364
Amount of $ needed to convert into £ = 2,87,081 x 2 = $ 5,74,162


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Interest and principal on $ loan after 180 days = $5,74,162 x 1.055 = $ 6,05,741
(c) Call option:
* ($1.97 + $0.04)
51. A Ltd. of U.K. has imported some chemical worth of USD 3,64,897 from one of the U.S.
suppliers. The amount is payable in six months time. The relevant spot and forward rates
are:
Spot rate USD 1.5617-1.5673
6 months’ forward rate USD 1.5455 –1.5609
The borrowing rates in U.K. and U.S. are 7% and 6% respectively and the deposit rates are
5.5% and 4.5% respectively.
Currency options are available under which one option contract is for GBP 12,500. The
option premium for GBP at a strike price of USD 1.70/GBP is USD 0.037 (call option) and
USD 0.096 (put option) for 6 months period.
The company has 3 choices:
(i) Forward cover
(ii) Money market cover, and
(iii) Currency option
Which of the alternatives is preferable by the company?
[ASKED IN MTP - MAR 2018 / APR 2019 - 10 MARKS / 8 MARKS][NOV-22 RTP]
Answer:
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366

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367

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52. Nitrogen Ltd, a UK company is in the process of negotiating an order amounting to €4

million
with a large German retailer on 6 months credit. If successful, this will be the first time that
Nitrogen Ltd has exported goods into the highly competitive German market. The following
three alternatives are being considered for managing the transaction risk before the order is
finalized.
(i) Invoice the German firm in Sterling using the current exchange rate to calculate the
invoice amount.
(ii) Alternative of invoicing the German firm in € and using a forward foreign exchange
contract to hedge the transaction risk.
(iii) Invoice the German first in € and use sufficient 6 months sterling future contracts (to
the nearly whole number) to hedge the transaction risk.
Following data is available:
Spot Rate € 1.1750 - €1.1770/£
6 months forward premium 0.55-0.60 Euro Cents
6 months future contract is currently trading at €1.1760/£

6 months future contract size is £62500
Spot rate and 6 months future rate €1.1785/£
Required:
(a) Calculate to the nearest £ the receipt for Nitrogen Ltd, under each of the three proposals.
(b) In your opinion, which alternative would you consider to be the most appropriate and
the reason thereof. [ALSO IN RTP - MAY 2020]
Answer:
368

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
53. Sun Ltd. is planning to import equipment from Japan at a cost of 3,400 lakh yen. The
company may avail loans at 18 percent per annum with quarterly rests with which it can
import the equipment. The company has also an offer from Osaka branch of an India based
bank extending credit of 180 days at 2 percent per annum against opening of an irrecoverable
letter of credit.
Additional information:
Present exchange rate Rs. 100 = 340 yen
180 day’s forward rate Rs. 100 = 345 yen
Commission charges for letter of credit at 2 per cent per 12 months.
Advice the company whether the offer from the foreign branch should be accepted.
Answer:
369

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
54. NP and Co. has imported goods for US $ 7,00,000. The amount is payable after three
months. The company has also exported goods for US $ 4,50,000 and this amount is
receivable in two months. For receivable amount a forward contract is already taken at Rs.
48.90.
The market rates for Rupee and Dollar are as under:
Spot Rs. 48.50/70
Two months 25/30 points
Three months 40/45 points
The company wants to cover the risk and it has two options as under :
(A) To cover payables in the forward market and
(B) To lag the receivables by one month and cover the risk only for the net amount. No
interest for delaying the receivables is earned. Evaluate both the options if the cost of Rupee
Funds is 12%. Which option is preferable? [ALSO IN MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
(A) To cover payable and receivable in forward Market
Amount payable after 3 months $7,00,000
Thus Payable Amount (Rs.) (A) Rs. 3,39,15,000
Amount receivable after 2 months $ 4,50,000
Thus Receivable Amount (Rs.) (B) Rs. 2,20,05,000
370

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Interest @ 12% p.a. for 1 month (C) Rs. 2,20,050

Net Amount Payable in (Rs.) (A) – (B) – (C) Rs. 1,16,89,950
(B) Assuming that since the forward contract for receivable was already booked it shall be
cancelled if we lag the receivables. Accordingly, any profit/ loss on cancellation of contract shall
also be calculated and shall be adjusted as follows:
Amount Payable ($) $7,00,000
Amount receivable after 3 months $ 4,50,000
Net Amount payable $2,50,000
Applicable Rate Rs. 48.45
Amount payable in (Rs.) (A) Rs.
1,21,12,500
Profit on cancellation of Forward cost Rs. 2,70,000
(48.90 – 48.30) × 4,50,000 (B)
Thus, net amount payable in (Rs.) (A) + (B) Rs.
1,18,42,500
Since net payable amount is least in case of first option, hence the company should cover
payable and receivables in forward market.
Note: In the question it has not been clearly mentioned that whether quotes given for 2 and 3
months (in points terms) are premium points or direct quotes. Although above solution is
based on the assumption that these are direct quotes, but students can also consider them as
premium points and solve the question accordingly.
55. A customer with whom the Bank had entered into 3 months’ forward purchase contract
for Swiss Francs 10,000 at the rate of Rs. 27.25 comes to the bank after 2 months and requests
cancellation of the contract. On this date, the rates, prevailing, are:
Spot CHF 1 = Rs. 27.30 27.35
One month forward Rs. 27.45 27.52
What is the loss/gain to the customer on cancellation?
Answer:
371

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
56. A bank enters into a forward purchase TT covering an export bill for Swiss Francs 1,00,000
at Rs. 32.4000 due 25th April and covered itself for same delivery in the local inter bank
market at Rs. 32.4200. However, on 25th March, exporter sought for cancellation of the
contract as the tenor of the bill is changed.
In Singapore market, Swiss Francs were quoted against dollars as under:
Spot USD 1 = Sw. Fcs. 1.5076/1.5120
One month forward 1.5150/ 1.5160
Two months forward 1.5250 / 1.5270
Three months forward 1.5415/ 1.5445
and in the interbank market US dollars were quoted as under:
Spot USD 1 = Rs. 49.4302/.4455

Spot / April 4100/.4200
Spot/May .4300/.4400
Spot/June .4500/.4600
Calculate the cancellation charges, payable by the customer if exchange margin required by
the bank is 0.10% on buying and selling.
Answer:
372

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
57. Your forex dealer had entered into a cross currency deal and had sold US $ 10,00,000
against EURO at US $ 1 = EURO 1.4400 for spot delivery.
However, later during the day, the market became volatile and the dealer in compliance with
his management’s guidelines had to square – up the position when the quotations were:
Spot US $ 1 INR 31.4300/4500
1 month margin 25/20
2 months margin 45/35
Spot US $ 1 EURO 1.4400/4450
1 month forward 1.4425/4490
2 months forward 1.4460/4530
What will be the gain or loss in the transaction? [ALSO IN MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
373

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58. You have following quotes from Bank A and Bank B:
Calculate :
(i) How much minimum CHF amount you have to pay for 1 Million GBP spot?
(ii) Considering the quotes from Bank A only, for GBP/CHF what are the Implied Swap points
for Spot over 3 months? [MTP - MARCH 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
374

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
59. M/s Omega Electronics Ltd. exports air conditioners to Germany by importing all the
components from Singapore. The company is exporting 2,400 units at a price of Euro 500 per
unit. The cost of imported components is S$ 800 per unit. The fixed cost and other variables
cost per unit are Rs. 1,000 and Rs. 1,500 respectively. The cash flows in Foreign currencies
are due in six months. The current exchange rates are as follows:
Rs./Euro 51.50/55
Rs./S$ 27.20/25
After six months the exchange rates turn out as follows:
Rs./Euro 52.00/05
Rs./S$ 27.70/75
(A) You are required to calculate loss/gain due to transaction exposure.
(B) Based on the following additional information calculate the loss/gain due to transaction
and operating exposure if the contracted price of air conditioners is Rs. 25,000 :
(i) the current exchange rate changes to
Rs./Euro 51.75/80
Rs./S$ s27.10/15
(ii) Price elasticity of demand is estimated to be 1.5
(iii) Payments and receipts are to be settled at the end of six months.
Answer:
(i) Profit at current exchange rates
2400 [€ 500 × Rs. 51.50 – (S$ 800 × Rs. 27.25 + Rs. 1,000 + Rs. 1,500)]
2400 [Rs. 25,750 - Rs. 24,300] = Rs. 34,80,000
Profit after change in exchange rates

2400[€500× Rs. 52 – (S$ 800 × Rs. 27.75 + Rs. 1000 + Rs. 1500)]
2400[Rs. 26,000 - Rs. 24,700] = Rs. 31,20,000
LOSS DUE TO TRANSACTION EXPOSURE

Rs. 34,80,000 – Rs. 31,20,000 = Rs. 3,60,000
(ii) Profit based on new exchange rates

2400[Rs. 25,000 - (800 × Rs. 27.15 + Rs. 1,000 + Rs. 1,500)]
2400[Rs. 25,000 - Rs. 24,220] = Rs. 18,72,000
Profit after change in exchange rates at the end of six months

2400 [Rs. 25,000 - (800 × Rs. 27.75 + Rs. 1,000 + Rs. 1,500)]
2400 [Rs.. 25,000 - Rs. 24,700] = Rs. 7,20,000
375
Decline in profit due to transaction exposure


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Rs. 18,72,000 - Rs. 7,20,000 = Rs. 11,52,000

Current price of each unit in € = 485.44 € 51.50 25,000 = Rs. Rs.
Price after change in Exch. Rate = = € 483.09 51.75 25,000 Rs. Rs.
Change in Price due to change in Exch. Rate
€ 485.44 - € 483.09 = € 2.35 or (-) 0.48%
Price elasticity of demand = 1.5
Increase in demand due to fall in price 0.48 × 1.5 = 0.72%

Size of increased order = 2400 ×1.0072 = 2417 units
Profit = 2417 [ Rs. 25,000 – (800 × Rs. 27.75 + Rs. 1,000 + Rs. 1,500)]
= 2417 [ Rs. 25,000 - Rs. 24,700] = Rs. 7,25,100
Therefore, decrease in profit due to operating exposure Rs. 18,72,000 – Rs. 7,25,100
= Rs. 11,46,900
Alternatively, if it is assumed that Fixed Cost shall not be changed with change in
units then answer will be as follows:
Fixed Cost = 2400[Rs. 1,000] = Rs. 24,00,000
Profit = 2417 [ Rs. 25,000 – (800 × Rs. 27.75 + Rs. 1,500)] – Rs. 24,00,000
= 2417 ( Rs. 1,300) – Rs. 24,00,000 = Rs. 7,42,100
Therefore, decrease in profit due to operating exposure Rs. 18,72,000 – Rs. 7,42,100
= Rs. 11,29,900
60. Your bank’s London office has surplus funds to the extent of USD 5,00,000/- for a period
of 3 months. The cost of the funds to the bank is 4% p.a. It proposes to invest these funds in
London, New York or Frankfurt and obtain the best yield, without any exchange risk to the
bank. The following rates of interest are available at the three centres for investment of
domestic funds there at for a period of 3 months.
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
At which centre, will be investment be made & what will be the net gain (to the nearest
pound) to the bank on the invested funds? [ALSO IN RTP S- MAY 2018]
Answer:
377

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
61. Drilldip Inc. a US based company has a won a contract in India for drilling oil field. The
project will require an initial investment of Rs. 500 crore. The oil field along with equipments
will be sold to Indian Government for Rs. 740 crore in one year time. Since the Indian
Government will pay for the amount in Indian Rupee (Rs.) the company is worried about
exposure due exchange rate volatility.
(a) Construct a swap that will help the Drilldip to reduce the exchange rate risk.
(b) Assuming that Indian Government offers a swap at spot rate which is 1US$ = Rs. 50 in one
year, then should the company should opt for this option or should it just do nothing. The
spot rate after one year is expected to be 1US$ = Rs. 54. Further you may also assume that
the Drilldip can also take a US$ loan at 8% p.a.
Answer:
378

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Decision: Since the net receipt is higher in swap option the company should opt for the same.
379
62. You as a dealer in foreign exchange have the following position in Swiss Francs on

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
31st October, 2009:
What steps would you take, if you are required to maintain a credit Balance of Swiss Francs
30,000 in the Nostro A/c and keep as overbought position on Swiss Francs 10,000? (MTP
MARCH -2022)
Answer:
380

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
63. Following information is given:

Exchange rates: Canadian dollar 0.666 per DM (spot)
Canadian dollar 0.671 per DM (3-months)
Interest rates: DM 7.5% p.a.
Canadian Dollar - 9.5% p.a.
To take the possible arbitrage gains, what operations would be carried out? [MAY 2018 - 8
MARKS]
Answer:
In this case, DM is at a premium against the Can$.
Premium = [(0.671 – 0.666) /0.666] x (12/3) x 100 = 3.00 per cent
Interest rate differential = 9.5% - 7.5% = 2 per cent.
Since the interest rate differential is smaller than the premium, it will be profitable to place
money in Deutschmarks the currency whose 3-months interest is lower.
The following operations are carried out:
(i) Borrow Can$ 1000 at 9.5 per cent for 3- months;
(ii) Change this sum into DM at the spot rate to obtain DM

= (1000/0.666) = 1501.50
(iii) Place DM 1501.50 in the money market for 3 months to obtain a sum of DM
Principal: 1501.50
Add: Interest @ 7.5% for 3 months = 28.15
Total 1529.65
(iv) Sell DM at 3-months forward to obtain Can$= (1529.65x0.671) = 1026.40
(v) Refund the debt taken in Can$ with the interest due on it, i.e.,
Can$
Principal 1000.00
Add: Interest @ 9.5% for 3 months 23.75
Total 1023.75
Net arbitrage gain = 1026.40 – 1023.75 = Can$ 2.65
Note: The students may use any quantity of currency to arrive at the arbitrage gain since no
specific amount is mentioned in the question.
64. Punjab Bank has entered into a plain vanilla swap through on Overnight Index Swap (OIS)
on a principal of Rs. 2 crore and agreed to receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a fixed
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payment on the principal. The swap was entered into on Monday, 24th July, 2017 and was
to commence on 25th July, 2017 and run for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were
8.70%, 9.10%, 9.12%, 8.95%, 8.98% and 9.10%.
If Punjab Bank received Rs. 507 net on settlement, calculate Fixed rate and interest under
both legs.
Notes:
(i) Sunday is a Holiday.
(ii) Workout in rounded rupees and avoid decimal working.
(iii) Consider a year consists of 365 days
Answer:
65 An Indian company obtains the following quotes (Rs./$)

Spot: 35.90/36.10
3 - Months forward rate: 36.00/36.25
6 - Months forward rate: 36.10/36.40
The company needs $ funds for six months. Determine whether the company should borrow
in $ or Rs. Interest rates are :
3 - Months interest rate : Rs. : 12%, $ : 6%

6 - Months interest rate : Rs. : 11.50%, $ : 5.5%
Also determine what should be the rate of interest after 3-months to make the company
indifferent between 3-months borrowing and 6-months borrowing in the case of:
(i) Rupee borrowing
(ii) Dollar borrowing
Note: For the purpose of calculation you can take the units of dollar and rupee as 100 each.
382

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Answer:
(i) If company borrows in $ then outflow would be as follows:
Let company borrows $ 100 $ 100.00
Add: Interest for 6 months @ 5.5% $ 2.75
Amount Repayable after 6 months $ 102.75
Applicable 6 month forward rate 36.40
Amount of Cash outflow in Indian Rupees Rs. 3,740.10
If company borrows equivalent amount in Indian Rupee, then outflow would be as follows:
Equivalent Rs. amount Rs. 36.10 x 100 Rs. 3,610.00
Add: Interest @11.50% Rs. 207.58
Rs. 3817.58
Since cash outflow is more in Rs. borrowing then borrowing should be made in $.
(ii)
(a) Let ‘ir’ be the interest rate of Rs. borrowing make indifferent between 3 months borrowings
and 6 months borrowing then
(1 + 0.03) (1 + ir) = (1 + 0.0575)
ir = 2.67% or 10.68% (on annualized basis)
(b) Let ‘id’ be the interest rate of $ borrowing after 3 months to make indifference between 3
months borrowings and 6 months borrowings. Then,
(1 + 0.015) (1 + id) = (1 + 0.0275)
id = 1.232% or 4.93% (on annualized basis)
66. A dealer quotes 'All-in-cost' for a generic swap at 6% against six month LIBOR flat. If the
notional principal amount of swap is Rs. 8,00,000:
(i) Calculate semi-annual fixed payment.
(ii) Find the first floating rate payment for (i) above if the six month period from the effective
date of swap to the settlement date comprises 181 days and that the corresponding LIBOR
was 5% on the effective date of swap.
(iii) In (ii) above, if the settlement is on 'Net' basis, how much the fixed rate payer would
pay to the floating rate payer? Generic swap is based on 30/360 days basis.
Answer:
383

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67. On 19th January, Bank A entered into forward contract with a customer for a forward
sale of US $ 7,000, delivery 20th March at Rs. 46.67. On the same day, it covered its position
by buying forward from the market due 19th March, at the rate of Rs. 46.655. On 19th
February, the customer approaches the bank and requests for early delivery of US $. Rates
prevailing in the interbank markets on that date are as under:
Spot (Rs./$) 46.5725/5800
March 46.3550/3650
Interest on outflow of funds is 16% and on inflow of funds is 12%. Flat charges for early
delivery are Rs. 100.
What is the amount that would be recovered from the customer on the transaction?
Note: Calculation should be made on months basis than on days basis. [NOV 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
The bank would sell US $ to its customer at the agreed rate under the contract. However, it
would recover loss from the customer for early delivery. On 19th February bank would buy US$
7000 from market and shall sell to customer. Further, Bank would enter into one month
forward contract to sell the US $ acquired under the cover deal.
(i) Swap Difference

Bank sells at Rs. 46.3550
Bank buys at Rs. 46.5800
Swap loss per US $ 0.225
Swap loss for US $ 7000 Rs. 1,575
(ii) Interest on Outlay of Funds

On 19th February, Bank sell to customer Rs. 46.67
It buys from spot Market Rs. 46.58
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Inflow of funds per US $ Rs. 0.09

Inflow of funds for US $ 7000 is Rs. 630
Interest on Rs. 630 at 12% for one month Rs. 6.30
(iii) Charges for early delivery

Swap loss Rs. 1,575.00
Flat charges Rs. 100.00
Less: Interest on outflow of funds Rs. 6.30
Rs. 1,668.70
Total amount to be recovered from the customer
Amount as per Forward Contract Rs. 46.67 x 7000 Rs. 3,26,690.00
Add: Charges for early delivery Rs. 1,668.70
Rs. 3,28,358.70
68. Sun Limited, an Indian company will need $ 5,00,000 in 90 days. In this connection,
ssfollowing information is given below:
Spot Rate - $1 = Rs. 71
90 days forward rate of $1 as of today = Rs. 73
Interest Rates are as follows:
A call option on $ that expires in 90 days has an exercise price of Rs. 74 and a premium of
Re. 0.10. Sun Limited has forecasted the spot rates for 90 days as below
Which of the following strategies would be the most preferable to Sun Limited:
(i) A Forward Contract;
(ii) A Money Market hedge;
(iii) An Option Contract;
(iv) No Hedging.
Show your calculations in each case[MAY 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
385

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
69. M/s. Parker & Co. is contemplating to borrow an amount of Rs. 60 crores for a Period of
3 months in the coming 6 month's time from now. The current rate of interest is 9% p.a., but
it may go up in 6 month’s time. The company wants to hedge itself against the likely increase
in interest rate. The Company's Bankers quoted an FRA (Forward Rate Agreement) at
9.30%p.a. Analyze the effect of FRA and actual rate of interest cost to the company, if the
actual rate of interest after 6 months happens to be (i) 9.60% p.a. and (ii) 8.80% p.a. [MTP -
MARCH 2018 - 8 MARKS | RTP - NOV 2018]
Answer:
386

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
70. Odessa Limited has proposed to expand its operations for which it requires funds of $ 15
million, net of issue expenses which amount to 2% of the issue size. It proposed to raise the
funds through a GDR issue. It considers the following factors in pricing the issue:
(i) The expected domestic market price of the share is Rs. 300
(ii) 3 shares underly each GDR
(iii) Underlying shares are priced at 10% discount to the market price
(iv) Expected exchange rate is Rs. 60/$
Calculate the number of GDR's to be issued and cost of GDR to Odessa Limited, if 20%
dividend is expected to be paid with a growth rate of 20%.
[MTP - MARCH 2018 & APRIL 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
387

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71 XYZ Limited borrows £ 15 Million of six months LIBOR + 10.00% for a period of 24 months.
The company anticipates a rise in LIBOR, hence it proposes to buy a Cap Option from its
Bankers at the strike rate of 8.00%. The lump sum premium is 1.00% for the entire reset
periods and the fixed rate of interest is 7.00% per annum. The actual position of LIBOR during
the forthcoming reset period is as under:
Reset Period LIBOR
1 9.00%
2 9.50%
3 10.00%
Analyze how far interest rate risk is hedged through Cap Option.
(For calculation, work out figures at each stage up to four decimal points and amount nearest
to £.)
[MTP - APRIL 2018, AUGUST 2018 & OCTOBER 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
388

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72. Discuss the types of Commodity Swaps [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 5 MARKS]
Answer:
There are two types of commodity swaps: fixed-floating or commodity-for-interest.
(a) Fixed-Floating Swaps: They are just like the fixed-floating swaps in the interest rate swap
market
with the exception that both indices are commodity based indices. General market indices in
the international commodities market with which many people would be familiar include the
S&P Goldman Sachs Commodities Index (S&PGSCI) and the Commodities Research Board
Index (CRB). These two indices place different weights on the various commodities so they will
be used according to the swap agent's requirements.
(b) Commodity-for-Interest Swaps: They are similar to the equity swap in which a total return
on
the commodity in question is exchanged for some money market rate (plus or minus a spread).
73. XY Limited is engaged in large retail business in India. It is contemplating for expansion
into a country of Africa by acquiring a group of stores having the same line of operation as
that of India.
The exchange rate for the currency of the proposed African country is extremely volatile.
Rate of inflation is presently 40% a year. Inflation in India is currently 10% a year.
Management of XY Limited expects these rates likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
Estimated projected cash flows, in real terms, in India as well as African country for the first
three years of the project are as follows:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
XY Ltd. assumes the year 3 nominal cash flows will continue to be earned each year
indefinitely. It evaluates all investments using nominal cash flows and a nominal discounting
rate. The present exchange rate is African Rand 6 to Rs. 1.
You are required to calculate the net present value of the proposed investment considering
the following:
(i) African Rand cash flows are converted into rupees and discounted at a risk adjusted rate.
(ii) All cash flows for these projects will be discounted at a rate of 20% to reflect it’s high risk.
(iii) Ignore taxation.
Year - 1 Year – 2 Year - 3
PVIF @ 20% .833 .694 .579
[MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
74. A multinational company is planning to set up a subsidiary company in India (where

hitherto it was exporting) in view of growing demand for its product and competition from
other MNCs. The initial project cost (consisting of Plant and Machinery including installation)
is estimated to be US$ 500 million. The net working capital requirements are estimated at
US$ 50 million. The company follows straight line method of depreciation. Presently, the
company is exporting two million units every year at a unit price of US$ 80,
its variable cost per unit being US$ 40.
The Chief Financial Officer has estimated the following operating cost and other data in
respect of proposed project:
(i) Variable operating cost will be US $ 20 per unit of production;
(ii) Additional cash fixed cost will be US $ 30 million p.a. and project's share of allocated
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fixed cost will be US $ 3 million p.a. based on principle of ability to share;

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(iii) Production capacity of the proposed project in India will be 5 million units;
(iv) Expected useful life of the proposed plant is five years with no salvage value;
(v) Existing working capital investment for production & sale of two million units
through exports was US $ 15 million;
(vi) Export of the product in the coming year will decrease to 1.5 million units in case the
company does not open subsidiary company in India, in view of the presence of
competing MNCs that are in the process of setting up their subsidiaries in India;
(vii) Applicable Corporate Income Tax rate is 35%, and
(viii) Required rate of return for such project is 12%.
ADVICE X Inc. to establish the proposed project in India.
Note:
1. There will be no variation in the exchange rate of two currencies and all profits will be
repatriated, as there will be no withholding tax.
2. Present Value Interest Factors (PVIF) @ 12% for five years are as below:
[MTP - OCTOBER 2018 - 8 MARKS | RTP - NOV 2018]

Answer:
391

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
75. XYZ Inc. issues a £ 10 million floating rate loan on July 1, 2013 with resetting of coupon
rate every 6 months equal to LIBOR + 50 bp. XYZ is interested in a collar strategy by selling a
Floor and buying a Cap. XYZ buys the 3 years Cap and sell 3 years Floor as per the following
details on July 1, 2013:
Notional Principal Amount $ 10 million

Reference Rate 6 months LIBOR
Strike Rate 4% for Floor and 7% for Cap
Premium 0*
The actual LIBOR happened to at each reset date was as follows:
Determine:
(i) Effective interest paid out at each of above reset date,
(ii) The average overall effective rate of interest p.a.
*Since Premium paid for Cap = Premium received for Floor
[MTP - OCTOBER 2018 - 8 MARKS | RTP - MAY 2019]
392
Answer:

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
76. TM Fincorp has bought a 6 x 9 Rs. 100 crore Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) at 5.25%. On
fixing date reference rate i.e. MIBOR turns out be as follows:

(i) Profit/Loss to TM Fincorp. in terms of basis points.
(ii) The settlement amount.
(Assume 360 days in a year)
[MTP - MARCH 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
393

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77. If the present interest rate for 6 months borrowings in India is 9% per annum and the
corresponding rate in USA is 2% per annum, and the US$ is selling in India at Rs. 64.50/$.
Then Recommend:
(i) Will US $ be at a premium or at a discount in the Indian forward market?
(ii) The expected 6 month forward rate for US$ in India.
(iii) The rate of forward premium/discount.
[MTP - APRIL 2019 -S 6 MARKS]
Answer:
394

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78. With relaxation of norms in India for investment in international market upto $ 2,50,000,
Mr. X to hedge himself against the risk of declining Indian economy and weakening of Indian
Rupee during last few years, decided to diversify in the International Market. Accordingly,
Mr. X invested a sum of Rs. 1.58 crore on 1.1.20x1 in Standard & Poor Index. On 1.1.20x2 Mr.
X sold his investment. The other relevant data is given below:
You are required to Calculate:

(i) The return for a US investor.
(ii) Holding Period Return to Mr. X.
(iii) The value of Index of Stock Market in India as on 1.1.20x2 at which Mr. X would be
indifferent between investment in Standard & Poor Index and India Stock Market
[MTP - APRIL 2019 - 7 MARKS]
Answer:
395

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
79. Mercy is a Forex Dealer with XYZ Bank. She notices following information relating to
Canadian Dollar (CAD) and German Deutschmark (DEM):
Exchange rate – CAD 0.775 per DEM (Spot)
CAD 0.780 per DEM (3 months)
Interest rates – DEM 7% p.a.
CAD 9% p.a.
(i) Assuming that there is no transaction cost determine does the Interest Rate Parity holds
in above quotations.
(ii) If yes, then explain the steps that would be required to make an arbitrage profit if Mercy
is authorized to work with CAD 1 Million for the same purpose. Also determine the profit
that would be made in CAD.
Note: Ignore the decimal points in the amounts.
[MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
396

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80. Place the following strategies by different persons in the Exposure Management
Strategies Matrix.
Strategy 1: Kuljeet a wholesaler of imported items imports toys from China to sell them in
the domestic market to retailers. Being a sole trader, he is always so much involved in the
promotion of his trade in domestic market and negotiation with foreign supplier that he
never pays attention to hedge his payable in foreign currency and leaves his position
unhedged.
Strategy 2: Moni, is in the business of exporting and importing brassware to USA and
European countries. In order to capture the market he invoices the customers in their home
currency. Lavi enters into forward contracts to sell the foreign exchange only if he expects
some profit out of it other-wise he leaves his position open.
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Strategy 3: TSC Ltd. is in the business of software development. The company has both
receivables and payables in foreign currency. The Treasury Manager of TSC Ltd. not only
enters into forward contracts to hedge the exposure but carries out cancellation and
extension of forward contracts on regular basis to earn profit out of the same. As a result
management has started looking Treasury Department as Profit Centre.
Strategy 4: DNB Publishers Ltd. in addition to publishing books are also in the business of
importing and exporting of books. As a matter of policy the movement company invoices the
customer or receives invoice from the supplier immediately covers its position in the
Forward or Future markets and hence never leave the exposure open even for a single
day. [RTP - NOV 2018]
Answer:
Strategy 1: This strategy is covered by High Risk: Low Reward category and worst as it leaves
all exposures unhedged. Although this strategy does not involve any time and effort, it carries
high risk.
Strategy 2: This strategy covers Low Risk: Reasonable reward category as the exposure is
covered wherever there is anticipated profit otherwise it is left.
Strategy 3: This strategy is covered by High Risk: High Reward category as to earn profit,
cancellations and extensions are carried out. Although this strategy leads to high gains but it is
also accompanied by high risk.
Strategy 4: This strategy is covered by Low Risk : Low Reward category as company plays a very
safe game.
Diagrammatically all these strategies can be depicted as follows
81. XYZ Ltd. is an export oriented business house based in Mumbai. The Company invoices in
customers’ currency. Its receipt of US $ 1,00,000 is due on September 1, 2009.
Market information as at June 1, 2009 is:
On September 1, 2009 the spot rate US $Re. is 0.02133 and currency future rate is 0.02134.
Comment which of the following methods would be most advantageous for XYZ Ltd.
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(a) Using forward contract


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(b) Using currency futures

(c) Not hedging currency risks.
It may be assumed that variation in margin would be settled on the maturity of the futures
contract.
[RTP - MAY 2019]
Answer:
82. Derivative Bank entered into a swap arrangement on a principal of Rs. 10 crores and
agreed to receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a fixed payment on the principal. The
swap was entered into on Monday, 19th August, 2019 and was to commence on 20th August,
2019 and run for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were:
8.15%, 7.98%, 7.95%, 8.12%, 8.15%, 7.75%.
If Fixed Rate of Interest is 8%, then evaluate

(i) the nature of this Swap arrangement.
(ii) the Net Settlement amount.
Notes:
(1) Sunday is Holiday.
(2) Work in rounded rupees and avoid decimal working.
(3) Consider 365 days in a year.
Answer:
(i) The given swap arrangement is Plain Vanilla Overnight Index Swap (OIS).
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(ii) To compute the Net Settlement amount we shall compute Interest as per floating rate as
follows:
83.
You as a dealer in foreign exchange have the following position in GBP
on 31st October, 2019: GBP
Balance in the Nostro A/c 2,00,000
Credit
Opening Position Overbought 1,00,000
Purchased a bill on London 1,60,000
Sold forward TT 1,20,000
Forward purchase contract cancelled 60,000
Remitted by TT 1,50,000
Draft on London cancelled 60,000
Decide the steps would you take, if you are required to maintain a credit Balance of GBP
65,000 in the Nostro A/c and keep as oversold position on GBP 20,000? (MTP OCT 2020-8
Marks)
Answer:
400

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
84. XYZ Ltd. has imported goods to the extent of US$ 8 Million. The payment terms are as
under:
(1) 1% discount if full amount is paid immediately or
(2) 60 days interest free credit. However, in case of a further delay up to 30 days, interest at
the rate of 8% p.a. will be charged for additional days after 60 days. M/s XYZ Ltd. has Rs. 25
Lakh available and for remaining it has an offer from bank for a loan up to 90 days @ 9.0%
p.a.
The quotes for foreign exchange are as follows:
Spot Rate INR/ US$ (buying) Rs. 66.98
60 days Forward Rate INR/ US$ (buying) Rs. 67.16
90 days Forward Rate INR/ US$ (buying) Rs. 68.03
Advise which one of the following options would be better for XYZ Ltd.
(i) Pay immediately after utilizing cash available and for balance amount take 90 days loan
from bank.
(ii) Pay the supplier on 60th day and avail bank’s loan (after utilizing cash) for 30 days.
(iii) Avail supplier offer of 90 days credit and utilize cash available.
Further presume that the cash available with XYZ Ltd. will fetch a return of 4% p.a. in India
till it is utilized.
Assume year has 360 days. Ignore Taxation.
Compute your working upto four decimals and cash flows in Rs. in Crore.
401
Answer:

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
85.
402

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Answer:
86.
403

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
404

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87. Explain the difference between Forward and Future Contract? (RTP- NOV 2020)
Answer:
405

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
88. JULY 2021 EXAM

XP Pharma Ltd., has acquired an export order for ` 10 million for formulations to a European
company. The Company has also planned to import bulk drugs worth RS. 5 million from a
company in UK. The proceeds of exports will be realized in 3 months from now and the
payments for imports will be due after 6 months from now. The invoicing of these exports
and imports can be done in any currency i.e. Dollar, Euro or Pounds sterling at company's
choice. The following market quotes are available.
Advice XP Pharma Ltd. about invoicing in which currency.

406
(Calculation should be upto three decimal places).


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
ANSWER
(i) Proceeds of Exports in INR = ` 10 Million

Position of Inflow under three currencies will be as follows:
(ii) Payment of Import in INR = ` 5 Million

Position of outflow under three currencies will be as follows:
Advice: Since cash inflow is highest (1,01,74,367) in case of $ hence invoicing for Export
should be in $. However, cash outflow is least (51,25,070) in case of £ the invoicing for import
should be in £.
89.
407
ANSWER

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
90. M/s.Sky Products Ltd., of Mumbai, an exporter of sea foods has submitted a 60 days bill
for EUR 5,00,000 drawn under an irrevocable Letter of Credit for negotiation. The company
has desired to keep 50% of the bill amount under the Exchange Earners Foreign
Currency Account (EEFC). The rates for Rs/USD and USD/EUR in inter-bank market are quoted
as follows :
Rs/USD USD/EUR
Spot 67.8000 – 67.8100 1.0775 – 1.8000
1 month forward 10/11 Paise 0.20/0.25 Cents
2 months forward 21/22 Paise 0.40/0.45 Cents
3 months forward 32/33 Paise 0.70/0.75 Cents
Transit Period is 20 days. Interest on post shipment credit is 8% p.a. Exchange Margin is 0.1%.
Assume
365 days in a year.
You are required to calculate :
Exchange rate quoted to the company
Cash inflow to the company
Interest amount to be paid to bank by the company.(JAN 21)
Answer:
408

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(ii) Cash Inflow Rs1,83,69,825

(iii) Interest for 80 days @ 8% Rs3,22,101
91. XYZ has taken a six-month loan from its foreign collaborator for USD 2 millions. Interest
is payable on maturity @ LIBOR plus 1%. The following information is available:
6 months Forward rate INR/USD 68.4575
6 months LIBOR for USD 2%
6 months LIBOR for INR 6%
You are required to
Calculate Rupee requirements if forward cover is taken.

Advise the company on the forward cover.
What will be your opinion if spot rate of INR/USD is 68.4275 ? ?(JAN 21)
Answer
409

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
92. On 1st February 2020, XYZ Ltd. a laptop manufacturer imported a particular type of
Memory Chips from SKH Semiconductor of South Korea. The payment is due in one month
from the date of Invoice, amounting to 1190 Million South Korean Won (SKW). Following
Spot Exchange Rates (1st February) are quoted in two different markets:
USD/ INR 75.00/ 75.50 in Mumbai
USD/ SKW 1190.00/ 1190.75 in New York
Since hedging of Foreign Exchange Risk was part of company’s strategic policy and no
contract for hedging in SKW was available at any in-shore market, it approached an offshore
Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) Market for hedging the same risk.
In NDF Market a dealer quoted one-month USD/ SKW at 1190.00/1190.50 for notional
amount of USD 100,000 to be settled at reference rate declared by Bank of Korea.
After 1 month (1st March 2020) the dealer agreed for SKW 1185/ USD as rate for settlement
and on the same day the Spot Rates in the above markets were as follows:
USD/ INR 75.50/ 75.75 in Mumbai
USD/ SKW 1188.00/ 1188.50 in New York
Analyze the position of company under each of the following cases, comparing with Spot
Position of 1st February:
Do Nothing.
Opting for NDF Contract.
410

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Note: Both Rs./ SKW Rate and final payment (to be computed in Rs. Lakh) to be rounded off
upto 4 decimal points.(MAY-21) (very important new concept)
Answer:
93. On 1 October 2019 Mr. X an exporter enters into a forward contract with a BNP Bank to
sell US$ 1,00,000 on 31 December 2019 at Rs. 70.40/$ and bank simultaneously entered into
a cover deal at Rs. 70.60/$. However, due to the request of the importer, Mr. X received
amount on 28 November 2019.
Mr. X requested the bank the take delivery of the remittance on 30 November 2019 i.e.
before due date. The inter-banking rates on 28 November 2019 were as follows:
Spot
Rs
. 70.22/70.27
One Month Swap Points 15/10
If bank agrees to take early delivery, then determine the net inflow to Mr. X assuming that
411
the prevailing prime lending rate is 10% and deposit rate is 5%.

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Note: (i) While exchange rates to be considered upto two decimal points the amount to be
rounded off to Rupees i.e. no paisa shall be involved in computation of any amount.
Assume 365 days a year.(MTP APRIL 2021)
Answer:
94. The Treasury desk of a global bank incorporated in UK wants to invest GBP 200 million
on 1st January, 2019 for a period of 6 months and has the following options:
The Equity Trading desk in Japan wants to invest the entire GBP 200 million in high dividend
yielding Japanese securities that would earn a dividend income of JPY 1,182 million. The
dividends are declared and paid on 29th June. Post dividend, the securities are expected to
quote at a 2% discount. The desk also plans to earn JPY 10 million on a stock borrow lending
activity because of this investment.
The securities are to be sold on June 29 with a T+1 settlement and the amount remitted back
to the Treasury in London.
The Fixed Income desk of US proposed to invest the amount in 6-month G-Secs that provides
a return of 5% p.a.
The exchange rates are as follows:
Currency Pair 1-Jan-2019 (Spot) 30-Jun-2019 (Forward)

GBP- JPY 148.0002 150.0000
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GBP- USD 1.28000 1.30331

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As a treasurer, advise the bank on the best investment option from risk perspective. You may
ignore taxation. .(MTP JULY 2021)
Answer:
Decision:
The equivalent amount at the end of 6 months shall be almost same in both the options. The
bank can go for any of the options.
However, from risk perspective, the investment in fixed income desk of US is more beneficial
as the chance of variation in fixed income securities is less as compared to Equity Desk.
95. Your bank’s London office has surplus funds to the extent of USD 5,00,000 for a period of
3 months. The cost of the funds to the bank is 4% p.a. It proposes to invest these funds in
London, New York or Frankfurt and obtain the best yield, without any exchange risk to the
bank. The following rates of interest are available at the three centres for investment of
domestic funds there at for a period of 3 months. london 5% ,Newyork 8% p.a, France 3% pa
The market rates in London for US dollars and Euro are as under:
London on New York

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1 month 15/18
2 month 30/35
3 months 80/85
London on Frankfurt
Spot 1.8260/90
1 month 60/55
2 month 95/90
3 month 145/140
At which centre, investment will be made & what will be the net gain (to the nearest pound)
to the bank on the invested funds?
Answer:
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96. XYZ Ltd. has imported goods to the extent of US$ 8 Million. The payment terms are as
under:
1% discount if full amount is paid immediately; or
60 days interest free credit. However, in case of a further delay up to 30 days, interest at the
rate of 8% p.a. will be charged for additional days after 60 days.
M/s XYZ Ltd. has ₹25 Lakh available and for remaining it has an offer from bank for a loan
up to 90 days @ 9.0% p.a.
The quotes for foreign exchange are as follows:
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Spot Rate INR/ US$

(buying)
Rs 66.98 60 days Forward Rate INR/ US$ (buying) Rs 67.16 90 days Forward Rate INR/ US$
(buying) Rs 68.03
Advise which one of the following options would be better for XYZ Ltd.
Pay immediately after utilizing cash available and for balance amount take 90 days loan from
bank.
Pay the supplier on 60th day and avail bank’s loan (after utilizing cash) for 30 days.
Avail supplier offer of 90 days credit and utilize cash available.
Further presume that the cash available with XYZ Ltd. will fetch a return of 4% p.a. in India
till it is utilized.
Assume year has 360 days. Ignore Taxation.
Compute your working upto four decimals and cash flows in Crore.
Answer:
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97. (MTP- NOV 2021)

Shanti exported 200 pieces of a designer jewellery to USA at $ 200 each. To manufacture and
design this jewellery she imported raw material from Japan of the cost of JP¥ 6000 for each
piece.
The labour cost and variable overhead incurred in producing each piece of jewellery are
₹1,300 and ₹650 respectively.
Suppose Spot Rates are:
`/ US$ ₹65.00 – ₹66.00
JP¥/ US$ JP¥ 115 – JP¥ 120
Shanti is expecting that by the time the export remittance is received and payment of import
is made the expected Spot Rates are likely to be as follows:
`/ US$ ₹68.90 – ₹69.25
JP¥/ US$ JP¥ 105 – JP¥ 112
You are required to calculate the resultant transaction exposure.
ANSWER
Profit as per Spot Rates
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98. M/s. Daksh Ltd is planning to import multipurpose machine from USA at a cost of $15000.
The company can avail loans at 19% Interest per annum with quarterly rests with which it
can import the machine.
However, there is an offer from New York branch of an Indian based bank extending credit
of 180 days at 2% per annum against opening of an irrevocable letter of credit.
Other Information:
Spot rate US$ 1 = RS. 75
180 days forward rate US $ 1 = RS. 77
Commission charges for letter of credit at 2% per 12 months.
Justify why the offer from the foreign branch should be accepted?
Based on the present market condition company is not interested to take the risk of currency
fluctuations and wanted to hedge with an additional expenses of RS. 30,000, if so, what is
your advise to the company?
Assume 360 days in the year.(MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION)
Answer:
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99. A US investor chose to invest in Sensex for a period of one year. The relevant
information is given below.
Size of investment ($) 20,00,0

00
Spot rate 1 year ago (`/$) 42.50/6
0
Spot rate now (`/$) 43.85/9
0
Sensex 1 year ago 3,256

Senex now 3,765
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Inflation in US 5%
Inflation in India 9%
Compute the nominal rate of return to the US investor.
Compute the real depreciation /appreciation of Rupee.
What should be the exchange rate if relevant purchasing power parity holds good?
What will be the real return to an Indian investor in Sensex?(MAY-22 RTP)
Answer:
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100. Mr. Mammen, an Indian investor invests in a listed bond in USA. If the price of the
bond at the beginning of the year is USD 100 and it is USD 103 at the end of the year. The
coupon rate is 3% payable annually.
Find the return on investment in terms of home country currency if:
USD is Flat.
USD appreciates during the year by 3%.
USD depreciates during the year by 3%.
Indian Rupee appreciates during the year by 5%.
Will your answer differ if Mr. Mammen invests in the bond just before the interest
payable.(MAY-22 RTP)(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
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101. There exist a vast difference between parent cash flow and project cash flow?
Explain?(MAY -22 RTP)( MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answeer:
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1. Perfect Inc., a U.S. based Pharmaceutical Company has received an offer from Aidscure
Ltd., a company engaged in manufacturing of drugs to cure Dengue, to set up a
manufacturing unit in Baddi (H.P.), India in a joint venture. As per the Joint Venture
agreement, Perfect Inc. will receive 55% share of revenues plus a royalty @ US $0.01 per
bottle. The initial investment will be Rs. 200 crores for machinery
and factory. The scrap value of machinery and factory is estimated at the end of five (5) year
to be Rs. 5 crores. The machinery is depreciable @ 20% on the value net of salvage value
using Straight Line Method. An initial working capital to the tune of Rs. 50 crores shall be
required and thereafter Rs. 5 crores each year.
As per GOI directions, it is estimated that the price per bottle will be Rs. 7.50 and production
will be 24 crores bottles per year. The price in addition to inflation of respective years shall
be increased by Rs. 1 each year. The production cost shall be 40% of the revenues.
The applicable tax rate in India is 30% and 35% in US and there is Double Taxation Avoidance
Agreement between India and US. According to the agreement tax credit shall be given in US
for the tax paid in India. In both the countries, taxes shall be paid in the following year in
which profit have arisen.
The Spot rate of $ is Rs. 57. The inflation in India is 6% (expected to decrease by 0.50% every
year) and 5% in US. As per the policy of GOI, only 50% of the share can be remitted in the
year in which they are earned and remaining in the following year. Though WACC of Perfect
Inc. is 13% but due to risky nature of the project it expects a return of 15%.
Determine whether Perfect Inc. should invest in the project or not (from subsidiary point of
view) (MTP- NOV 2021)
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2. Its Entertainment Ltd., an Indian Amusement Company is happy with the success of its
Water Park in India. The company wants to repeat its success in Nepal also where it is
planning to establish a Grand Water Park with world class amenities. The company is also
encouraged by a marketing research report on which it
has just spent Rs. 20,00,000 lacs. The estimated cost of construction would be Nepali Rupee
(NPR) 450 crores and it would be completed in one years time. Half of the construction cost
will be paid in the beginning and rest at the end of year. In addition, working capital
requirement would be NPR 65
crores from the year end one. The after tax realizable value of fixed assets after four years of
operation is expected to be NPR 250 crores. Under the Foreign Capital Encouragement Policy
of Nepal, company is allowed to claim 20% depreciation allowance per year on reducing
balance basis subject to maximum capital limit of NPR 200 crore. The company can raise loan
for theme park in Nepal @ 9%.
The water park will have a maximum capacity of 20,000 visitors per day. On an average, it is
expected to achieve 70% capacity for first operational four years. The entry ticket is expected
to be NPR 220 per person.
In addition to entry tickets revenue, the company could earn revenue from sale of food and
beverages and fancy gift items. The average sales expected to be NPR 150 per visitor for food
and beverages and NPR 50 per visitor for fancy gift items. The sales margin on food and
beverages and fancy gift items is 20% and
50% respectively. The park would open for 360 days a year.
The annual staffing cost would be NPR 65 crores per annum. The annual insurance cost would
be NPR 5 crores. The other running and maintenance costs are expected to be NPR 25 crores
in the first year of operation which is expected to increase NPR 4 crores every year. The
company would apportion existing overheads to the tune of NPR 5 crores to the park.
All costs and receipts (excluding construction costs, assets realizable value and other running
and maintenance costs) mentioned above are at current prices (i.e. 0 point of time) which
are expected to increase by 5% per year.
The current spot rate is NPR 1.60 per Rs.. The tax rate in India is 30% and in Nepal it is 20%.
The current WACC of the company is 12%. The average market return is 11% and interest
rate on treasury bond is 8%. The company’s current equity beta is 0.45. The company’s
funding ratio for the Water Park would be 55% equity and 45% debt.
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Being a tourist Place, the amusement industry in Nepal is competitive and very different from
its Indian counterpart. The company has gathered the relevant information about its nearest
competitor in Nepal. The competitor’s market value of the equity is NPR 1850 crores and the
debt is NPR 510 crores and the equity beta is 1.35.
State whether Its Entertainment Ltd. should undertake Water Park project in Nepal or not.
Answer:
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3. Opus Technologies Ltd., an Indian IT company is planning to make an investment through

a wholly owned subsidiary in a software project in China with a shelf life of two years. The
inflation in China is estimated as 8 percent. Operating cash flows are received at the year
end.
For the project an initial investment of Chinese Yuan (CN¥) 30,00,000 will be in land. The land
will be sold after the completion of project at estimated value of CN¥ 35,00,000. The project
also requires an office complex at cost of CN¥ 15,00,000 payable at the beginning of project.
The complex will be depreciated on straight-line basis over two years to a zero salvage value.
This complex is expected to fetch CN¥ 5,00,000 at the end of project. The company is planning
to raise the required funds through GDR issue in Mauritius. Each GDR will have 5 common
equity shares of the company as underlying security which are currently trading at Rs. 200
per share (Face Value = Rs. 10) in the domestic market. The company has currently paid the
dividend of 25% which is expected to grow at 10% p.a. The total issue cost is estimated to be
1 percent of issue size. The annual sales is expected to be 10,000 units at the rate of CN¥ 500
per unit.
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The price of unit is expected to rise at the rate of inflation. Variable operating costs are 40
percent of sales. Fixed operating costs will be CN¥ 22,00,000 per year and expected to rise at
the rate of inflation.
The tax rate applicable in China for income and capital gain is 25 percent and as per GOI
Policy no further tax shall be payable in India. The current spot rate of CN¥ 1 is Rs. 9.50. The
nominal interest rate in India and China is 12% and 10% respectively and the international
parity conditions hold
You are required to
(a) Identify expected future cash flows in China and determine NPV of the project in CN¥.
(b) Determine whether Opus Technologies should go for the project or not assuming that
there neither there is restriction on the transfer of funds from China to India nor any
charges/taxes payable on the transfer of funds.
Answer:
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Though in terms of CN¥ the NPV of the project is negative but in Rs. it has positive NPV due
to weakening of Rs. in comparison of CN¥. Thus, Opus can accept the project.
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4. X Ltd. is interested in expanding its operation and planning to install manufacturing plant
at US. For the proposed project it requires a fund of $ 10 million (net of issue expenses/
floatation cost). The estimated floatation cost is 2%. To finance this project it proposes to
issue GDRs.
You as financial consultant is required to compute the number of GDRs to be issued and cost
of the GD R with the help of following additional information.
1. Expected market price of share at the time of issue of GDR is Rs. 250 (Face Value Rs. 100)
2. Shares shall underly each GDR and shall be priced at 10% discount to market price.s
3. Expected exchange rate Rs. 60/$.
4. Dividend expected to be paid is 20% with growth rate 12%.
[ALSO ASKED IN MAY 2018 EXAMS - 8 MARKS](MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION)(MTP APRIL-2022)
Answer:
5. Write a short note on Instruments of International Finance.
Answer:
Indian companies have been able to tap global markets to raise foreign currency funds by
issuing
various types of financial instruments which are discussed as follows:
1. Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs)
A type of convertible bond issued in a currency different than the issuer's domestic currency.
In other words, the money being raised by the issuing company is in the form of a foreign
currency. A convertible bond is a mix between a debt and equity instrument. It acts like a bond
by making regular coupon and principal
2. American Depository Receipts (ADRs)

Depository receipts issued by a company in the United States of America (USA) is known as
American Depository Receipts (ADRs). Such receipts must be issued in accordance with the
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provisions stipulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission of USA (SEC) which are very
stringent.
An ADR is generally created by the deposit of the securities of a non-United States company
with a custodian bank in the country of incorporation of the issuing company. The custodian
bank informs the depository in the United States that the ADRs can be issued. ADRs are United
States dollar denominated and are traded in the same way as are the securities of United States
companies. The ADR holder is entitled to the same rights and advantages as owners of the
underlying securities in the home country. Several variations on ADRs have developed over
time to meet more specialized demands in different markets. One such variation is the GDR
which are identical in structure to an ADR, the only difference being that they can be traded in
more than one currency and within as well as outside the United States.
3. Global Depository Receipts (GDRs)

A depository receipt is basically a negotiable certificate, denominated in a currency not native
to the issuer, that represents the company's publicly - traded local currency equity shares. Most
GDRs are denominated in USD, while a few are denominated in Euro and Pound Sterling. The
Depository Receipts issued in the US are called American Depository Receipts (ADRs), which
anyway are denominated in USD and outside of USA, these are called GDRs. In theory, though
a depository receipt can also represent a debt instrument, in practice it rarely does. DRs
(depository receipts) are created when the local currency shares of an Indian company are
delivered to the depository's local custodian bank, against which the Depository bank (such as
the Bank of New York) issues depository receipts in US dollar. These depository receipts may
trade freely in the overseas markets like any other dollar-denominated security, either on a
foreign stock exchange, or in the over-the-counter market, or among a restricted group such
as Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs). Indian issues have taken the form of GDRs to reflect
the fact that they are marketed globally, rather than in a specific country or market.
4. Euro-Convertible Bonds (ECBs)

A convertible bond is a debt instrument which gives the holders of the bond an option to
convert the bond into a predetermined number of equity shares of the company. Usually, the
price of the equity shares at the time of conversion will have a premium element. The bonds
carry a fixed rate of interest
5. Other Sources
• Euro Bonds: Plain Euro-bonds are nothing but debt instruments. These are not very attractive
for an investor who desires to have valuable additions to his investments.
• Euro-Convertible Zero Bonds: These bonds are structured as a convertible bond. No interest
is payable on the bonds. But conversion of bonds takes place on maturity at a predetermined
price. Usually there is a 5 years maturity period and they are treated as a deferred equity issue.
• Euro-bonds with Equity Warrants: These bonds carry a coupon rate determined by the
market rates. The warrants are detachable. Pure bonds are traded at a discount. Fixed income
funds' managements may like to invest for the purposes of regular income.
• Syndicated bank loans: One of the earlier ways of raising funds in the form of large loans
from banks with good credit rating, can be arranged in reasonably short time and with few
formalities. The maturity of the loan can be for a duration of 5 to 10 years. The interest rate is
generally set with reference to an index, say, LIBOR plus a spread which depends upon the
credit rating of the borrower. Some covenants are laid down by the lending institution like
maintenance of key financial ratios.
• Euro-bonds: These are basically debt instruments denominated in a currency issued outside
the country of that currency for examples Yen bond floated in France. Primary attraction of
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these bonds is the refuge from tax and regulations and provide scope for arbitraging yields.
These are usually bearer bonds and can take the form of
(i) Traditional fixed rate bonds.
(ii) Floating rate Notes.(FRNs)
(iii) Convertible Bonds.
• Foreign Bonds: Foreign bonds are denominated in a currency which is foreign to the
borrower and sold at the country of that currency. Such bonds are always subject to the
restrictions and are placed by that country on the foreigners funds.
• Euro Commercial Papers: These are short term money market securities usually issued at a
discount, for maturities less than one year.
• Credit Instruments: The foregoing discussion relating to foreign exchange risk management
and international capital market shows that foreign exchange operations of banks consist
primarily of purchase and sale of credit instruments. There are many types of credit
instruments used in effecting foreign remittances. They differ in the speed, with which money
can be received by the creditor at the other end after it has been paid in by the debtor at his
end. The price or the rate of each instrument, therefore, varies with extent of the loss of
interest and risk of loss involved. There are, therefore, different rates of exchange
applicable to different types of credit instruments.
6. What is the impact of GDRs on Indian Capital Market?

Answer:
Impact of GDRs on Indian Capital Market
Since the inception of GDRs a remarkable change in Indian capital market has been observed
follows:
(i) Indian stock market to some extent is shifting from Bombay to Luxemburg.
(ii) There is arbitrage possibility in GDR issues.
(iii) Indian stock market is no longer independent from the rest of the world. This puts
additional strain on the investors as they now need to keep updated with worldwide economic
events.
(iv) Indian retail investors are completely sidelined. GDRs/Foreign Institutional Investors'
placements + free pricing implies that retail investors can no longer expect to make easy money
on heavily discounted rights/public issues. As a result of introduction of GDRs a considerable
foreign investment has flown into India.
Practical Questions
7. ABC Ltd. is considering a project in US, which will involve an initial investment of US $
1,10,00,000. The project will have 5 years of life. Current spot exchange rate is Rs. 48 per US
$. The risk free rate in US is 8% and the same in India is 12%. Cash inflow from the project is
as follows
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Calculate the NPV of the project using foreign currency approach. Required rate of return on
this project is 14%.[ALSO IN RTP - NOV 2019]
Answer:
8. A USA based company is planning to set up a software development unit in India. Software
developed at the Indian unit will be bought back by the US parent at a transfer price of US
$10 millions. The unit will remain in existence in India for one year; the software is expected
to get developed within this time frame.
The US based company will be subject to corporate tax of 30 per cent and a withholding tax
of 10 per cent in India and will not be eligible for tax credit in the US. The software developed
will be sold in the US market for US $ 12.0 millions. Other estimates are as follows:
Rent for fully furnished unit with necessary hardware in India Rs. 15,00,000
Man power cost (80 software professional will be working for 10 hours each day) Rs. 400 per
man hour
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Advise the US Company on the financial viability of the project. The rupee-dollar rate is
Rs.48/$.
Note: Assume 365 days a year.(NOV-22 RTP)
Answer;
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9. XY Limited is engaged in large retail business in India. It is contemplating for expansion

into a country of Africa by acquiring a group of stores having the same line of operation as
that of India.
The exchange rate for the currency of the proposed African country is extremely volatile.
Rate of inflation is presently 40% a year. Inflation in India is currently 10% a year.
XY Ltd. assumes the year 3 nominal cash flows will continue to be earned each year
indefinitely. It evaluates all investments using nominal cash flows and a nominal discounting
rate. The present exchange rate is African Rand 6 to Rs. 1.
You are required to calculate the net present value of the proposed investment considering
the following:
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Answer:
10. A multinational company is planning to set up a subsidiary company in India (where

hitherto it was exporting) in view of growing demand for its product and competition from
other MNCs. The initial project cost (consisting of Plant and Machinery including installation)
is estimated to be US$ 500 million. The net working capital requirements are estimated at
US$ 50 million. The company follows straight line method of depreciation. Presently, the
company is exporting two million units every year at a unit price of US$ 80, its variable cost
per unit being US$ 40.
The Chief Financial Officer has estimated the following operating cost and other data in
respect of proposed project:
(ii) Additional cash fixed cost will be US $ 30 million p.a. and project's share of allocated fixed
cost will be US $ 3 million p.a. based on principle of ability to share;
(iii) Production capacity of the proposed project in India will be 5 million units;
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(iv) Expected useful life of the proposed plant is five years with no salvage value;
(v) Existing working capital investment for production & sale of two million units through
exports was US $ 15 million;
(vi) Export of the product in the coming year will decrease to 1.5 million units in case the
company does not open subsidiary company in India, in view of the presence of competing
MNCs that are in the process of setting up their subsidiaries in India;
Assuming that there will be no variation in the exchange rate of two currencies and all profits
will be repatriated, as there will be no withholding tax, estimate Net Present Value (NPV) of
the proposed project in India. (MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
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11. XYZ Ltd., a company based in India, manufactures very high quality modem furniture and
sells to a small number of retail outlets in India and Nepal. It is facing tough competition.
Recent studies on marketability of products have clearly indicated that the customer is now
more interested in variety and choice rather than exclusivity and exceptional quality. Since
the cost of quality wood in India is very high, the company is reviewing the proposal for
import of woods in bulk from Nepalese supplier.
The estimate of net Indian (`) and Nepalese Currency (NC) cash flows in Nominal terms for
this proposal is shown below:
The following information is relevant:

(i) XYZ Ltd. evaluates all investments by using a discount rate of 9% p.a. All Nepalese
customers are invoiced in NC. NC cash flows are converted to Indian (`) at the forward rate
and discounted at the Indian rate.
(ii) Inflation rates in Nepal and India are expected to be 9% and 8% p.a. respectively. The
current exchange rate isRs.1= NC 1.6
Assuming that you are the finance manager of XYZ Ltd., calculate the net present value (NPV)
and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) of the proposal.
You may use following values with respect to discount factor forRs.1 @9%.
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Answer:
12. Explain different constituents of International Financial Centre (IFC)? [MTP - AUGUST
2018 - 4 MARKS]
Answer:
Although there are many constituents for IFC but some of the important constituent are as
follows:
(i) Highly developed Infrastructure: - A leading edge infrastructure is prerequisite for creating
a platform to offer internationally completive financial services.
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(ii) Stable Political Environment: - Destabilized political environment brings country risk
investment by foreign nationals. Hence, to accelerate foreign participation in growth of
financial center, stable political environment is prerequisite.
(iii) Strategic Location: - The geographical location of the finance center should be strategic
such as near to airport, seaport and should have friendly weather.
(iv) Quality Life: - The quality of life at the center showed be good as center retains highly paid
professional from own country as well from outside.
(v) Rationale Regulatory Framework: - Rationale legal regulatory framework is another
prerequisite of international finance center as it should be fair and transparent.
(vi) Sustainable Economy: - The economy should be sustainable and should possess capacity
to absorb all the shocks as it will boost investors’ confidence.
13. A foreign based company is planning to set up a software development unit in India.
Software developed at the Indian unit will be bought back by the foreign parent company at a
transfer price of US $10 millions. The unit will remain in existence in India for one year; the
software is expected to get developed within this time frame. The foreign based company will
be subject to corporate tax of 30 per cent and a withholding tax of 10 per cent in India and will
not be eligible for tax credit. The software developed will be sold in the international market
for US $ 12.0 millions. Other estimates are as follows:
Rent for fully furnished unit with necessary hardware in India Rs. 20,00,000
Man power cost (80 software professional will be working for 10 hours each day) Rs. 540 per
man hour
Administrative and other costs Rs. 16,20,000
The rupee-dollar rate is Rs.65/$.
ADVISE the foreign company on the financial viability of the project.

Assumption: 365 days in a year. [RTP - MAY 2018]
Answer:
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14. The directors of Implant Inc. wishes to make an equity issue to finance a $10 (million)
expansion scheme which has an excepted Net Present Value of $2.2m and to re-finance an
existing $6 m 15% Bonds due for maturity in 5 years time. For early redemption of these bonds
there is a $3,50,000 penalty charges. The Co. has also obtained approval to suspend these pre-
emptive rights and make a $15 m placement of shares which will be at a price of $0.5 per share.
The floatation cost of issue will be 4% of Gross proceeds. Any surplus funds from issue will be
invested in IDRs which is currently yielding 10% per year.
The Present capital structure of Co. is as under:
Current share price is $2 per share and debenture price is $ 103 per debenture. Cost of capital
of Co. is 10%. It may be further presumed that stock market is semi-strong form efficient and
no information about the proposed use of funds from the issue has been made available to the
public.
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You are required to calculate expected share price of company once full details of the
placement and to which the finance is to be put, are announced.
[RTP - MAY 2019]
Answer:
In semi-strong form of stock market, the share price should accurately reflect new relevant
information when it is made publicly available including Implant Inc. expansion scheme and
redemption of the term loan
15.
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Answer;
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16. (RTP- NOV 2019)
Answer:
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17 With relaxation of norms in India for investment in international market upto $ 2,50,000, Mr. X
to hedge himself against the risk of declining Indian economy and weakening of Indian Rupee
during last few years, decided to diversify in the International Market. Accordingly, Mr. X
invested a sum of Rs. 1.58 crore on 1.1.20x1 in Standard & Poor Index. On 1.1.20x2 Mr. X sold
his investment. The other relevant data is given below:
You are required to Calculate:

(i) The return for a US investor.
(ii) Holding Period Return to Mr. X.
(i) The value of Index of Stock Market in India as on 1.1.20x2 at which Mr. X would be
indifferent between investment in Standard & Poor Index and India Stock Market [MTP - APRIL
2019 - 7 MARKS]
Answer:
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18) Odessa Limited has proposed to expand its operations for which it requires funds of $
15million, net of issue expenses which amount to 2% of the issue size. It proposed to raise the
funds through a GDR issue. It considers the following factors in pricing the issue:
i. The expected domestic market price of the share is Rs. 300
ii. 3 shares underly each GDR
iii. Underlying shares are priced at 10% discount to the market price
iv. Expected exchange rate is Rs. 60/$
Calculate the number of GDR's to be issued and cost of GDR to Odessa Limited, if 20% dividend
is expected to be paid with a growth rate of 20%.[MTP - MARCH 2018 & APRIL 2018 - 8
MARKS](RTP JULY 2021 ALIKE)(MAY 18)
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Answer:
19) XY Limited is engaged in large retail business in India. It is contemplating for expansion
into a country of Africa by acquiring a group of stores having the same line of operation as that
of India.
The exchange rate for the currency of the proposed African country is extremely volatile. Rate
of inflation is presently 40% a year. Inflation in India is currently 10% a year.
XY Ltd. assumes the year 3 nominal cash flows will continue to be earned each year indefinitely.
It evaluates all investments using nominal cash flows and a nominal discounting rate. The
present exchange rate is African Rand 6 to Rs. 1.
You are required to calculate the net present value of the proposed investment considering the
following:
(i) African Rand cash flows are converted into rupees and discounted at a risk adjusted
rate.
(ii) All cash flows for these projects will be discounted at a rate of 20% to reflect it’s
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high risk. Ignore taxation

PVIF @ 20% .833 .694 .579
[MTP -AUGUST 2018 -8 MARKS]
Answer:
20. A multinational company is planning to set up a subsidiary company in India (where hitherto it
was exporting) in view of growing demand for its product and competition from other MNCs.
The initial project cost (consisting of Plant and Machinery including installation) is estimated to
be US$ 500 million. The net working capital requirements are estimated at US$ 50 million. The
company follows straight line method of depreciation. Presently, the company is exporting two
million units every year at a unit price of US$ 80, its variable cost per unit being US$ 40.
The Chief Financial Officer has estimated the following operating cost and other data in respect
of proposed project:
Variable operating cost will be US $ 20 per unit of production;
Additional cash fixed cost will be US $ 30 million p.a. and project's share of allocated fixed cost
will be US $ 3 million p.a. based on principle of ability to share;
Production capacity of the proposed project in India will be 5 million units;
Expected useful life of the proposed plant is five years with no salvage value;
Existing working capital investment for production & sale of two million units through exports
was US $ 15 million;
Export of the product in the coming year will decrease to 1.5 million units in case the company
does not open subsidiary company in India, in view of the presence of competing MNCs that
are in the process of setting up their subsidiaries in India;
Applicable Corporate Income Tax rate is 35%, and
Required rate of return for such project is 12%. ADVICE X Inc. to establish the proposed project
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in India.

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Note:
There will be no variation in the exchange rate of two currencies and all profits will be
repatriated, as there will be no withholding tax.
Present Value Interest Factors (PVIF) @ 12% for five years are as below:
[MTP - OCTOBER 2018 - 8 MARKS | RTP - NOV 2018]
Answer:
453

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
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21. (PAST PAPER JULY 21)
A US based company is planning to set up a subsidiary company in India (where so far it was
exporting) in view of growing demand for its product and competition from other US based
companies. The initial project cost consisting of plant and machinery including installation is
estimated to be US$ 490 million. The net working capital requirements are estimated at US$ 60
million. The company follows straight line method of depreciation. Currently, the company is
exporting two million units every year at a unit price of US$ 90, its variable cost per unit being
US$ 50.
The CFO of the Company has estimated the following operating cost and other data in respect
of proposed project:
(ii) Additional cash fixed cost will be US $ 30 million p.a. and project's share of allocated fixed
cost will be US $ 3 million p.a. based on principle of ability to share;
(iii) Expected useful life of the proposed plant is five years with no salvage value;
(iv) Production capacity of the proposed project in India will be 5 million units;
(v) Existing working capital investment for production and sale of two million units through
exports was US $ 25 million;
(vi) Export of the product in the coming year will decrease to 1.5 million units, provided the
company does not set up subsidiary company in India, in view of the presence of competing
other US based companies that are in the process of setting up their subsidiaries in India;
Assuming that there will be no variation in the exchange rate of two currencies and all profits
will be repatriated as there will be no withholding tax, Estimate Net Present Value of the
proposed project in India and give your advice. Present Value Interest Factors (PVIF) @ 12% for
five years is as below :
Year 1 2 3 4 5
PVIF 0.892 0.797 0.711 0.635 0.567

9 2 8 5 4
ANSWER
Financial Analysis whether to set up the manufacturing units in India or not may be carried using
NPV technique as follows:
I. Incremental Cash Outflows
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II. (1) Incremental Cash Inflow after Tax (CFAT) generated by investment in India for 5 years
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22) The management of multinational company TL limited is engaged in construction of

infrastructure project. A proposal to construct a Toll Road in Nepal is under consideration of
the management.
The following information is available:
The initial investment will be in purchase of equipment costing USD 250 lakhs. The economic
life of the equipment is 10 years. The depreciation on the equipment will be charged on straight
line method. EBITDA to be collected from toll road project is projected to be USD lakh per
annum for the period of 20 years.
To encourage investment Nepalese government is offering 15% on loan of USD 150 lakhs for an
interest rate of 6% for annum. The interest is to be paid annually. The loan will be repaid at the
end of 15 year in one tranche.
The required rate of return for the project under all equity financing is 12% per annum. Post tax
cost of debt is 5.6% PA . Tax rate is 30%.
All cash flows will be in USD. Ignore inflation.
You are required to advise the management on the viability of the project by using adjusted
present value method
(NOV 2020)
Answer:
Alternatively, if instead of PV of overall impact of Financing the PV of impact of tax shield on

Interest is considered then APV shall be computed as follows:
= Base NPV + PV of Tax Shield on Interest

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= - US$ 35.091 + US $ 23.109 lakh
= - US$ 11.982 lakh
Advise: Since APV is negative, TL Ltd. should not accept the project.
23. A proposed foreign investment involves creation of a plant with an annual output of 1
million units .The entire production will be exported at a selling price of USD 10 per unit. At the
current rate of exchange dollar cost of local production equal to USD 6 per unit. Dollar is
expected to decline by 10% or 15%. The change in local cost of production and probability from
the expected current level will be as follows :
The plant at the current rate of exchange will have a depreciation of USD 1 million annually.
Assume local Tax rate as 30%.
You are required to find out :
Annual Cash Flow after Tax (CFAT) under all the different scenarios of exchange rate.
Expected value of CFAT assuming no repatriation of profits.
(i) Viability of the investment proposal assuming an initial investment of USD 25

million on plant and working capital with a required rate of return of 11% on investment and
on the basis of CFAT arrived under option (ii). The CFAT will grow @3% per annum in perpetuity
(JAN 2021)
Answer:
458

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24 . X Ltd., an Indian company, is considering a proposal to make an investment of USD

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1,65,00,000 in Latin America. The project will have a life of 5 years. The current spot exchange
rate is INR/USD 72. All investments and revenues will occur in USD. The USD and INR risk free
rates are 8% and 12% respectively. The following cash flow is expected form the project.
Assume required rate of return on the project as 14%. You are required to calculate:
i. The viability of the project using foreign currency approach.
ii. What will be the impact if there is a withholding tax of 10% applicable on the project.(JAN 2021)
Answer:
Project is viable as the NPV is positive.

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Thus, if there is a withholding tax of 10% then the project will not be viable.
25 A USA based company is planning to set up a software development unit in India. Software
developed at the Indian unit will be bought back by the US parent at a transfer price of US $10
millions. The unit will remain in existence in India for one year; the
software is expected to get developed within this time frame.
The US based company will be subject to corporate tax of 30 per cent and a withholding tax of
10 per cent in India and will be eligible for tax credit in India. The software developed will be
sold in the US market and many companies are ready to acquire the same. Other estimates are
as follows:
Rent for fully furnished unit with necessary hardware in India = Rs 18,75,000
Manpower cost 500 per man hour

(80 software professional will be working for 10 hours each day) Administrative and other costs
Rs 15,00,000
Advise the US Company the minimum amount it should charge from the prospective buyer. The
rupee-dollar rate is Rs 60/$
Answer:
461

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
26. M/s. Raghu Ltd. is interested in expanding its operation and planning to install
manufacturing plant at US. It requires 8.82 million USD (net of issue expenses/ floatation cost)
to fund the proposed project. GDRs are proposed to be issued to finance this project. The
estimated floatation cost of GDRs is 2%.
Additional information:
a. Expected market price of share at the time of issue of GDR is RS.360 (Face Value
RS. 100)
b. Each GDR will represent two underlying Shares.
c. The issue shall be priced at 10% discount to the market price.
d. Expected exchange rate is INR/USD 72.
e. Dividend is expected to be paid at the rate of 20% with growth rate of 12%.
i. You, as a financial consultant, are required to compute the number of GDRs to be issued and
cost of the GDR
ii. What is your suggestion if the company receives an offer from a US Bank willing to provide an
equivalent loan with an interest rate of 12%?
iii. How much company can save by choosing the option as recommended by you?
iv. (MAY-22 RTP)
Answer:
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27. “Netting helps in minimizing the total value of intercompany fund flows”. Explain? (MTP
MARCH -2022)
ANSWER:
Yes to some extent the given statement is correct as it is a technique of optimising cash flow
movements with the combined efforts of the subsidiaries thereby reducing administrative and
transaction costs resulting from currency conversion. There is a co-ordinated international
interchange of materials, finished products and parts among the different units of MNC with many
subsidiaries buying /selling from/to each other.
Advantages derived from netting system includes:
 Reduces the number of cross-border transactions between subsidiaries thereby decreasing the
overall administrative costs of such cash transfers
 Reduces the need for foreign exchange conversion and hence decreases transaction costs
associated with foreign exchange conversion.
 Improves cash flow forecasting since net cash transfers are made at the end of each period
 Gives an accurate report and settles accounts through co-ordinated efforts among all subsidiaries.
28. A US company wants to setup a manufacturing plant in India which requires an initial outlay
of RS. 8 Million. It is expected to have a useful life of 5 years with a salvage of RS. 2 Million. The
company follows straight line method of depreciation. To support additional level of activity,
investment would require one time additional working capital of RS.1 Million.
Since the cost of production lower in India, the variable cost of production would be RS. 30 per
unit. Additional fixed cost per annum is estimated at ` 0.5 Million. The company is projecting its
annual sales to 80000 units at the price of RS. 100 per unit. Applicable tax rate to the company
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is 34% and its cost of capital is 8%.


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Inflation rates in US and India are expected to be 8% and 9% respectively. The current exchange
rate is RS. 72 per US Dollar.
Assuming that all profit will be repatriated every year and there will be no withholding taxes,
estimate the net present value of the proposed project in India and evaluate its feasibility.
PVF @ 8% for the five years are as under:
Rate 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year
8% 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 0.681
(NOV-21)
Answer:
464

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465

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1. Write a short note on Forward Rate Agreements (NOV-21)

Answer:
AA Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) is an agreement between two parties through borrower/ lender
protects itself from the unfavourable changes to the interest rate. Unlike futures FRAs are not
traded on an exchange thus are called OTC product.
Following are main features of FRA.
• Normally it is used by banks to fix interest costs on anticipated future deposits or interest revenues
on variable-rate loans indexed to LIBOR.
• It is an off Balance Sheet instrument.
• It does not involve any transfer of principal. The principal amount of the agreement is termed
"notional" because, while it determines the amount of the payment, actual exchange of the
principal never takes place.
• It is settled at maturity in cash representing the profit or loss. A bank that sells an FRA agrees to
pay the buyer the increased interest cost on some "notional" principal amount if some specified
maturity of LIBOR is above a stipulated "forward rate" on the contract maturity or settlement date.
Conversely, the buyer agrees to pay the seller any decrease in interest cost if market interest rates
fall below the forward rate.
• Final settlement of the amounts owed by the parties to an FRA is determined by the formula
Where,
N = the notional principal amount of the agreement;

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RR = Reference Rate for the maturity specified by the contract prevailing on the contract
settlement date; typically LIBOR or MIBOR
FR = Agreed-upon Forward Rate; and

dtm = maturity of the forward rate, specified in days (FRA Days)
DY = Day count basis applicable to money market transactions which could be 360 or 365 days.
If LIBOR > FR the seller owes the payment to the buyer, and if LIBOR < FR the buyer owes the
seller the absolute value of the payment amount determined by the above formula.
• The differential amount is discounted at post change (actual) interest rate as it is settled in the
beginning of the period not at the end.
2. What do you know about swaptions and their uses?(NOV-22 RTP)

Answer:
An interest rate swaption is simply an option on an interest rate swap. It gives the holder the right
but not the obligation to enter into an interest rate swap at a specific date in the future, at a
particular fixed rate and for a specified term.
There are two types of swaption contracts: -
• A fixed rate payer swaption gives the owner of the swaption the right but not the obligation to
enter into a swap where they pay the fixed leg and receive the floating leg.
• A fixed rate receiver swaption gives the owner of the swaption the right but not the obligation to
enter into a swap in which they will receive the fixed leg, and pay the floating leg.
Uses of Swaptions
: Swaptions can be applied in a variety of ways for both active traders as well as for corporate
treasurers.
: Swap traders can use them for speculation purposes or to hedge a portion of their swap books.
: Swaptions have become useful tools for hedging embedded optionality which is common to the
natural course of many businesses.
: Swaptions are useful to borrowers targeting an acceptable borrowing rate.
: Swaptions are also useful to those businesses tendering for contracts.
: Swaptions also provide protection on callable/puttable bond issues.
Practical Questions
3. M/s. Parker & Co. is contemplating to borrow an amount ofRs.60 crores for a Period of 3 months
in the coming 6 month's time from now. The current rate of interest is 9% p.a., but it may go up
in 6 month’s time. The company wants to hedge itself against the likely increase in interest rate.
The Company's Bankers quoted an FRA (Forward Rate Agreement) at 9.30%p.a.
What will be the Final settlement amount, if the actual rate of interest after 6 months happens to
be (i) 9.60% p.a. and (ii) 8.80% p.a.?
Answer:
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Thus Parker & Co. will pay banker a sum ofRs.7,33,855

Note: It might be possible that students may solve the question on basis of days ins tead of
months (as considered in above calculations). Further there may be also possibility that the
FRA days and Day Count convention may be taken in various plausible combinations such
as 90 days/360 days, 90 days/ 365 days, 91 days/360 days or 91 days/365day
4. TM Fincorp has bought a 6 x 9Rs.100 crore Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) at 5.25%. On fixing
date reference rate i.e. MIBOR turns out be as follows:
Period Rate (%)
3 months 5.50
6 months 5.70
9 months 5.85
(a) Profit/Loss to TM Fincorp. in terms of basis points.
(b) The settlement amount.
(Assume 360 days in a year)
Answer:
469

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
5. XYZ Limited borrows £ 15 Million of six months LIBOR + 10.00% for a period of 24 months. The
company anticipates a rise in LIBOR, hence it proposes to buy a Cap Option from its Bankers at
the strike rate of 8.00%. The lump sum premium is 1.00% for the entire reset periods and the fixed
rate of interest is 7.00% per annum. The actual position of LIBOR during the forthcoming reset
period is as under:
Reset Period LIBOR
1 9.00%
2 9.50%
3 10.00%
You are required to show how far interest rate risk is hedged through Cap Option.
For calculation, work out figures at each stage up to four decimal points and amount nearest to
£. It should be part of working notes.
Answer: 470

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
6. Suppose a dealer quotes ‘All-in-cost’ for a generic swap at 8% against six month LIBOR flat. If
the notional principal amount of swap isRs.5,00,000.
(i) Calculate semi-annual fixed payment.
(ii) Find the first floating rate payment for (i) above if the six month period from the effective date
of swap to the settlement date comprises 181 days and that the corresponding LIBOR was 6% on
the effective date of swap.
In (ii) above, if the settlement is on ‘Net’ basis, how much the fixed rate payer would pay to the
floating rate payer?
Generic swap is based on 30/360 days basis.
Answer:
471

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
7. Derivative Bank entered into a plain vanilla swap through on OIS (Overnight Index Swap) on a
principal ofRs.10 crores and agreed to receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a fixed payment
on the principal. The swap was entered into on Monday, 2nd August, 2010 and was to commence
on 3rd August, 2010 and run for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were:

7.75%, 8.15%, 8.12%, 7.95%, 7.98%, 8.15%.
If Derivative Bank receivedRs.317 net on settlement, calculate Fixed rate and interest under both
legs.
Notes:
(i) Sunday is Holiday.
(ii) Work in rounded rupees and avoid decimal working. (MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
472

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
8. A Inc. and B Inc. intend to borrow $200,000 and $200,000 in ¥ respectively for a time horizon
of one year. The prevalent interest rates are as follows:
Company ¥ Loan $ Loan
A Inc 5% 9%
B Inc 8% 10%
The prevalent exchange rate is $1 = ¥120.
They entered in a currency swap under which it is agreed that B Inc will pay A Inc @ 1% over the
¥ Loan interest rate which the later will have to pay as a result of the agreed currency swap
whereas A Inc will reimburse interest to B Inc only to the extent of 9%. Keeping the exchange rate
invariant, quantify the opportunity gain or loss component of the ultimate outcome, resulting
from the designed currency swap.(MAY-2020 RTP)
Answer:
473

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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
B Inc. used ¥240,00,000 at the net cost of borrowing of ¥16,80,000 i.e. 7%. If it had not opted for
swap agreement the borrowing cost would have been 8%. Thus there is saving of 1%.
9. A textile manufacturer has taken floating interest rate loan ofRs.40,00,000 on 1st April, 2012.
The rate of interest at the inception of loan is 8.5% p.a. interest is to be paid every year on 31st
March, and the duration of loan is four years. In the month of October 2012, the Central bank of
the country releases following projections about the interest rates likely to prevail in future.
(i) On 31st March, 2013, at 8.75%; on 31st March, 2014 at 10% on 31st March, 2015 at 10.5% and
on 31st March, 2016 at 7.75%. Show how this borrowing can hedge the risk arising out of expected
rise in the rate of interest when he wants to peg his interest cost at 8.50% p.a.
(ii) Assume that the premium negotiated by both the parties is 0.75% to be paid on 1st October,
2012 and the actual rate of interest on the respective due dates happens to be as: on 31st March,
2013 at 10.2%; on 31st March, 2014 at 11.5%; on 31st March, 2015 at 9.25%; on 31st March, 2016
at 9.0% and 8.25%.
Show how the settlement will be executed on the perspective interest due dates.(MAY-22
RTP,NOV-22 RTP)(MTP MARCH-2022)
Answer:
As borrower does not want to pay more than 8.5% p.a., on this loan where the rate of interest is
likely to rise beyond this, hence, he has hedge the risk by entering into an agreement to buy interest
rate caps with the following parameters:
• National Principal:Rs.40,00,000/-
• Strike rate: 8.5% p.a.
• Reference rate: the rate of interest applicable to this loan
• Calculation and settlement date: 31st March every year
• Duration of the caps: till 31st March 2016
• Premium for caps: negotiable between both the parties
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To purchase the caps this borrower is required to pay the premium upfront at the time of buying
caps. The payment of such premium will entitle him with right to receive the compensation from
the seller of the caps as soon as the rate of interest on this loan rises above 8.5%. The compensation
will be at the rate of the difference between the rate of none of the cases the cost of this loan will
rise above 8.5% calculated onRs.40,00,000/-. This implies that in none of the cases the cost of this
loan will rise above 8.5%. This hedging benefit is received at the respective interest due dates at the
cost of premium to be paid only once.
The premium to be paid on 1st October 2012 is 30,000/- (₹40,00,000 x 0.75/100). The payment of
this premium will entitle the buyer of the caps to receive the compensation from the seller of the
caps whereas the buyer will not have obligation. The compensation received by the buyer of caps
will be as follows:
On 31st March 2013
The buyer of the caps will receive the compensation at the rate of 1.70% (10.20 - 8.50) to be
calculated onRs.40,00,000, the amount of compensation will beRs.68000/- (40,00,000 x 1.70/100).
On 31st March 2014
The buyer of the caps will receive the compensation at the rate of 3.00% (11.50 – 8.50) to be
calculated onRs.40,00,000/-, the amount of compensation will beRs.120000/- (40,00,000 x
3.00/100).
On 31st March 2015
The buyer of the caps will receive the compensation at the rate of 0.75% (9.25 – 8.50) to be
calculated onRs.40,00,000/-, the amount of compensation will beRs.30,000 (40,00,000 x 0.75/100).
On 31st March 2016
The buyer of the caps will not receive the compensation as the actual rate of interest is 8.25%
whereas strike rate of caps is 8.5%. Hence, his interest liability shall not exceed 8.50%.
Thus, by paying the premium upfront buyer of the caps gets the compensation on the respective
interest due dates without any obligations.
10. Electraspace is consumer electronics wholesaler. The business of the firm is highly seasonal in
nature. In 6 months of a year, firm has a huge cash deposits and especially near Christmas time
and other 6 months firm cash crunch, leading to borrowing of money to cover up its exposures
for running the business.
It is expected that firm shall borrow a sum of €50 million for the entire period of slack season in
about 3 months.
A Bank has given the following quotations:
Spot 5.50% - 5.75%
3×6 FRA 5.59% - 5.82%
3×9 FRA 5.64% - 5.94%
3 month €50,000 future contract maturing in a period of 3 months is quoted at 94.15 (5.85%).
ADVISE:
(i) How a FRA, shall be useful if the actual interest rate after 3 months turnout to be:
(a) 4.5% (b) 6.5
(ii) How 3 months Future contract shall be useful for company if interest rate turns out as
mentioned in part (a) above. [RTP - MAY 2018]
Answer:
476

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
477

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11. Two companies ABC Ltd. and XYZ Ltd. approach the DEF Bank for FRA (Forward Rate
Agreement). They want to borrow a sum of Rs. 100crores after 2 years for a period of 1 year. Bank
has calculated Yield Curve of both companies as follows:
*The difference in yield curve is due to the lower credit rating of ABC Ltd. compared to XYZ Ltd.
(i) You are required to calculate the rate of interest DEF Bank would quote under 2V3 FRA, using
the company’s yield information as quoted above.
(ii) Suppose bank offers Interest Rate Guarantee for a premium of 0.1% of the amount of loan,
you are required to calculate the interest payable by XYZ Ltd. if interest rate in 2 years turns out
to be
(a) 4.50%
(b) 5.50%
[RTP - NOV 2019]
Answer:
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12. (RTP-NOV 2019/ RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
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13 . Derivative Bank entered into a swap arrangement on a principal of Rs. 10 crores and agreed
to receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a fixed payment on the principal. The swap was
entered into on Monday, 19th August, 2019 and was to commence on 20th August, 2019 and run
for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were: 8.15%, 7.98%, 7.95%, 8.12%, 8.15%, 7.75%.
the nature of this Swap arrangement.
the Net Settlement amount. Notes:
Sunday is Holiday.
Work in rounded rupees and avoid decimal working.
Consider 365 days in a year
Answer:
(i) The given swap arrangement is Plain Vanilla Overnight Index Swap (OIS).
(ii)To compute the Net Settlement amount we shall compute Interest as per
floating rate asfollows:
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14. XYZ Limited borrows £ 15 Million of six months LIBOR + 10.00% for a period of 24 months. The
company anticipates a rise in LIBOR, hence it proposes to buy a Cap Option from its Bankers at
the strike rate of 8.00%. The lump sum premium is 1.00% for the entire reset periods and the fixed
rate of interest is 7.00% per annum. The actual position of LIBOR during the forthcoming reset
period is as under:
Reset Period LIBOR
1 9.00%
2 9.50%
3 10.00%
Analyze how far interest rate risk is hedged through Cap Option.
(For calculation, work out figures at each stage up to four decimal points and amount nearest to
£.) [MTP - APRIL 2018, AUGUST 2018 & OCTOBER 2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
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15. Discuss the types of Commodity Swaps?[MTP - AUGUST 2018

- 5 MARKS]
Answer:
There are two types of commodity swaps: fixed-floating or commodity-for-interest.
a. Fixed-Floating Swaps: They are just like the fixed-floating swaps in the interest rate
swapmarket with the exception that both indices are commodity based indices.
General market indices in the international commodities market with which many
people would be familiar include the S&P Goldman Sachs Commodities Index
(S&PGSCI) and the Commodities Research Board Index (CRB). These two indices
place different weights on the various commodities so they will be used according
to the swap agent's requirements.
b. Commodity-for-Interest Swaps: They are similar to the equity swap in which
a total return on the commodity in question is exchanged for some money
market rate (plus orminus a spread).
15. XYZ Inc. issues a £ 10 million floating rate loan on July 1, 2013 with resetting of
coupon rate every 6 months equal to LIBOR + 50 bp. XYZ is interested in a collar
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strategy by selling a Floor and buying a Cap. XYZ buys the 3 years Cap and sell 3
years Floor as per the following details on July 1, 2013:
Notional Principal Amount $ 10 million
Reference Rate 6 months LIBOR
Strike Rate 4% for Floor and 7% for Cap Premium0* The actual LIBOR
happened to at each reset date was as follows:
Determine:
Effective interest paid out at each of above reset date,
The average overall effective rate of interest p.a.
*Since Premium paid for Cap = Premium received for Floor?
[MTP - OCTOBER 2018 - 8 MARKS | RTP - MAY 2019][MAY22 PAST EXAM]
Answer:
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16. TM Fincorp has bought a 6 x 9 Rs. 100 crore Forward Rate

Agreement (FRA) at 5.25%. On fixing date reference rate i.e.
MIBOR turns out be as follows:

Profit/Loss to TM Fincorp. in terms of basis points.
The settlement amount. (Assume 360 days in a y[MTP - MARCH
2019 - 8 MARKS]
Answer:
484

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18. MARCH 2021 MTP)

17.
ANSWER
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18. Derivative Bank entered into a swap arrangement on a principal of Rs 10 crores and agreed to
receive MIBOR overnight floating rate for a fixed payment on the principal. The swap was
entered into on Monday, 19th August, 2019 and was to commence on20th August, 2019 and
run for a period of 7 days.
Respective MIBOR rates for Tuesday to Monday were: 8.15%, 7.98%, 7.95%, 8.12%,
8.15%, 7.75%.
the nature of this Swap arrangement.
the Net Settlement amount. Notes:
Sunday is Holiday.
Work in rounded rupees and avoid decimal working.
Consider 365 days in a year. (RTP NOVEMBER 2021)
Answer:
#10,00,00,000*8%*7/365=1,53,425
So ,net settlement amount paid = 1,54,206-1,53,425 = Rs 781
19. Two companies ABC Ltd. and XYZ Ltd. approach the DEF Bank for FRA (Forward Rate
Agreement). Both companies want to borrow a sum of ₹100 crores after 2 years for a period of
1 year. Bank has calculated Yield Curve of both companies as follows:
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Year XYZ ABC

Ltd. Ltd.
1 3.86 4.12
2 4.20 5.48
3 4.48 5.78
Required:
(i) Identify at least one reason for difference in the Yield Curve for the companies.
(ii) Calculate the rate of interest DEF Bank would quote under 2V3 FRA, using the company’s
yield information as quoted above.
(iii) Suppose bank offers Interest Rate Guarantee for a premium of 0.1% of the amount of loan,
calculate the interest payable by XYZ Ltd. if interest rate in 2 years turns out to be
(1) 4.50%
(2) 5.50%
ANSWER
(i) The difference in yield curve may due to the lower credit rating of ABC Ltd. compared to XYZ
Ltd.
(ii) DEF Bank will fix interest rate for 2V3 FRA after 2 years as follows:
(iii) Interest payable by XYZ Ltd. under two scenarios will be computed as follows:
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20. IM is an American firm having its subsidiary in Japan and JI is a Japanese firm having its
subsidiary in USA: They face the following interest rates
IM JI
USD Floating LIBOR+0.5 LIBOR+2.5
rate % %
JPY Fixed 4% 4.25%
rate
IM wishes to borrow USD at floating rate and JI in JPY at fixed rate. The amount required by
both the companies is same at the current Exchange Rate. A financial institution requires 75
basis points as commission for arranging Swap. The companies agree to share the benefit/ loss
equally.
You are required to find out
(i) Whether a beneficial swap can be arranged?
(ii) What rate of interest for both IM and JI? (MTP- NOV 2021)
ANSWER
(i) IM has overall strong position and hence is in a comparative advantageous position in both
rates. However, it has a comparative advantage in floating-rate market.
The differential between the U.S. dollar floating rates is 2.00% per annum, and the differential
between the JPY fixed rates is 0.25% per annum. The difference between the differentials is
1.75% per annum. The total potential gain to all parties from the swap is therefore 1.75% per
annum, or 175 basis points. If the financial intermediary requires 75 basis points, each of IM
and JI can be made 50 basis points better off.
(ii) Since the Net Benefit of 100 Basis Points to be shared equally among IM and JI interest rate
for them shall be as follows:
21. Commodity swaps are characterized by some peculiarities? Explain? (MTP MARCH-2022)
Answer:
Yes, commodity swaps are characterized by some peculiarities as following are some factors that
we must account for:
a) The cost of hedging;
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b) The institutional structure of the particular commodity market in question;

c)The liquidity of the underlying commodity market;
d)Seasonality and its effects on the underlying commodity market;
e) The variability of the futures bid/offer spread;
f) Brokerage fees; and
g) Credit risk, capital costs and administrative costs.
Some of these factors must be extended to the pricing and hedging of interest rate
swaps, currency swaps and equity swaps as well. The idiosyncratic nature of the
commodity markets refers more to the often limited number of participants in these
markets (naturally begging questions of liquidity and market information), the unique
factors driving these markets, the inter - relations with cognate markets and the
individual participants in these markets.
22. Explain the necessary conditions of Commodity derivatives?(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)

Answer:
The commodity characteristic approach defines feasible commodities for derivatives
trading based on an extensive list of required commodity attributes. It focuses on the
technical aspects of the underlying commodity. The following attributes are considered
crucial for qualifying for the derivatives trade:
1) a commodity should be durable and it should be possible to store it;
2) units must be homogeneous;
3) the commodity must be subject to frequent price fluctuations with wide amplitude;
supply and demand must be large;
4) supply must flow naturally to market and there must be breakdowns in an existing
pattern of forward contracting.
23. What is Net interest position and price risk?(MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION)
 Net Interest Position Risk: The size of non-paying liabilities is one of the significant factors
contributing towards profitability of banks. Where banks have more earning assets than
paying liabilities, interest rate risk arises when the market interest rates adjust
downwards. Thus, banks with positive net interest positions will experience a reduction
in NII as the market interest rate declines and increases when interest rate rises. Thus,
large float is a natural hedge against the variations in interest rates.
 Price Risk: Price risk occurs when assets are sold before their stated maturities. In the
financial market, bond prices and yields are inversely related. The price risk is closely
associated with the trading book, which is created for making profit out of short -term
movements in interest rates.
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1. There is a privately held company X Pvt. Ltd that is operating into the retail space, and is now
scouting for angel investors. The details pertinent to valuing X Pvt. Ltd are as follows –
The company has achieved break even this year and has an EBITDA of 90. The unleveraged beta
based on the industry in which it operates is 1.8, and the average debt to equity ratio is hovering
at 40:60. The rate of return provided by risk free liquid bonds is 5%. The EV is to be taken at a
multiple of 5 on EBITDA. The accountant has informed that the EBITDA of 90 includes an
extraordinary gain of 10 for the year, and a potential write off of preliminary sales promotion costs
of 20 are still pending. The internal assessment of rate of market return for the industry is 11%.
The FCFs for the next 3 years are as follows:
Y1 Y2 Y3
Future Cash flows 100 120 150
The pre-tax cost of debt is 12%. Assume a tax regime of 30%.
What is the potential value to be placed on X Pvt. Ltd?
Answer:
The levered beta of the company will be 1.8[1+(1-0.3)*40/60)] = 2.64

The adjusted EBITDA would be 90 –10 – 20 = 60
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The EV will be multiple of 5 on the 60 obtained above = 300

The Cost of equity in accordance with CAPM = r (f) + β (Rm – Rf)
= 5% + 2.64 (11% - 5%) = 20.84%
The WACC = Cost of Equity + Cost of Debt
= 20.84 (60/100) + 12.0 (1-0.3) (40/100) = 15.864
2. A Ltd. made a Gross Profit ofRs.10,00,000 and incurred Indirect Expenses ofRs.4,00,000. The
number of issued Equity Shares is 1,00,000. The company has a Debt ofRs.3,00,000 and Reserves &
Surplus to the tune ofRs.5,00,000. The market related details are as follows:
Risk Free Rate of Return 4.5%
Market Rate of Return 12%
β of the Company 0.9
Determine:
(a) Per Share Earning Value of the Company.
(b) Equity Value of the company if applicable EBITDA multiple is 5.
Answer:
(a) Capitalization Rate using CAPM
4.5% + 0.9(12% - 4.5%) = 11.25%
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3. The balance sheet of H K Ltd. is as follows:
The shares are actively traded and the Current Market Price (CMP) isRs.12 per share. Shareholder
funds represent 70,000 shares ofRs.10 each and rest is retained earnings. Calculate the Enterprise
Value of HK Ltd.
Answer:
4. Using the chop-shop approach (or Break-up value approach), assign a value for Cornett GMBH.
whose stock is currently trading at a total market price of €4 million. For Cornett, the accounting
data set forth in three business segments: consumer wholesaling, specialty services, and assorted
centers. Data for the firm’s three segments are as follows: [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 5 MARKS]
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S
5. Compute EVA of A Ltd. with the following information:
Assume Bad Debts provision ofRs.20 Lac is included in the SGA, and same amount is reduced from
the trade receivables in current assets. Also assume that the pre-tax Cost of Debt is 12%, Tax Rate
is 30% and Cost of Equity (i.e. shareholder’s expected return) is 8.45%.
Answer:
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6. Differentiate between EVA and MVA.
Answer:
Economic Value Added (EVA) is a holistic method of evaluating a company’s financial
performance, which means that EVA is used not only as a mere valuation technique, but
also to find the economic contribution of a company to the society at large. The core
concept behind EVA is that a company generates ‘value’ only if there is a creation of wealth
in terms of returns in excess of its cost of capital invested. EVA insists on separation of firm’s
operation from its financing. So if a company's EVA is negative, it means the company is
not generating value from the funds invested into the business. Conversely, a positive EVA
shows a company is producing value from the funds invested in it. EVA is a performance
measure for management of the company, and this is as evident in its calculation formula
as ‘the excess of returns over the weighted average cost of invested capital ‘. The formula
is as below –
EVA = NOPAT – (Invested Capital * WACC)
OR
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NOPAT – Capital Charge

MVA is an attempt to resolve some of the issues involved in EVA e.g. ignoring Value Drivers,
Book Value etc. Though MVA itself does not give any basis of share valuation but an
alternative way to gauge performance efficiencies of an enterprise, albeit from a market
capitalization point of view, the logic being that the market will discount the efforts taken
by the management fairly. Hence, the MVA of 80 arrived in example above is the true value
added that is perceived by the market. In contrast, EVA is a derived value added that is for
the more discerning investor.
Since MVA represents market views regarding company’s future value generation
companies with a higher MVA will naturally become the darlings of the share market, and
would eventually become ‘pricey’ from a pure pricing perspective. In such cases, the EVA
may also sometimes have a slightly negative correlation as compared to MVA. But this will
be a short term phenomenon as eventually the gap will get closed by investors themselves.
A stock going ex-dividend will exhibit such propensities.
We can conclude that the main objective of EVA is thus to show management efficiency in
generating returns over and above the hurdle rate of invested capital
7. Relative Valuation is the method to arrive at a ‘relative’ value using a ‘comparative’

analysis to its peers or similar enterprises. Elaborate this statement.
Answer:
The Concept of ‘Relative Valuation’: One way to look at the practical implementation of fair
value within the valuation context would be to identify assets that are similar to the ones
held by the acquiree company so that the values can be compared. This would be a
significant departure from the ‘intrinsic value’ approach that we have seen until now. Trying
to get a value that would be the nearest to the market price would mean that the valuation
of a particular portfolio, or a divestiture in an entity, would happen at an agreeable price
that fits into the normal distribution.
In one sense, we are indeed using the relative valuation in a limited approach when we
speak about expected market returns, or when we are adopting an index based
comparative. The more the asset pricing gets correlated to the similar assets in the market,
the more inclusive it gets. Thus, when we are comparing bonds, the closer the YTM of the
bond to the government index of return, the more credible it gets when it comes to pricing.
The Relative valuation, also referred to as ‘Valuation by multiples,’ uses financial ratios to
derive at the desired metric (referred to as the ‘multiple’) and then compares the same to
that of comparable firms. Comparable firms would mean the ones having similar asset and
risk dispositions and assumed to continue to do so over the comparison period. In the
process, there may be extrapolations set to the desired range to achieve the target set. To
elaborate –
1. Find out the ‘drivers’ that will be the best representative for deriving at the multiple
2. Determine the results based on the chosen driver(s) through financial ratios
3. Find out the comparable firms, and perform the comparative analysis, and,
4. Iterate the value of the firm obtained to smoothen out the deviation
Step 1: Finding the correct driver that goes to determine the multiple is significant for
relative valuation as it sets the direction to the valuation approach. Thereby, one can have
two sets of multiple based approaches depending on the types of the drivers –
(a) Enterprise value based multiples, which would consist primarily of EV/EBITDA,
EV/Invested Capital and EV/Sales.
(b) Equity value based multiples, which would comprise of P/E ratio and Price Earning
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Growth (PEG) Ratio.


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We have already seen the concept and application of Enterprise Value in previous section.
However, in light of relative valuation, we can definitely add that whereas EV/EBITDA is a
popular ratio and does provide critical inputs, the EV/Invested Capital will be more
appropriate to capital intensive enterprises, and EV/Sales will be used by companies who
are cash rich, have a huge order book, and forecast organic growth through own capital.
The P/E has a celebrated status amongst Equity based multiples, and the PEG (PE Ratio/
Growth Rate i.e. the ratio of the PE to the expected growth rate of the firm) is more suitable
where we are doing relative valuation of either high growth or sunrise industries.
Step 2: Choosing the right financial ratio is a vital part of success of this model. A factor
based approach may help in getting this correct – for example – a firm that generates
revenue mostly by exports will be highly influenced by future foreign exchange fluctuations.
A pure P/E based ratio may not be reflective of this reality, which couldn’t pre-empt the
impacts that Brexit triggered on currency values. Likewise, an EV/Invested Capital would be
a misfit for a company which may be light on core assets, or if has significant investment
properties.
Step 3: Arriving at the right mix of comparable firms. This is perhaps the most challenging
of all the steps – No two entities can be same – even if they may seem to be operating within
the same risk and opportunity perimeter. So, a software company ‘X’ that we are now
comparing to a similar sized company ‘Y’ may have a similar capital structure, a similar
operative environment, and head count size – so far the two firms are on even platform for
returns forecast and beta values. On careful scrutiny, it may be realized that the revenue
generators are different – X may be deriving its revenues from dedicated service contracts
having Full Time Equivalent (FTE) pricing, whereas Y earns through Unit Transfer Pricing
(UTP) model. This additional set of information dramatically changes the risk structure – and
this is precisely what the discerning investor has to watch for. In other words, take
benchmarks with a pinch of salt.
Step 4: Iterate / extrapolate the results obtained to arrive at the correct estimate of the
value of the firm.
Thus, we can conclude that ‘Relative Valuation’ is a comparative driven approach that
assumes that the value of similar firms can form a good indicator for the value of the tested
firm. There are some assumptions that are inherent to this model –
i. The market is efficient
ii. The function between the fundamentals and the multiples are linear
iii. The firms that are comparable are similar to structure, risk and growth pattern
Further, we can approach Enterprise Value (EV) in two ways –
(a) Take Entity Value as the base, and then adjust for debt values for arriving the ‘EV’;
or
(b) Take a balance sheet based approach and arrive at EV.
Practical Questions
8. ABC Company is considering acquisition of XYZ Ltd. which has 1.5 crores shares
outstanding and issued. The market price per share isRs.400 at present. ABC's average
cost of capital is 12%. Available information from XYZ indicates its expected cash accruals
for the next 3 years as follows:
Year Rs. Cr.
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2 300
3 400
Calculate the range of valuation that ABC has to consider. (PV factors at 12% for years 1
to 3 respectively: 0.893, 0.797 and 0.712).( MTP OCTOBER-2022)
Answer:
9. Eagle Ltd. reported a profit ofRs.77 lakhs after 30% tax for the financial year 2011-12.
An analysis of the accounts revealed that the income included extraordinary items ofRs.8
lakhs and an extraordinary loss ofRs.10 lakhs. The existing operations, except for the
extraordinary items, are expected to continue in the future. In addition, the results of the
launch of a new product are expected to be as follows:

(i) Calculate the value of the business, given that the capitalization rate is 14%.
(ii) Determine the market price per equity share, with Eagle Ltd.‘s share capital being
comprised of 1,00,000 13% preference shares ofRs.100 each and 50,00,000 equity shares
ofRs.10 each and the P/E ratio being 10 times?
[ALSO ASKED IN RTP - NOV 2018]
Answer:
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10. ABC Co. is considering a new sales strategy that will be valid for the next 4 years. They
want to know the value of the new strategy. Following information relating to the year
which has just ended, is available:
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If it adopts the new strategy, sales will grow at the rate of 20% per year for three years.
From 4th year onward it will stabilize. The gross margin ratio, Assets turnover ratio, the
Capital structure and the income tax rate will remain unchanged. Depreciation would be
at 10% of net fixed assets at the beginning of the year. The Company’s target rate of return
is 15%.
Determine the incremental value due to adoption of the strategy.
Answer:
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11. H Ltd. agrees to buy over the business of B Ltd. effective 1st April, 2012.The
summarized Balance Sheets of H Ltd. and B Ltd. as on 31st March 2012 are as follows:
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H Ltd. proposes to buy out B Ltd. and the following information is provided to you as part
of the scheme of buying:
(1) The weighted average post tax maintainable profits of H Ltd. and B Ltd. for the last 4
years areRs.300 crores andRs.10 crores respectively.
(2) Both the companies envisage a capitalization rate of 8%.
(3) H Ltd. has a contingent liability ofRs.300 crores as on 31st March, 2012.
(4) H Ltd. to issue shares ofRs.100 each to the shareholders of B Ltd. in terms of the
exchange ratio as arrived on a Fair Value basis. (Please consider weights of 1 and 3 for the
value of shares arrived on Net Asset basis and Earnings capitalization method respectively
for both H Ltd. and B Ltd.)
You are required to arrive at the value of the shares of both H Ltd. and B Ltd. under:
(i) Net Asset Value Method
(ii) Earnings Capitalisation Method
(iii) Exchange ratio of shares of H Ltd. to be issued to the shareholders of B Ltd. on a Fair
value basis (taking into consideration the assumption mentioned in point 4 above.)
Answer:
12. AB Ltd., is planning to acquire and absorb the running business of XY Ltd. The valuation
is to be based on the recommendation of merchant bankers and the consideration is to
be discharged in the form of equity shares to be issued by AB Ltd. As on 31.3.2006, the
paid up capital of AB Ltd. consists of 80 lakhs shares ofRs.10 each. The highest and the
lowest market quotation during the last 6 months wereRs.570 andRs.430. For the purpose
of the exchange, the price per share is to be reckoned as the average of the highest and
lowest market price during the last 6 months ended on 31.3.06.
XY Ltd.’s Balance Sheet as at 31.3.2006 is summarised below:
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An independent firm of merchant bankers engaged for the negotiation, have produced
the following estimates of cash flows from the business of XY Ltd.:
It is the recommendation of the merchant banker that the business of XY Ltd. may be
valued on the basis of the average of (i) Aggregate of discounted cash flows at 8% and (ii)
Net assets value. Present value factors at 8% for years
1-5: 0.93 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.68
(i) Calculate the total value of the business of XY Ltd.
(ii) The number of shares to be issued by AB Ltd.; and
(iii) The basis of allocation of the shares among the shareholders of XY Ltd.
Answer:
13. The valuation of Hansel Limited has been done by an investment analyst. Based on an
expected free cash flow ofRs.54 lakhs for the following year and an expected growth rate
of 9 percent, the analyst has estimated the value of Hansel Limited to beRs.1800 lakhs.
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The book value weights employed by the analyst are not known, but you know that Hansel
Limited has a cost of equity of 20 percent and post tax cost of debt of 10 percent. The
value of equity is thrice its book value, whereas the market value of its debt is nine-tenths
of its book value. What is the correct value of
Hansel Ltd? [ALSO ASKED IN RTP - MAY 2019]
Answer;
Cost of capital by applying Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) Model is as follows: -
14. Following information are available in respect of XYZ Ltd. which is expected to grow
at a higher rate for 4 years after which growth rate will stabilize at a lower level:
Base year information:
Revenue -Rs.2,000 crores
EBIT -Rs.300 crores
Capital expenditure -Rs.280 crores
Depreciation -Rs.200 crores
Information for high growth and stable growth period are as follows:(MAY-22 EXAM
QUESTION)( MTP MARCH-2022 )
Answer:
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15. Following information is given in respect of WXY Ltd., which is expected to grow at a
rate of 20% p.a. for the next three years, after which the growth rate will stabilize at 8%
p.a. normal level, in perpetuity.
During high growth period, revenues & Earnings before Interest & Tax (EBIT) will grow at
20% p.a. and capital expenditure net of depreciation will grow at 15% p.a. From year 4
onwards, i.e. normal growth period revenues and EBIT will grow at 8% p.a. and
incremental capital expenditure will be offset by the depreciation. During both high
growth & normal growth period, net working capital requirement will be 25% of revenues.
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of WXY Ltd. is 15%.
Corporate Income Tax rate will be 30%.
Required:
Estimate the value of WXY Ltd. using Free Cash Flows to Firm (FCFF) & WACC
methodology.
The PVIF @ 15 % for the three years are as below:
Year t1 t2 t3
PVIF 0.8696 0.7561 0.6575
(ALSO IN RTP-NOV 2020)
Answer:
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16. With the help of the following information of Jatayu Limited compute the Economic
Value Added:
Capital Structure
Equity capitalRs.160 Lakhs Reserves and SurplusRs.140 lakhs 10%
DebenturesRs.400 lakhs
Cost of equity 14%
Financial Leverage 1.5 times
Income Tax Rate 30%
Answer:
Financial Leverage = PBIT/PBT
1.5 = PBIT / (PBIT – Interest)
1.5 = PBIT / (PBIT – 40)
1.5 (PBIT – 40) = PBIT
1.5 PBIT – 60 = PBIT
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0.5 PBIT = 60
NOPAT = PBIT – Tax =Rs.120 lakhs (1 – 0.30) =Rs.84 lakhs.

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
–
EVA = NOPAT –
EVA =Rs.84 lakhs – Rs.700 lakhs
EVA =Rs.14 lakhs
17. RST Ltd.’s current financial year's income statement reported its net income after tax
asRs.25,00,000. The applicable corporate income tax rate is 30%.
Following is the capital structure of RST Ltd. at the end of current financial year:
Rs.
Debt (Coupon rate = 11%) 40 lakhs
Equity (Share Capital + Reserves & Surplus) 125 lakhs
Invested Capital 165 lakhs
Following data is given to estimate cost of equity capital:
Equity Beta of RST Ltd. 1.36Risk
–free rate i.e. current yield on Govt. bonds 8.5%
Average market risk premium (i.e. Excess of return on market portfolio over risk-free rate)
9%
Required:
(i) Estimate Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of RST Ltd.; and
(ii) Estimate Economic Value Added (EVA) of RST Ltd.
Answer:
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18. Tender Ltd has earned a net profit ofRs.15 lacs after tax at 30%. Interest cost charged
by financial institutions wasRs.10 lacs. The invested capital isRs.95 lacs of which 55% is
debt. The company maintains a weighted average cost of capital of 13%. Required,
(a) Compute the operating income.
(b) Compute the Economic Value Added (EVA).
(c) Tender Ltd. has 6 lac equity shares outstanding. How much dividend can the company
pay before the value of the entity starts declining? [ALSO IN MTP - MARCH 2018 &
OCTOBER 2019](MAY-22 MTP)
Answer:
19. The following information is given for 3 companies that are identical except for their
capital structure:
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The tax rate is uniform 35% in all cases.

(i) Compute the Weighted average cost of capital for each company.
(ii) Compute the Economic Valued Added (EVA) for each company.
(iii) Based on the EVA, which company would be considered for best investment? Give
reasons.
(iv) If the industry PE ratio is 11x, estimate the price for the share of each company.
(v) Calculate the estimated market capitalisation for each of the Companies.?
(MTP
Answer:
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20. Delta Ltd.’s current financial year’s income statement reports its net income
asRs.15,00,000. Delta’s marginal tax rate is 40% and its interest expense for the year
wasRs.15,00,000. The company hasRs.1,00,00,000 of invested capital, of which 60% is
debt. In addition, Delta Ltd. tries to maintain a Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
of 12.6%.
(i) Compute the operating income or EBIT earned by Delta Ltd. in the current year.
(ii) What is Delta Ltd.’s Economic Value Added (EVA) for the current year?
(iii) Delta Ltd. has 2,50,000 equity shares outstanding. According to the EVA you computed
in (ii), how much can Delta pay in dividend per share before the value of the company
would start to decrease? If Delta does not pay any dividends, what would you expect to
happen to the value of the company? [ALSO IN MTP - MARCH 2019 - 8 MARKS](NOV-22
RTP)
Answer:
(i) Taxable income = Net Income /(1 – 0.40)
or, Taxable income =Rs.15,00,000/(1 – 0.40) =Rs.25,00,000
Again, taxable income = EBIT – Interest
or, EBIT = Taxable Income + Interest
=Rs.25,00,000 +Rs.15,00,000 =Rs.40,00,000
(ii) EVA = EBIT (1 – T) – (WACC

=Rs.40,00,000 (1 – 0.40) – Rs.1,00,00,000)
=Rs.24,00,000 –Rs.12,60,000 =Rs.11,40,000
(iii) EVA Dividend =Rs.11,40,000/2,50,000 =Rs.4.56

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If Delta Ltd. does not pay a dividend, we would expect the value of the firm to increase
because it will achieve higher growth, hence a higher level of EBIT. If EBIT is higher, then all
else equal, the value of the firm will increase.
21. The following data pertains to XYZ Inc. engaged in software consultancy business as
on 31 December 2010.
With the above information and following assumption you are required to compute
(a) Economic Value Added
(b) Market Value Added.
Assuming that:
(i) WACC is 12%.
(ii) The share of company currently quoted at $ 50 each
Answer:
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22. Herbal Gyan is a small but profitable producer of beauty cosmetics using the plant
Aloe Vera. This is not a high-tech business, but Herbal’s earnings have averaged
aroundRs.12 lakh after tax, largely on the strength of its patented beauty cream for
removing the pimples.
The patent has eight years to run, and Herbal has been offeredRs.40 lakhs for the patent
rights. Herbal’s assets includeRs.20 lakhs of working capital andRs.80 lakhs of property,
plant, and equipment. The patent is not shown on Herbal’s books. Suppose Herbal’s cost
of capital is 15 percent. What is its Economic Value Added ( EVA)? (MAY-22 RTP)
Answer:
EVA = Income earned – (Cost of capital x Total Investment)
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Cost of Capital 15%

EVA=Rs.12 lakh – (0.15 xRs.140 lakhs) =Rs.12 lakh –Rs.21 lakh = -₹9 lakh
Thus, Herbal Gyan has a negative EVA ofRs.9 lakhs.
23. Constant Engineering Ltd. has developed a high tech product which has reduced the
Carbon emission from the burning of the fossil fuel. The product is in high demand. The
product has been patented and has a market value ofRs.100 Crore, which is not recorded
in the books. The Net Worth (NW) of Constant Engineering Ltd. isRs.200 Crore. Long term
debt isRs.400 Crore. The product generates a revenue ofRs.84 Crore. The rate on 365 days
Government bond is 10 percent per annum. Market portfolio generates a return of 12
percent per annum. The stock of the company moves in tandem with the market.
Calculate Economic Value added of the company.
Answer:
24. Herbal World is a small, but profitable producer of beauty cosmetics using the plant
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Vera. Though it is not a high-tech business, yet Herbal's earnings have averaged around
Rs. 18.5 lakh after tax, mainly on the strength of its patented beauty cream to remove the
pimples.
The patent has nine years to run, and Herbal has been offered Rs. 50 lakhs for the patent
rights. Herbal's assets include Rs. 50 lakhs of property, plant and equipment and Rs. 25
lakhs of working capital. However, the patent is not shown in the books of Herbal World.
Assuming Herbal's cost of capital being 14 percent, calculate its Economic Value Added
(EVA). [MAY 2018 - 5 MARKS]
Answer:
EVA = NOPAT – WACC x Capital Employed.

Capital Employed: Rs. lacs
Property, etc. 50
Working Capital 25
Patent Value 50
Effective or Invested Capital 125
WACC x CE = 14% x Rs. 125 lacs= Rs. 17.5 lacs

EVA = Rs. 18.5 lacs – Rs. 17.5 lacs = Rs. 1 lac
25. An established company is going to be de merged in two separate entities. The

valuation of the company is done by a well-known analyst. He has estimated a value of
Rs. 5,000 lakhs, based on the expected free cash flow for next year of Rs. 200 lakhs and an
expected growth rate of 5%. While going through the valuation procedure, it was found
that the analyst has made the mistake of using the book values of debt and equity in his
calculation. While you do not know the book value weights he used, you have been
provided with the following information:
(i) The market value of equity is 4 times the book value of equity, while the market value
of debt is equal to the book value of debt,
(ii) Company has a cost of equity of 12%,
(iii) After tax cost of debt is 6%.
You are required to advise the correct value of the company. [MAY 2018 - 8 MARKS]
Answer
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26. Compute Economic Value Added (EVA) of Good luck Ltd. from the following
information:
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Other Information:
(1) Cost of Debts is 15%.
(2) Cost of Equity (i.e. shareholders' expected return) is 12%.
(3) Tax Rate is 30%.
(4) Bad Debts Provision of Rs. 40 lakhs is included in indirect expenses and Rs. 40 lakhs
reduced from receivables in current assets.
Answer:
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27. BRS Inc deals in computer and IT hardwares and peripherals. The expected revenue
forthe next 8 years is as follows:
Summarized financial position as on 31 March 2012 was as follows:
Additional Information:
(a) Its variable expenses is 40% of sales revenue and fixed operating expenses (cash) are
estimated to be as follows:
(b) An additional advertisement and sales promotion campaign shall be launched

requiring expenditure as per following details:
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(c) Fixed assets are subject to depreciation at 15% as per WDV method.
(d) The company has planned additional capital expenditures (in the beginning of each
year) for the coming 8 years as follows:
(e) Investment in Working Capital is estimated to be 20% of Revenue.

(f) Applicable tax rate for the company is 30%.
(g) Cost of Equity is estimated to be 16%.
(h) The Free Cash Flow of the firm is expected to grow at 5% per annum after 8 years.
CALCULATE:
(i) Value of Firm
(ii) Value of Equity
[RTP - MAY 2018]
Answer:
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28. A valuation done of an established company by a well-known analyst has estimated a

value of Rs. 500 lakhs, based on the expected free cash flow for next year of Rs. 20 lakhs
and an expected growth rate of 5%.
While going through the valuation procedure, you found that the analyst has made the
mistake of using the book values of debt and equity in his calculation. While you do not
know the book value weights he used, you have been provided with the following
information:
(i) Company has a cost of equity of 12%,
(ii) After tax cost of debt is 6%,
(iii) The market value of equity is three times the book value of equity, while the market
value of debt is equal to the book value of debt.
You are required to estimate the correct value of the company? [RTP - NOV 2019]
Answer:
29. STR Ltd.’s current financial year's income statement reported its net income after tax
asRs.50 Crore.
Following is the capital structure of STR Ltd. at the end of current financial year: Rs.
Debt (Coupon rate = 11%) 80 Crore
Equity (Share Capital + Reserves & Surplus) 250
Crore
Invested Capital 330
Crore
Following data is given to estimate cost of equity capital:
Asset Beta of TSR Ltd. 1.11
Risk –free Rate of Return 8.5%
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Average market risk premium 9%

The applicable corporate income tax rate is 30%.
Estimate Economic Value Added (EVA) of RST Ltd. inRs.lakh? (MTP-OCT 2020-8 Marks)(
NOV-21 EXAM QUESTION)
Answer:
30. Explain the term Angel Investor? (MTP-OCT 2020-4 Marks)(MTP MARCH-2022)
Answer:
Despite being a country of many cultures and communities traditionally inclined to business
and entrepreneurship, India still ranks low on comparative ratings across entrepreneurship,
innovation and ease of doing business. The reasons are obvious. These include our old and
outdated draconian rules and regulations which provides a hindrance to our business
environment for a long time. Other reasons are red tapism, our time consuming procedures,
and lack of general support for entrepreneurship. Off course, things are changing in recent
times. As per Investopedia, Angel investors invest in small startups or entrepreneurs. Often,
angel investors are among an entrepreneur's family and friends.
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The capital angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business
propel or an ongoing injection of money to support and carry the company through its
difficult early stages.
Angel investors provide more favorable terms compared to other lenders, since they usually
invest in the entrepreneur starting the business rather than the viability of the business.
Angel investors are focused on helping startups take their first steps, rather than the
possible profit they may get from the business. Essentially, angel investors are the opposite
of venture capitalists.
Angel investors are also called informal investors, angel funders, private investors, seed
investors or business angels. These are affluent individuals who inject capital for startups in
exchange for ownership equity or convertible debt. Some angel investors invest through
crowdfunding platforms online or build angel investor networks to pool in capital.
Angel investors typically use their own money, unlike venture capitalists who take care of
pooled money from many other investors and place them in a strategically managed fund.
Though angel investors usually represent individuals, the entity that actually provides the
fund may be a limited liability company, a business, a trust or an investment fund, among
many other kinds of vehicles.
Angel investors who seed startups that fail during their early stages lose their investments
completely. This is why professional angel investors look for opportunities for a defined exit
strategy, acquisitions or initial public offerings (IPOs).
31. An investor is considering purchasing the equity shares of Lx Ltd., whose current
market price (CMP) is 150. The company is proposing a dividend of Rs.6 for the next year.
LX is expected to grow @ 18 per cent per annum for the next four years. The growth will
decline linearly to 14 per cent per annum after first four years. Thereafter, it will stabilize
at 14 per cent per annum infinitely. The required rate of return is 18 per cent per annum.
You are required to determine :
The intrinsic value of one share
Whether it is worth to purchase the share at this price t
this price
t 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
PVIF (18, t) 0.847 0.718 0.609 0.516 0.437 0.370 0.314 0.266(NOV 20)
Answer:
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32. Following information is available of M/s.TS Ltd. (NOV 19)
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ANSWER
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33.Mr.X, a financial analyst, intends to value the business of PQR Ltd. In terms of
the future cash generating capacity. He has projected the
following after tax cash flows :
Year : 1 2 3 4 5
Cash flows (Rs. in lakhs) 1,760 480 640 860 1,170
It is further estimated that beyond 5th year, cash flows will perpetuate at a constant
growth rate of 8% per annum, mainly on account of inflation. The perpetual cash flow is
estimated to be Rs.10,260 lakh at the end of the 5th year.
Required :
What is the value of the firm in terms of expected future cash flows, if the cost of capital
of the firm is 20%.
The firm has outstanding debts of Rs.3,620 lakh and cash / bank balance of Rs.2,710 lakh.
Calculate the shareholder value per share if the number of outstanding shares is
151.50 lakh.
The firm has received a takeover bid from XYZ Ltd. of Rs.225 per share. Is it a good offer?
[Given : PVIF at 20% for year 1 to Year 5 : 0.833, 0.694, 0.579, 0.482, 0.402](nov-19)
Answer:
34. AB industries equity capital of Rs 12,00,000, total debt of Rs 8,00,000 and annual sales
of Rs30,00,000. Two mutually exclusive proposals are under consideration for next year.
The details of proposal are as under.
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You are required to calculate sustainable growth rate for both proposals.(NOV 2020)
Answer:
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35. You are interested in buying some equity stocks of RK Ltd. The company has 3 divisions
operating in different industries. Division A captures 10% of its industries sales which is
forecasted to be Rs. 50 crore for the industry. Division B and C captures 30% and 2% of
their respective industry's sales, which are expected to be Rs. 20 crore and Rs. 8.5 crore
respectively. Division A traditionally had a 5% net income margin, whereas divisions B and
C had 8% and 10% net income margin respectively. RK Ltd. has 3,00,000 shares of equity
stock outstanding, which sell at Rs. 250.
The company has not paid dividend since it started its business 10 years ago. However,
from the market sources you come to know that RK Ltd. will start paying dividend in 3
years time and the pay-out ratio is 30%. Expecting this dividend, you would like to hold
the stock for 5 year. By analysing the past financial statements, you have determined that
RK Ltd.'s required rate of return is 18% and that P/E ratio of 10 for the next year and on
ending P/E ratio of 20 at the end of the fifth year are appropriate.
Evaluate:
Whether you will be in purchasing RK Ltd. equity at this time based on your one year
forecast?
Price you will like to pay for the stock of RK Ltd if you expect earnings to grow @ 15%
continuously.
Ignore taxation.(MTP JULY 2021)
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Total PV of Inflows = Rs. 20.22 + Rs. 251.61 = Rs. 271.83

Thus, the maximum price I would be willing to pay for the share shall be Rs. 271.83.
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36.Excellent Ltd. reported a profit of ` 154 lakhs after 30% tax for the financial year 2019-
20. An analysis of the accounts revealed that there is an extraordinary loss of ` 20 lakhs
and the income included extraordinary items of ` 16 lakhs. The existing operations, except
for the extraordinary items, are expected to continue in the future. In addition, the results
of the launch of a new product are expected to be as follows:

(i) Calculate the value of the business, given that the capitalization rate is 14%.
(ii) Determine the market price per equity share, with Excellent Ltd.'s share capital being
comprised of 2,00,000 at 13% preference shares of ` 100 each and 100,00,000 equity
shares of ` 10 each and the P/E ratio being 12 times. (Ignoring Corporate Dividend Tax).
.(PAST EXAM JULY 2021)(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
ANSWER
(i) Computation of Business Value
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37. (MTP- NOV 2021)
XY Ltd., a Cement manufacturing Company has hired you as a financial consultant of the
company. The Cement Industry has been very stable for some time and the cement
companies SK Ltd. & AS Ltd. are similar in size and have similar product market mix
characteristic. Use comparable method to value the equity of XY Ltd. In performing
analysis, use the following ratios:
(i) Market to book value
(ii) Market to replacement cost
(iii) Market to sales
(iv) Market to Net Income
The following data are available for your analysis: (Amount in `)

SK AS XY Ltd.
Ltd. Ltd.
Market Value 450 400
Book Value 400 300 250
Replacement 600 550 500
Cost
Sales 550 450 500
Net Income 18 16 14
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ANSWER
Estimation of Ratios
Application of Ratios to XY Ltd.

Sl. Particulars XY Ltd. Avera Indicative Value of XY Ltd. (`)
No. (`) ge
(i) Book Value 250 1.2290 250 x 1.2290 = 307.25
(ii) Replacement 500 0.7385 500 x 0.7385 = 369.25
Cost
(iii) Sales 500 0.8535 500 x 0.8535 = 426.75
(iv) Net Income 14 25 14 x 25 = 350.00
Average ₹363.31
Value of XY Ltd. according to the comparable method is ₹363.31.
38. An investor is considering purchasing the equity shares of LX Ltd., whose current
market price (CMP) is 150. The company is proposing a dividend of ₹6 for the next year.
LX is expected to grow @ 18% per annum for the next four years. The growth will decline
linearly to 14% per annum after first four years. Thereafter, it will stabilize at 14% per
annum infinitely. The required rate of return is 18% per annum.
(i) The intrinsic value of one share
(ii) Whether it is worth to purchase the share at this price(MTP- NOV 2021)
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PVIF (18, 0. 0 0 0.51 0.43 0.370 0. 0.26
t) 8 . . 6 7 31 6
4 7 6 4
7 1 0
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ANSWER
Since the Intrinsic Value of share is ₹172.85 while it is selling at ₹150 hence it is under-
priced and better to acquire it.
39. Are Sustainable Growth Rate and Internal Growth Rate being same concepts? Explain.
ANSWER
Although both concepts appear to be same but there are some differences between them.
The Internal Growth Rate can be defined as the maximum growth that a firm can achieve
from using internal sources of fund i.e. without resorting to external funding. The
Sustainable Growth Rate of a firm is the maximum rate of growth in sales that can be
achieved, given the fi rm's profitability, asset utilization, and desired dividend payout and
debt (financial leverage) ratios. The sustainable growth rate is a measure of how much a
firm can grow without borrowing more money .
40. Relative Valuation approach is a significant departure from Intrinsic Value approach.
Explain? (MTP- NOV 2021)
ANSWER
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To some extent this statement is correct as in practical implementation of fair value within
the valuation context it would be better to identify assets that are similar to the ones held
by the acquiree company so that the values can be compared. Trying to get a value that
would be the nearest to the market price would mean that the valuation of a particular
portfolio, or a divestiture in an entity, would happen at an agreeable price that fits into the
normal distribution.
In one sense, we are indeed using the relative valuation in a limited approach when we
speak about expected market returns, or when we are adopting an index-based
comparative. The more the asset pricing gets correlated to the similar assets in the market,
the more inclusive it gets. Thus, when we are comparing bonds, the closer the YTM of the
bond to the government index of return, the more credible it gets when it comes to
pricing.
The Relative valuation, also referred to as ‘Valuation by multiples,’ uses financial ratios to
derive at the desired metric (referred to as the ‘multiple’) and then compares the same to
that of comparable firms. Comparable firms would mean the ones having similar asset and
risk dispositions and assumed to continue to do so over the comparison period. In the
process, there may be extrapolations set to the desired range to achieve the target set.
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1. The following is the Balance-sheet of XYZ Company Ltd as on March 31st, 2013. (Rs. In
lakh)
The XYZ Company did not perform well and has suffered sizable losses during the last few
years. However, it is now felt that the company can be nursed back to health by proper
financial restructuring and consequently the following scheme of reconstruction has been
devised:
(i) Equity shares are to be reduced to Rs. 25/- per share, fully paid up;
(ii) Preference shares are to be reduced (with coupon rate of 10%) to equal number of
shares of Rs.50 each, fully paid up.
(iii) Debenture holders have agreed to forego interest accrued to them. Beside this, they
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(iv) Trade creditors have agreed to forgo 25 per cent of their existing claim; for the balance
sum they have agreed to convert their claims into equity shares of Rs. 25/- each.
(v) In order to make payment for bank loan and augment the working capital, the
company issues 6 lakh equity shares at Rs. 25/- each; the entire sum is required to be paid
on application. The existing shareholders have agreed to subscribe to the new issue.
(vi) While Land and Building is to be revalued at Rs. 250 lakh, Plant & Machinery is to be
written down to Rs. 104 lakh. A provision amounting to Rs. 5 lakh is to be made for bad
and doubtful debts.
You are required to show the impact of financial restructuring/re-construction. Also,
prepare the new balance sheet assuming the scheme of re-construction is implemented
in letter and spirit.
ANSWER:
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2. Company X is contemplating the purchase of Company Y, Company X has 3,00,000

shares
having a market price of Rs. 30 per share, while Company Y has 2,00,000 shares selling at
Rs. 20 per share. The EPS are Rs. 4.00 and Rs. 2.25 for Company X and Y respectively.
Managements of both companies are discussing two alternative proposals for exchange
of shares as indicated below:
(i) in proportion to the relative earnings per share of two companies.

(ii) 0.5 share of Company X for one share of Company Y (0.5:1).
You are required:
(i) to calculate the Earnings Per share (EPS) after merger under two alternatives; and
(ii) to show the impact of EPS for the shareholders of two companies under both the
alternatives.
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3. Simpson Ltd. is considering a merger with Wilson Ltd. The data below are in the hands
of
both Board of Directors. The issue at hand is how many shares of Simpson should be
exchanged for Wilson Ltd. Both boards are considering three possibilities 20,000, 25,000
and 30,000 shares. You are required to construct a table demonstrating the potential
impact of each scheme on each set of shareholders:
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Answer:
4. A Ltd. is studying the possible acquisition of B Ltd. by way of merger. The following data
are available:
(i) If the merger goes through by exchange of equity shares and the exchange ratio is set
according to the current market prices, what is the new earnings per share for A Ltd..
(ii) B Ltd. wants to be sure that its earning per share is not diminished by the merger.
What exchange ratio is relevant to achieve the objective?
(i) The current market price is the basis of exchange of equity shares, in the proposed
merger,
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held by them, i.e., (50,000 x 60) / 75 = 40,000

The total number of shares in A Ltd. will then be 2,40,000 and, ignoring any synergistic
effect,
the profit will be Rs. 13,00,000.The new earning per share (EPS) of A Ltd. will be Rs. 5.42,
i.e.,
Rs. 13,00,000/2,40,000.
(ii) The present earnings per share of B Ltd. is Rs.6/- (Rs. 3,00,000 ÷ 50,000) and that of A
Ltd. is
Rs.5/-, i.e., Rs. 10,00,000 ÷ 2,00,000.If B Ltd. wants to ensure that, even after merger, the
earning per share of its shareholders should remain unaffected, then the exchange ratio will
be
6 shares for every 5 shares. The total number of shares of A Ltd. that will produce Rs.
3,00,000 profit is 60,000, (3,00,000 ÷5), to be distributed among, shareholders of B Ltd.,
giving a ratio of 6 shares in A for 5 shares in
B.
The shareholders of B Ltd. will get in all 60,000 share for 50,000 shares. It means after
merger,
their earning per share will be Rs. 5/-, i.e. (Rs. 13,00,000 / 2,60,000).
In all they will get Rs.3,00,000, i.e., 60,000 x 5, as before.
5. Explain synergy in the context of Mergers and Acquisitions.?
ANSWER:
Synergistic operating economics: Synergy May be defined as follows:
V (AB) > V(A) + V (B).
In other words the combined value of two firms or companies shall be more than their
individual value Synergy is the increase in performance of the combined firm over what the
two firms are already expected or required to accomplish as independent firms (Mark L
Sirower of Boston Consulting Group, in his book “The Synergy Trap”). This may be result of
complimentary services economics of scale or both.
A good example of complimentary activities can a company may have a good networking of
branches and other company may have efficient production system. Thus the merged
companies will be more efficient than individual companies. On similar lines, economies of
large scale is also one of the reasons for synergy benefits. The main reason is that, the
largescale production results in lower average cost of production e.g. reduction
in overhead costs on account of sharing of central services such as accounting and finances,
office executives, top level management, legal, sales promotion and advertisement etc.
These economies can be “real” arising out of reduction in factor input per unit of output,
whereas pecuniary economics are realized from paying lower prices for factor inputs for
bulk transactions.
6. What is take over by reverse bid or Reverse Merger?
In ordinary case, the company taken over is the smaller company; in a 'reverse takeover', a
smaller company gains control of a larger one. The concept of takeover by reverse bid, or of
reverse merger, is thus not the usual case of amalgamation of a sick unit which is non-viable
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and prosperous company is to be merged and vested in the sick company which is non-
viable. A company becomes a sick industrial company when there is erosion in its net worth.
This alternative is also known as taking over by reverse bid.
The three tests should be fulfilled before an arrangement can be termed as a reverse
takeover is
specified as follows:
(i) the assets of the transferor company are greater than the transferee company,
(ii) equity capital to be issued by the transferee company pursuant to the acquisition
exceeds its
original issued capital, and
(iii) the change of control in the transferee company through the introduction of a minority
holder
or group of holders.
This type of merger is also known as ‘back door listing’. This kind of merger has been started
as an alternative to go for public issue without incurring huge expenses and passing through
cumbersome process. Thus, it can be said that reverse merger leads to the following
benefits for acquiring company:
• Easy access to capital market.
• Increase in visibility of the company in corporate world.
• Tax benefits on carry forward losses acquired (public) company.
• Cheaper and easier route to become a public company.
7. What is an equity curve out? How does it differ from a spin off?
This is like spin off, however, some shares of the new company are sold in the market by
making a public offer, so this brings cash. More and more companies are using equity carve-
outs to boost shareholder value. A parent firm makes a subsidiary public through an initial
public offering (IPO) of shares, amounting to a partial sell-off. A new publicly-listed company
is created, but the parent keeps a controlling stake in the newly traded subsidiary. A carve-
out is a strategic avenue a parent firm may take when one of its subsidiaries is growing
faster and carrying higher valuations than other businesses owned by the parent. A carve-
out generates cash because shares in the subsidiary are sold to the public, but the issue also
unlocks the value of the subsidiary unit and enhances the parent's shareholder value. The
new legal entity of a carve-out has a separate board, but in most carve-outs, the parent
retains some control over it. In these cases, some portion of the parent firm's board of
directors may be shared. Since the parent has a controlling stake, meaning that both firms
have common shareholders, the connection between the two is likely to be strong. That
said, sometimes companies carve-out a subsidiary not because it is doing well, but because
it is a burden. Such an intention won't lead to a successful result, especially if a carved-out
subsidiary is too loaded with debt or trouble, even when it was a part of the parent and
lacks an established track record for growing revenues and profits.
8. Write a short note on Horizontal Merger and Vertical Merger?
A merger is generally understood to be a fusion of two companies. The term “merger”

means and
signifies the dissolution of one or more companies or firms or proprietorships to form or get
absorbed into another company. By concept, merger increases the size of the undertakings.
(i) Horizontal Merger: The two companies which have merged are in the same industry,
normally
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the market share of the new consolidated company would be larger and it is possible that it
may
move closer to being a monopoly or a near monopoly to avoid competition.
(ii) Vertical Merger: This merger happens when two companies that have ‘buyer-seller’
relationship
(or potential buyer-seller relationship) come together.
Practical Questions
9. B Ltd. is a highly successful company and wishes to expand by acquiring other firms. Its
expected high growth in earnings and dividends is reflected in its PE ratio of 17. The Board
of Directors of B Ltd. has been advised that if it were to take over firms with a lower PE
ratio than it own, using a share-for-share exchange, then it could increase its reported
earnings per share. C Ltd. has been suggested as a possible target for a takeover, which
has a PE ratio of 10 and 1,00,000 shares in issue with a share price ofRs.15. B Ltd. has
5,00,000 shares in issue with a share price ofRs.12.
Calculate the change in earnings per share of B Ltd. if it acquires the whole of C Ltd. by
issuing shares at its market price ofRs.12. Assume the price of B Ltd. shares remains
constant?
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10. Elrond Limited plans to acquire Doom Limited. The relevant financial details of the two
firms prior to the merger announcement are:
The merger is expected to generate gains, which have a present value ofRs.200 lakhs. The
exchange ratio agreed to is 0.5. What is the true cost of the merger from the point of view
of Elrond Limited?
MK Ltd. is considering acquiring NN Ltd. The following information is available:
Exchange of equity shares for acquisition is based on current market value as above. There
is no synergy advantage available.
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12. ABC Ltd. is intending to acquire XYZ Ltd. by merger and the following information is
available in respect of the companies:
Required:
(i) What is the present EPS of both the companies?
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(ii) If the proposed merger takes place, what would be the new earning per share for ABC
Ltd.? Assume that the merger takes place by exchange of equity shares and the exchange
ratio is based on the current market price.
(iii) What should be exchange ratio, if XYZ Ltd. wants to ensure the earnings to members
are same as before the merger takes place?
13. The CEO of a company thinks that shareholders always look for EPS. Therefore, he
considers maximization of EPS as his company's objective. His company's current Net
Profits areRs.80.00 lakhs and P/E multiple is 10.5.
He wants to buy another firm which has current income ofRs.15.75 lakhs & P/E multiple
of 10. What is the maximum exchange ratio which the CEO should offer so that he could
keep EPS at the current level, given that the current market price of both the acquirer and
the target company areRs.42 andRs.105 respectively?
If the CEO borrows funds at 15% and buys out Target Company by paying cash, how much
cash should he offer to maintain his EPS? Assume tax rate of 30%.
( MTP MARCH-2022 )
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Thus,Rs. 150 lakhs shall be offered in cash to Target Company to maintain same EPS.
14. A Ltd. wants to acquire T Ltd. and has offered a swap ratio of 1:2 (0.5 shares for every
one share of T Ltd.). Following information is provided:
Required:
(i) The number of equity shares to be issued by A Ltd. for acquisition of T Ltd.
(ii) What is the EPS of A Ltd. after the acquisition?
(iii) Determine the equivalent earnings per share of T Ltd.

(iv) What is the expected market price per share of A Ltd. after the acquisition, assuming
its PE multiple remains unchanged?
(v) Determine the market value of the merged firm.
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15. The following information is provided related to the acquiring Firm Mark Limited and
the target Firm Mask Limited:
Required:
(i) What is the Swap Ratio based on current market prices?
(ii) What is the EPS of Mark Limited after acquisition?
(iii) What is the expected market price per share of Mark Limited after acquisition,
assuming P/E ratio of Mark Limited remains unchanged?
(iv) Determine the market value of the merged firm.
(v) Calculate gain/loss for shareholders of the two independent companies after
acquisition.
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
16. XYZ Ltd. wants to purchase ABC Ltd. by exchanging 0.7 of its share for each share of
ABC Ltd. Relevant
549
financial data are as follows:


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(i) Illustrate the impact of merger on EPS of both the companies.

(ii) The management of ABC Ltd. has quoted a share exchange ratio of 1:1 for the merger.
Assuming that P/E
ratio of XYZ Ltd. will remain unchanged after the merger, what will be the gain from
merger for ABC Ltd.?
(iii) What will be the gain/loss to shareholders of XYZ Ltd.?
(iv) Determine the maximum exchange ratio acceptable to shareholders of XYZ Ltd.(NOV-
21)
550

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
551

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
17. XYZ Ltd., is considering merger with ABC Ltd. XYZ Ltd.’s shares are currently traded
atRs.20. It has 2,50,000 shares outstanding and its earnings after taxes (EAT) amount
toRs.5,00,000. ABC Ltd., has 1,25,000 shares outstanding; its current market price isRs.10
and its EAT areRs.1,25,000. The merger will be effected by means of a stock swap
(exchange). ABC Ltd., has agreed to a plan under which XYZ Ltd., will offer the current
market value of ABC Ltd.’s shares:
(i) What is the pre-merger earnings per share (EPS) and P/E ratios of both the companies?
(ii) If ABC Ltd.’s P/E ratio is 6.4, what is its current market price? What is the exchange
ratio? What will XYZ Ltd.’s post-merger EPS be?
(iii) What should be the exchange ratio; if XYZ Ltd.’s pre-merger and post-merger EPS are
to be the same?
18. Following information is provided relating to the acquiring company Mani Ltd. and the
target company Ratnam Ltd:
552
Mani Ltd. Ratnam Ltd.

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Earnings after tax (₹lakhs) 2,000 4,000

No. of shares outstanding (lakhs) 200 1,000
P/E ratio (No. of times) 10 5
Required:
(i) What is the swap ratio based on current market prices?
(ii) What is the EPS of Mani Ltd. after the acquisition?
(iii) What is the expected market price per share of Mani Ltd. after the acquisition,
assuming its P/E ratio is adversely affected by 10%?
(iv) Determine the market value of the merged Co.
(v) Calculate gain/loss for the shareholders of the two independent entities, due to the
merger? [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 8 MARKS | RTP - NOV 2019]
19. You have been provided the following Financial data of two companies:
553

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Company Rama Ltd. is acquiring the company Krishna Ltd., exchanging its shares on a one-
to-one basis for company Krishna Ltd. The exchange ratio is based on the market prices of
the shares of the two companies.
Required:
(i) What will be the EPS subsequent to merger?
(ii) What is the change in EPS for the shareholders of companies Rama Ltd. and Krishna
Ltd.?
(iii) Determine the market value of the post-merger firm. PE ratio is likely to remain the
same.
(iv) Ascertain the profits accruing to shareholders of both the companies.
Answer:
554

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
20. M Co. Ltd. is studying the possible acquisition of N Co. Ltd., by way of merger. The
following data are available in respect of the companies:
(i) If the merger goes through by exchange of equity and the exchange ratio is based on
the current market price, what is the new earning per share for M Co. Ltd.?
(ii) N Co. Ltd. wants to be sure that the earnings available to its shareholders will not be
diminished by the merger. What should be the exchange ratio in that case?
ANSWER:
(i) Calculation of new EPS of M Co. Ltd.
No. of equity shares to be issued by M Co. Ltd. to N Co. Ltd.
= 4,00,000 shares ×Rs. 160/₹200 = 3,20,000 shares
Total no. of shares in M Co. Ltd. after acquisition of N Co. Ltd.
= 16,00,000 + 3,20,000 = 19,20,000
Total earnings after tax [after acquisition]
555

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
21. Longitude Limited is in the process of acquiring Latitude Limited on a share exchange
basis. Following relevant data are available:
(i) Pre-merger Market Value per Share, and
(ii) The maximum exchange ratio Longitude Limited can offer without the dilution of
(1) EPS and
(2) Market Value per Share
Calculate Ratio/s up to four decimal points and amounts and number of shares up to two
decimal points.
556

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
22. P Ltd. is considering take-over of R Ltd. by the exchange of four new shares in P Ltd.
for every five shares in R Ltd. The relevant financial details of the two companies prior to
merger announcement are as follows:

(i) Market value of both the company.
(ii) Value of original shareholders.
(iii) Price per share after merger.
(iv) Effect on share price of both the company if the Directors of P Ltd. expect their own
pre-merger P/E ratio to be applied to the combined earnings?
557

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
558

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
23. Simple Ltd. and Dimple Ltd. are planning to merge. The total value of the companies
are dependent on the fluctuating business conditions. The following information is given
for the total value (debt + equity) structure of each of the two companies.
The current debt of Dimple Ltd. isRs.65 lacs and of Simple Ltd. isRs.460 lacs.
Calculate the expected value of debt and equity separately for the merged entity.
559

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
24. Yes Ltd. wants to acquire No Ltd. and the cash flows of Yes Ltd. and the merged entity
are given below:
Earnings would have witnessed 5% constant growth rate without merger and 6% with
merger on account of economies of operations after 5 years in each case. The cost of
capital is 15%.
The number of shares outstanding in both the companies before the merger is the same
and the companies agree to an exchange ratio of 0.5 shares of Yes Ltd. for each share of
No Ltd.
PV factor at 15% for years 1-5 are 0.870, 0.756; 0.658, 0.572, 0.497 respectively.
(i) Compute the Value of Yes Ltd. before and after merger.
(ii) Value of Acquisition and
(iii) Gain to shareholders of Yes Ltd. . [ALSO ASKED IN RTP - NOV 2018]
560

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(ii) Value of Acquisition

= Value of Merged Entity – Value of Yes Ltd.
=Rs.5308.47 lakhs –Rs.2708.915 lakhs =Rs.2599.555 lakhs
(iii) Gain to Shareholders of Yes Ltd.
Share of Yes Ltd. in merged entity =Rs.5308.47 lakhs x =Rs.3538.98 lakhs 1 1.5
Gain to shareholder = Share of Yes Ltd. in merged entity – Value of Yes Ltd. before merger
=Rs.3538.98 lakhs -Rs.2708.915 =Rs.830.065 lakhs
25. The following information is provided relating to the acquiring company Efficient Ltd.
and the target Company Healthy Ltd. Efficient Ltd.
Board of Directors of both the Companies have decided to give a fair deal to the
shareholders and accordingly for swap ratio the weights are decided as 40%, 25% and 35%
561
respectively for Earning, Book Value and Market Price of share of each company:

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(i) Calculate the swap ratio and also calculate Promoter’s holding % after acquisition.
(ii) What is the EPS of Efficient Ltd. after acquisition of Healthy Ltd.?
(iii) What is the expected market price per share and market capitalization of Efficient Ltd.
after acquisition, assuming P/E ratio of Firm Efficient Ltd. remains unchanged.
(iv) Calculate free float market capitalization of the merged firm.
Answer:
26. Abhiman Ltd. is a subsidiary of Janam Ltd. and is acquiring Swabhiman Ltd. which is
also a subsidiary of Janam Ltd. The following information is given :
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Janam Ltd., is interested in doing justice to both companies. The following parameters
have been assigned by the Board of Janam Ltd., for determining the swap ratio:
Book value 25%
Earning per share 50%
Market price 25%
You are required to compute
(i) The swap ratio.
(ii) The Book Value, Earning Per Share and Expected Market Price of Swabhiman Ltd.,
(assuming P/E Ratio of Abhiman remains the same and all assets and liabilities of
Swabhiman Ltd. are taken over at book value.)
563

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
27. The following information is provided relating to the acquiring company E Ltd., and
the target company H Ltd:
The Board of Directors of both the companies have decided to give a fair deal to the
shareholders. Accordingly, the weights are decided as 40%, 25% and 35% respectively for
earnings, book value and market price of share of each company for swap ratio.
Calculate the following:
(i) Market price per share, earnings per share and Book Value per share;
(ii) Swap ratio;
(iii) Promoter's holding percentage after acquisition;
(iv) EPS of E Ltd. after acquisitions of H Ltd;
(v) Expected market price per share and market capitalization of E Ltd.; after acquisition,
assuming P/E ratio of E Ltd. remains unchanged; and
(vi) Free float market capitalization of the merged firm.
ANSWER:
564

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
28. The following information relating to the acquiring Company Abhiman Ltd. and the
target Company Abhishek Ltd. are available. Both the Companies are promoted by
Multinational Company, Trident Ltd. The promoter’s holding is 50% and 60% respectively
in Abhiman Ltd. and Abhishek Ltd.:
565

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Trident Ltd. is interested to do justice to the shareholders of both the Companies. For the
swap ratio weights are assigned to different parameters by the Board of Directors as
follows:
Book Value 25%
EPS (Earning per share) 50%
Market Price 25%
(a) What is the swap ratio based on above weights?
(b) What is the Book Value, EPS and expected Market price of Abhiman Ltd. after
acquisition of Abhishek Ltd. (assuming P.E. ratio of Abhiman Ltd. remains unchanged and
all assets and liabilities of Abhishek Ltd. are taken over at book value).
(c) Calculate:
(i) Promoter’s revised holding in the Abhiman Ltd.
(ii) Free float market capitalization.
(iii) Also calculate No. of Shares, Earning per Share (EPS) and Book Value (B.V.), if after
acquisition of Abhishek Ltd., Abhiman Ltd. decided to :
(1) Issue Bonus shares in the ratio of 1 : 2; and
(2) Split the stock (share) asRs.5 each fully paid.
ANSWER:
566

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
567

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
29. T Ltd. and E Ltd. are in the same industry. The former is in negotiation for acquisition
of the latter. Important information about the two companies as per their latest financial
statements is given below:
T Ltd. plans to offer a price for E Ltd., business as a whole which will be 7 times EBIDAT
reduced by outstanding debt, to be discharged by own shares at market price.
E Ltd. is planning to seek one share in T Ltd. for every 2 shares in E Ltd. based on the market
price. Tax rate for the two companies may be assumed as 30%.
Calculate and show the following under both alternatives - T Ltd.'s offer and E Ltd.'s plan:
(i) Net consideration payable.
(ii) No. of shares to be issued by T Ltd.
(iii) EPS of T Ltd. after acquisition.
(iv) Expected market price per share of T Ltd. after acquisition.
(v) State briefly the advantages to T Ltd. from the acquisition.
Note: Calculations (except EPS) may be rounded off to 2 decimals in lakhs.
[ASKED IN NOV 2018 - 12 MKS | MTP OCTOBER 2018 - 8 MKS | RTP - MAY 2018 ]
ANSWER:
568

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
569

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
30. The following information is relating to Fortune India Ltd. having two division, viz.
Pharma Division and Fast Moving Consumer Goods Division (FMCG Division). Paid up
share capital of Fortune India Ltd. is consisting of 3,000 Lakhs equity shares of Re. 1 each.
Fortune India Ltd. decided to de-merge Pharma Division as Fortune Pharma Ltd. w.e.f.
1.4.2009. Details of Fortune India Ltd. as on 31.3.2009 and of Fortune Pharma Ltd. as on
1.4.2009 are given below:
Board of Directors of the Company have decided to issue necessary equity shares of
Fortune Pharma Ltd. of Re. 1 each, without any consideration to the shareholders of
Fortune India Ltd. For that purpose following points are to be considered:
(a) Transfer of Liabilities & Assets at Book value.
(b) Estimated Profit for the year 2009-10 isRs.11,400 Lakh for Fortune India Ltd. &Rs.1,470
lakhs for Fortune Pharma Ltd.
(c) Estimated Market Price of Fortune Pharma Ltd. isRs.24.50 per share.
(d) Average P/E Ratio of FMCG sector is 42 & Pharma sector is 25, which is to be expected
for both the companies
Calculate:
1. The Ratio in which shares of Fortune Pharma are to be issued to the shareholders of
Fortune India Ltd.
2. Expected Market price of Fortune India (FMCG) Ltd.
3. Book Value per share of both the Companies immediately after Demerger.
570
[ALSO IN RTP - MAY 2020]


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
31. H Ltd. agrees to buy over the business of B Ltd. effective 1st April, 2012.The
summarized Balance Sheets of H Ltd. and B Ltd. as on 31st March 2012 are as follows:
571

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
H Ltd. proposes to buy out B Ltd. and the following information is provided to you as part
of the scheme of buying:
(a) The weighted average post tax maintainable profits of H Ltd. and B Ltd. for the last 4
years areRs.300 crores andRs.10 crores respectively.
(b) Both the companies envisage a capitalization rate of 8%.
(c) H Ltd. has a contingent liability ofRs.300 crores as on 31st March, 2012.
(d) H Ltd. to issue shares ofRs.100 each to the shareholders of B Ltd. in terms of the
exchange ratio as arrived on a Fair Value basis. (Please consider weights of 1 and 3 for the
value of shares arrived on Net Asset basis and Earnings capitalization method respectively
for both H Ltd. and B Ltd.)
You are required to arrive at the value of the shares of both H Ltd. and B Ltd. under:
(i) Net Asset Value Method
(ii) Earnings Capitalisation Method
(iii) Exchange ratio of shares of H Ltd. to be issued to the shareholders of B Ltd. on a Fair
value basis (taking into consideration the assumption mentioned in point 4 above.)
ANSWER:
572

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
32. Reliable Industries Ltd. (RIL) is considering a takeover of Sunflower Industries Ltd. (SIL).
The particulars of 2 companies are given below:
Required:
(i) What is the market value of each Company before merger?
(ii) Assume that the management of RIL estimates that the shareholders of SIL will accept
an offer of one share of RIL for four shares of SIL. If there are no synergic effects, what is
the market value of the Post-merger RIL? What is the new price per share? Are the
shareholders of RIL better or worse off than they were before the merger?
(iii) Due to synergic effects, the management of RIL estimates that the earnings will
increase by 20%. What are the new post-merger EPS and Price per share? Will the
shareholders be better off or worse off than before the merger
573

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
574

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
33. AFC Ltd. wishes to acquire BCD Ltd. The shares issued by the two companies are
10,00,000 and 5,00,000 respectively:
(i) Calculate the increase in the total value of BCD Ltd. resulting from the acquisition on
the basis of the following conditions:
Current expected growth rate of BCD Ltd 7%
Expected growth rate under control of AFC Ltd 8%
(without any additional capital investment and without any change in risk of operations)
Current Market price per share of AFC Ltd. Rs.100
Current Market price per share of BCD Ltd. Rs.20
Expected Dividend per share of BCD Ltd. Rs.0.60
(ii) On the basis of aforesaid conditions calculate the gain or loss to shareholders of both
the companies, if AFC Ltd. were to offer one of its shares for every four shares of BCD Ltd.
(iii) Calculate the gain to the shareholders of both the Companies, if AFC Ltd. paysRs.22
for each share of BCD Ltd., assuming the P/E Ratio of AFC Ltd. does not change after the
merger. EPS of AFC Ltd. isRs.8 and that of BCD isRs.2.50. It is assumed that AFC Ltd. invests
its cash to earn 10%.(NOV-22 RTP)
575

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
34. AB Ltd., is planning to acquire and absorb the running business of XY Ltd. The valuation
is to be based on the recommendation of merchant bankers and the consideration is to
be discharged in the form of equity shares to be issued by AB Ltd. As on 31.3.2006, the
paid up capital of AB Ltd. consists of 80 lakhs shares ofRs.10 each. The highest and the
lowest market quotation during the last 6 months wereRs.570 andRs.430. For the purpose
of the exchange, the price per share is to be reckoned as the average of the highest and
lowest market price during the last 6 months ended on 31.3.06.
XY Ltd.’s Balance Sheet as at 31.3.2006 is summarised below:
576

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
the following estimates of cash flows from the business of XY Ltd.:
It is the recommendation of the merchant banker that the business of XY Ltd. may be
valued on the basis of the average of (i) Aggregate of discounted cash flows at 8% and (ii)
Net assets value. Present value factors at 8% for years
1-5: 0.93 0.86 0.79 0.74 s0.68
(a) Calculate the total value of the business of XY Ltd.
(b) The number of shares to be issued by AB Ltd.; and
(c) The basis of allocation of the shares among the shareholders of XY Ltd.
Price/share of AB Ltd. for determination of number of shares to be issued

= (₹570 +Rs. 430)/2 =Rs. 500
35. R Ltd. and S Ltd. are companies that operate in the same industry. The financial
statements of both the companies for the current financial year are as follows:
577

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
No. of equity shares 2,00,000 1,60,000
Dividend payment Ratio (D/P) 20% 30%
Market price per share Rs.50 Rs.20
Assume that both companies are in the process of negotiating a merger through exchange
of Equity shares:

(i) Decompose the share price of both the companies into EPS & P/E components. Also
segregate their EPS figures into Return On Equity (ROE) and Book Value/Intrinsic Value
per share components.
(ii) Estimate future EPS growth rates for both the companies.
(iii) Based on expected operating synergies, R Ltd. estimated that the intrinsic value of S
Ltd. Equity share would beRs.25 per share on its acquisition. You are required to develop
a range of justifiable Equity Share Exchange ratios that can be offered by R Ltd. to the
shareholders of S Ltd. Based on your analysis on parts (i) and (ii), would you expect the
negotiated terms to be closer to the upper or the lower exchange ratio limits and why?
578

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
36. BA Ltd. and DA Ltd. both the companies operate in the same industry. The Financial
statements of both the companies for the current financial year are as follows:
579

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
Assume that both companies are in the process of negotiating a merger through an
exchange of equity shares. You have been asked to assist in establishing equitable
exchange terms and are required to:
(i) Decompose the share price of both the companies into EPS and P/E components; and
also segregate their EPS figures into Return on Equity (ROE) and book value/intrinsic value
per share components.
(ii) Estimate future EPS growth rates for each company.
(iii) Based on expected operating synergies BA Ltd. estimates that the intrinsic value of
DA’s equity share would beRs.20 per share on its acquisition. You are required to develop
a range of justifiable equity share exchange ratios that can be offered by BA Ltd. to the
shareholders of DA Ltd. Based on your analysis in part (i) and (ii), would you expect the
negotiated terms to be closer to the upper, or the lower exchange ratio limits and why?
(iv) Calculate the post-merger EPS based on an exchange ratio of 0.4: 1 being offered by
BA Ltd. and indicate the immediate EPS accretion or dilution, if any, that will occur for
each group of shareholders.
(v) Based on a 0.4: 1 exchange ratio and assuming that BA Ltd.’s pre-merger P/E ratio will
continue after the merger, estimate the post-merger market price. Also show the resulting
accretion or dilution in pre-merger market price[ALSO IN MTP - APRIL 2018]
580

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
37. During the audit of the Weak Bank (W), RBI has suggested that the Bank should either
merge with another bank or may close down. Strong Bank (S) has submitted a proposal of
581

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
merger of Weak Bank with itself. The relevant information and Balance Sheets of both the
companies are as under:
You are required to

(a) Calculate Swap ratio based on the above weights:
(b) Ascertain the number of Shares to be issued to Weak Bank;
(c) Prepare Balance Sheet after merger; and
(d) Calculate CAR and Gross NPA of Strong Bank after merger. [MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 8
MARKS]
( MTPAPRIL -2022)
ANSWER:
582

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
583

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
38. M/s Tiger Ltd. wants to acquire M/s. Leopard Ltd. The balance sheet of Leopard Ltd.
as on 31st March, 2012 is as follows:
(i) Shareholders of Leopard Ltd. will get one share in Tiger Ltd. for every two shares.
External liabilities are expected to be settled atRs.5,00,000. Shares of Tiger Ltd. would be
issued at its current price ofRs.15 per share. Debenture holders will get 13% convertible
debentures in the purchasing company for the same amount. Debtors and inventories are
expected to realizeRs.2,00,000.
(ii) Tiger Ltd. has decided to operate the business of Leopard Ltd. as a separate division.
The division is likely to give cash flows (after tax) to the extent ofRs.5,00,000 per year for
6 years. Tiger Ltd. has planned that, after 6 years, this division would be demerged and
disposed of forRs.2,00,000.
(iii) The company’s cost of capital is 16%.
Make a report to the Board of the company advising them about the financial feasibility
of this acquisition.
Net present values for 16% forRs.1 are as follows:
Answer:
584

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
39. The equity shares of XYZ Ltd. are currently being traded atRs.24 per share in the
market. XYZ Ltd. has total 10,00,000 equity shares outstanding in number; and promoters'
equity holding in the company is 40%.
PQR Ltd. wishes to acquire XYZ Ltd. because of likely synergies. The estimated present
value of these synergies isRs.80,00,000.
Further PQR feels that management of XYZ Ltd. has been over paid. With better
motivation, lower salaries and fewer perks for the top management, will lead to savings
ofRs.4,00,000 p.a. Top management with their families are promoters of XYZ Ltd. Present
value of these savings would addRs.30,00,000 in value to the acquisition.
Following additional information is available regarding PQR Ltd.:
Earnings per share : Rs.4
Total number of equity shares outstanding : 15,00,000
Market price of equity share : Rs.40
Required:
(i) What is the maximum price per equity share which PQR Ltd. can offer to pay for XYZ
Ltd.?
(ii) What is the minimum price per equity share at which the management of XYZ Ltd. will
be willing to offer their controlling interest?(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
Answer:
585

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
40. Tatu Ltd. wants to takeover Mantu Ltd. and has offered a swap ratio of 1:2 (0.5 shares
for everyone share of Mantu Ltd.). Following information is provided

(i) The number of equity shares to be issued by Tatu Ltd. for acquisition of Mantu Ltd.
(ii) What is the EPS of Tatu Ltd. after the acquisition?
(iii) Determine the equivalent earnings per share of Mantu Ltd.
(iv) What is the expected market price per share of Tatu Ltd. after the acquisition,
assuming its PE multiple remains unchanged?
(v) Determine the market value of the merged firm. [MAY 2018 - 8 MARKS]
ANSWER:
(i) The number of shares to be issued by Tatu Ltd.:

The Exchange ratio is 0.5
So, new Shares = 2,40,000 x 0.5 = 1,20,000 shares.
(ii) EPS of Tatu Ltd. after acquisition:

Total Earnings (Rs. 24,00,000 + Rs. 4,80,000) Rs. 28,80,000
No. of Shares (8,00,000 + 1,20,000) 9,20,000
EPS (Rs. 28,80,000)/ 9,20,000) Rs. 3.13
(iii) Equivalent EPS of Mantu Ltd.:

No. of new Shares 0.5
EPS Rs. 3.13
Equivalent EPS (Rs. 3.13 x 0.5) Rs. 1.57
(iv) New Market Price of Tatu Ltd. (P/E remaining unchanged)

Present P/E Ratio of A Ltd. 10 times
Expected EPS after merger Rs. 3.13
Expected Market Price (Rs. 3.13 x 10) Rs. 31.30
(v) Market Value of merged firm:

Total number of Shares 9,20,000
Expected Market Price Rs. 31.30
Total value (9,20,000 x 31.30) Rs. 2,87,96,000
41. The shares of Day Ltd. and Night Ltd. trade at 20 and 15 times their respective P/E
ratios.
Day Ltd. considers taking over Night Ltd. By paying Rs. 55 crores considering that the
market price of Night Ltd. reflects its true value. It is considering both the following
options:
I. Takeover is funded entirely in cash.
586
II. Takeover is funded entirely in stock.


CA Ravi Agarwal’s
You are required to calculate the cost of the takeover and advise Day Ltd. on the best
alternative. [MAY 2019 - 8 MARKS]
(i) If takeover is funded by Cash

Since Market Price of Night Ltd. reflects its full value, cost of takeover to Day Ltd is 55 crore
– 52.50 crore = Rs. 2.5 crore.
(ii) If the takeover is funded by stock
Number of shares to be issued to Night Ltd.
= Rs. 55 Crore/ Rs. 1000 = 550000 Lakhs
Market Value of Merged Firm

= Rs. 1,00,00,00,000 + Rs. 52,50,00,000
= Rs. 1,52,50,00,000 i.e. Rs. 152.50 Crore
Proportion that Night Ltd.’s shareholders get in Day Ltd.’s Capital Structure will be:
= 5.5 Lakhs / (5.5 Lakhs + 10 Lakhs) = 0.3548
True Cost of Merger = Rs. 152.50 Crore x 0.3548 – Rs. 55 Crore
= - Rs. 0.893 Crore
Since true cost is negative in case of funding from stock, Day Ltd. would better off by funding
the takeover by stock.
42. Reliable Industries Ltd. (RIL) is considering a takeover of Sunflower Industries Ltd. (SIL).
The particulars of 2 companies are given below:
(i) Calculate the market value of each Company before merger. (3 Marks)
(ii) Calculate the market value of the Post-merger RIL assuming that the management of
the shareholders of SIL will accept an offer of one share of RIL for four shares of SIL
and there are no synergic effects. Also, calculate the new price per share. (4 Marks)
(iii) Evaluate whether the shareholders of RIL better or worse off than they were
587
before

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
the merger. (1 Mark)

(iv) Calculate the new post-merger EPS and Price per share if the management of RIL
estimates that the earnings will increase by 20% due to synergic effects. (3 Marks)
(v) Evaluate whether the shareholders are better off or worse off than before the merger.
[MTP - MARCH 2018 | RTP - MAY 2019 ] (MTP OCTOBER-2022)
ANSWER:
588

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
43. The following is the Balance-sheet of Grape Fruit Company Ltd as at March 31st, 2011.
The Company did not perform well and has suffered sizable losses during the last few
years. However, it is felt that the company could be nursed back to health by proper
financial restructuring. Consequently the following scheme of reconstruction has been
drawn up :
(1) Equity shares are to be reduced to Rs. 25/- per share, fully paid up;
(2) Preference shares are to be reduced (with coupon rate of 10%) to equal number of
shares of Rs. 50 each, fully paid up.
589

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(3) Debenture holders have agreed to forgo the accrued interest due to them. In the
future, the rate of interest on debentures is to be reduced to 9 percent.
(4) Trade creditors will forego 25 percent of the amount due to them.
(5) The company issues 6 lakh of equity shares at Rs. 25 each and the entire sum was to
be paid on application. The entire amount was fully subscribed by promoters.
(6) Land and Building was to be revalued at Rs. 450 lakhs, Plant and Machinery was to be
written down by Rs. 120 lakhs and a provision of Rs.15 lakhs had to be made for bad and
doubtful debts.
Required:
(i) Show the impact of financial restructuring on the company’s activities.
(ii) Prepare the fresh balance sheet after the reconstructions is completed on the basis of
the above proposals. [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 8 MARKS/ RTP- NOV 2020]
590

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
44. The Nishan Ltd. has 35,000 shares of equity stock outstanding with a book value of
Rs.20 per share. It owes debt Rs. 15,00,000 at an interest rate of 12%. Selected financial
results are as follows.
Evaluate and Restructure the financial line items shown assuming a composition in which
creditors agree to convert two thirds of their debt into equity at book value. Assume
Nishan will pay tax at a rate of 15% on income after the restructuring, and that principal
repayments are reduced proportionately with debt. Demonstrate as to who will control
the company and by how big a margin after the restructuring? [MTP - MARCH 2019 - 8
MARKS]
ANSWER:
Creditors would convert Rs. 10,00,000 in debt to equity by accepting
Rs. 1,000,000/Rs. 20= 50,000 shares of stock.
The remaining Rs. 500,000 of debt would generate interest of
Rs. 500,000 x .12 = Rs. 60,000
Repayment of principal would be reduced by two thirds to Rs. 25,000 per year.
The result is as follows
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After the restructuring there will be a total of (35,000+50,000) 85,000 shares of equity stock
outstanding. The original shareholders will still own 35,000 shares (approximately 41%),
while the creditors will own 50,000 shares (59%). Hence the creditors will control the
company by a substantial majority.
45. What is Reverse Stock Split up and why companies resort it. [MTP - APRIL 2019 - 5
MARKS]
ANSWER:
A ‘Reverse Stock Split’ is a process whereby a company decreases the number of shares
outstanding
by combining current shares into fewer or lesser number of shares. For example, in a 5 : 1
reverse
split, a company would take back 5 shares and will replace them with one share.
Although, reverse stock split does not result in change in Market value or Market
Capitalization of
the company but it results in increase in price per share.
Considering above mentioned ratio, if company has 100 million shares outstanding having
Market
Capitalisation of Rs. 500 crore before split up, the number of shares would be equal to 20
million
after the reverse split up and market price per share shall increase from Rs. 50 to Rs. 250.
Reasons for Reverse Split Up
Although Reverse Split up is not so popular especially in India but company carries out
reverse split up due to following reasons:
(i) Avoiding delisting from stock exchange: Sometimes as per the stock exchange
regulations if the price of shares of a company goes below a certain limit it can be delisted.
To avoid such delisting company may resort to reverse stock split up.
(ii) Avoiding removal from constituents of Index: If company’s share is one of the
constituents of the market index then to avoid their removal of scrip from this list due to
persistent fall in the prices of share, the company may take reverse split up route.
(iii) To avoid the tag of “Penny Stock”: If the price of shares of a company goes below a
limit it may be called “Penny Stock”. In order to improve the image of the company and
avoiding this stage, the company may go for Reverse Stock Split.
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(iv) To attract Institutional Investors and Mutual Funds: It might be possible that
institutional investors may be shying away from acquiring low value shares and hence to
attract these investors the company may adopt the route of Reverse Stock Split up to
increase the price per share.
46. (MTP-OCT 2020)
Answer
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47.Long Ltd., is planning to acquire Tall Ltd., with the following data available for both the
companies:
As per an estimate Tall Ltd., is expected to have steady growth of earnings and dividends
to the tune of 6% per annum. However, under the new management the growth rate is
likely to be enhanced to 8% per annum without additional investment.
(i) Calculate the net cost of acquisition by Long Ltd., if ` 60 is paid for each share of Tall
Ltd.
(ii) If the agreed exchange ratio is one share of Long Ltd., for every three shares of Tall
Ltd., in lieu of the cash acquisition as per (i) above, what will be the net cost of acquisition?
(iii) Calculate Gain from acquisition. ( PAST EXAM JULY 2021)
(i) Net cost of acquisition shall be computed as follows:
Cash Paid for the shares of Tall Ltd. (` 60 × 18,00,000) `

10,80,00,000
Less: Value of Tall Ltd., as a separate entity (18,00,000 × ` 50) ` 9,00,00,000
Net Cost of acquisition of Tall Ltd. ` 1,80,00,000
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(ii) Net Cost of acquisition in case of exchange of shares:


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Exchange ratio = 1 share of long Ltd for every 3 shares of Tall Ltd.
(iii) Calculation of gain from acquisition:
48. XYZ Ltd., is considering merger with ABC Ltd. XYZ Ltd.’s share are currently traded at
Rs.20. It has 2,50,000 shares outstanding and its earnings after taxes (EAT) amount to
Rs.5,00,000. ABC Ltd., has 1,25,000 shares outstanding its current market price is Rs.10
and its EAT are Rs.1,25,000 the merger will be effected by means of a stock swap
(exchange). ABC Ltd., has agreed to a plan under which XYZ Ltd., will offer the current
market value of ABC Ltd.’s shares:
What is the pre – merger earning per share (EPs) and P/E ratio of both the companies?
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If ABC Ltd.’ P/E ratio 6.4, what is the current market price? What is the exchange ratio?
What will XYZ Ltd.’s post – merger EPS be?
1. What should be the exchange ratio; if XYZ Ltd.’s pre – merger
and post merger EPS are to be the same? (NOV 2019)
49.ICL is proposing to takeover SVL with an objective to diversify. ICL’s profit after tax
(PAT) has grown @ 15% per annum. Both the companies pay dividend regularly. The
summarized profit and loss account of both the companies are as follows: Rs in Crores
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ANSWER
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(i) 50.The following are the

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financial statements of A Ltd., and B Ltd.


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for the financial year ended 31st March,

2020. Both the companies are working in
the same industry. (JAN 2021)
Balances Sheet (Rs.)
Earnings Per share (EPS), Profit Earning ratio (PER), Return on Equity (ROE) and Book Value
Per Share (BVPS) for both the firms.
Estimate future EPS growth rate for both the firms.
If on acquisition of B Ltd. by A Ltd., intrinsic value of B Ltd., will be Rs.20 per share, develop
range of justifiable Exchange Ratio (ER) that can be offered by A Ltd., to shareholders of B
Ltd.
Based on your analysis in (i) and (ii) whether the negotiate ratio will be closed to upper or
lower range. Justify.
Post-merger EPS on an ER of 0.4:1. What will be immediate accretion or dilution to EPS to
the shareholders of both the firm?
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Post-Merger MPS on the basis of ER of 0.4 : 1.


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51 ABC Ltd. is intending to acquire XYZ Ltd. by way of merger and the following
information is available in respect of these companies:
ABC Ltd. XYZ Ltd.
Total Earnings (E) (in lakh) Rs.1200 Rs.400
Number of outstanding shares (S) (in lakh) 400 200
Price earnings ratio (P/E) 8 7
Determine the maximum exchange ratio acceptable to the shareholders of ABC Ltd., if the
P/E ratio of the combined firm is expected to be 8?
Determine the minimum exchange ratio acceptable to the shareholders XYZ Ltd., if the
P/E ratio of the combined firm is expected to be 10?
Note: Make calculation in lakh multiples and compute ratio upto 4
decimal points. .(MAY 2021 RTP)
(a) Maximum exchange ratio acceptable to the shareholders of ABC Ltd.

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D = 84.8485 lakh Shares

Exchange Ratio = 84.8485 / 200 = 0.4242 : 1
52. C Ltd. and P Ltd. both companies operating in the same industry decided to merge and
form a new entity S Ltd. The relevant financial details of the two companies prior to
merger announcement are as follows:
C Ltd. P Ltd.
Annual Earnings after Tax (Rs. lakh) 10000 5800
No. Shares Outstanding 1000
(lakh)
400
PE Ratio (No. of 10
Times)
8
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The merger will be affected by means of stock swap (exchange) of 3 shares of C Ltd. for 1
share of P Ltd.
After the merger it is expected that due to synergy effects, Annual Earnings (Post Tax) are
expected to be 8% higher than sum of the earnings of the two companies individually.
Further, it is expected that P/E Ratio of S Ltd. shall be average of P/E Ratios of two
companies before the merger.
Evaluate the extent to which shareholders of P Ltd. will be benefitted per share from the
proposed merger.(JULY 2021 MTP)
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53 Cauliflower Limited is contemplating acquisition of Cabbage Limited. Cauliflower

Limited has 5 lakh shares having market value of Rs 40 per share while Cabbage Limited
has 3 lakh shares having market value of Rs 25 per share. The EPS for Cabbage Limited and
Cauliflower Limited are Rs 3 per share and Rs 5 per share respectively. The managements
of both the companies are discussing two alternatives for exchange of shares as follows:
In proportion to relative earnings per share of the two companies.
1 share of Cauliflower Limited for two shares of Cabbage Limited.
Required:
Calculate the EPS after merger under both the alternatives.
(i) Show the impact on EPS for the shareholders of the two companies under
both the alternatives. .(RTP NOVEMBER 2021)
Answers
(i) Exchange ratio in proportion to relative EPS
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54. Can a company with no commercial operations raise capital via an IPO? Discuss. .(RTP
NOVEMBER 2021)
Although the statement “a company with no commercial operation can launch an IPO”
appears to be absurd but this is a fact that even if company does not have any business,
it can float an IPO. In recent time the concept of Special Purpose Acquisition
Companies (SPACs) has come into existence wherein an entity is set up with the
objective to raise funds through an IPO to finance a merger or acquisition of an
unidentified target within a specific time period. It is commonly known as a blank
cheque company.
The main objective of SPAC is to raise money, despite having any operations or
revenues. The money raised from the public is kept in an escrow account, which can
be accessed while making the acquisition. However, in case the acquisition is not made
within stipulated period of time of the IPO, the SPAC is delisted and the money is
returned to the investors. Shareholders have the option to redeem their shares if they
are not interested in participating in the proposed merger. Finally, if the merger is
approved by shareholders, it is executed, and the target private company or
companies become public entities. Once a formal merger agreement has been
executed the SPAC target is usually publicly announced.New investment opportunities
in Indian companies have resurfaced and have set up new platform for SPAC
transactions. The implementation of SPACs might face certain challengessince India
does not have a specific regulatory framework guarding these transactions.
The current regulatory framework in India does not support the SPAC transactions.
Furtheras per the Companies Act, 2013, the Registrar of Companies is authorized to
strike-off the name of companies that do not commence operation within one year of
incorporation.
SPACs generally take 2 to 3 years to identify a target and performing due diligence and
before it could get operationalized its name can be stricken off and hence enabling
provisions relating to SPAC need to be inserted in the Companies Act in order to make
itfunctional in India.
Though, SPACs do not find acceptance under the Securities and Exchange Board of
India(SEBI) Act as it does not meet the eligibility criteria for public listing however SEBI
is planning to come out with a framework for SPACs.
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA), being the regulatory
authority for development and regulation of financial services, financial products
and financial institutions in the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, has recently
released aconsultation paper defining critical parameters such as offer size to public,
compulsory sponsor holding, minimum application size, minimum subscription of the
offer size, etc.
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SPAC approach offers several advantages over traditional IPO, such as providing companies
access to capital, even when market volatility and other conditions limit liquidity.SPACs help
to lower the transaction fees as well as expedite the timeline in becoming a public
company.
Raising money through a SPAC is easier as compared to traditional IPO since the SPAC has
already raised money through an IPO. This implies the company in question only has to
negotiate with a single entity, as opposed to thousands of individual investors. This makes
the process of fundraising a lot easier and quicker than through an IPO. The involvement of
skilled professionals in identifying the target makes the investmenta well thought and a well
governed process.
However, the merger of a SPAC with a target company presents several

challenges, such as complex accounting and financial
reporting/registration requirements, to meet a public company readiness
timeline and being ready to operate as a public company within a period
of three to five months of signing a letter of intent.
It is typically more expensive for a company to raise money through a SPAC
than an IPO. Investors’ money invested in a SPAC trust to earn a suitable
return for up to two years, couldbe put to better use elsewhere.
55. PQ Ltd., is planning to acquire and absorb the running business of LM Ltd. The
valuation is to be based on the recommendation of merchant bankers and the
consideration is to be discharged in the form of equity shares to be issued by PQ Ltd. As
on 31.3.2021, the paid up capital of PQ Ltd. consists of 80 lakhs shares of ₹10 each . The
highest and the lowest market quotation during the last 6 months were ₹855 and ₹645.
For the purpose of the exchange, the price per share is to be reckoned as the average of
the highest and lowest market price during the last 6 months ended on 31.3.21.
LM Ltd.’s Balance Sheet as at 31.3.2021 is summarised below: (MTP- NOV 2021)
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the following estimates of cash flows from the business of LM Ltd.:


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Year ended By way of ₹lakhs

31.3.22 after tax earnings 157.50
for equity
31.3.23 do 180
31.3.24 Do 187.50
31.3.25 Do 180
31.3.26 Do 150
Terminal Value 300
estimate
It is the recommendation of the merchant banker that the business of LM Ltd. may be
valued on the basis of the average of (1) Aggregate of discounted cash flows at 8% and (2)
Net assets value. You are required to:
(i) Calculate the total value of the business of LM Ltd.
(ii) The number of shares to be issued by PQ Ltd.; and
(iii) The basis of allocation of the shares among the shareholders of LM Ltd.
Use following Present value factors at 8% for years
Ye 1 2 3 4 5
ar
P 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6
VF 26 57 94 35 81
Note: Make calculation upto 3 decimal points.
Answer.
Working Notes:
(i) Price/share of PQ Ltd. for determination of number of shares to be issued
= (₹855 + ₹645)/2 = ₹750
(ii) Value of LM Ltd based on future cash flow capitalization
Year ended ₹lakhs PVF PV in

₹lakhs
31.3.22 157.50 0.926 145.845
31.3.23 180.00 0.857 154.260
31.3.24 187.50 0.794 148.875
31.3.25 180.00 0.735 132.300
31.3.26 150.00 0.681 102.150
Terminal Value 300.00 0.681 204.300
estimate
Total 887.730
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56. Intel Ltd., promoted by a Trans National Company, is listed on the stock exchange
holding 80%.
The value of the floating stock is ₹45 crores. The Market Price per Share (MPS) is ₹150.
The capitalisation rate is 20%.
The promoters holding is to be restricted to 75% as per the norms of listing requirement.
The Board of Directors have decided to fall in line to restrict the Promoters’ holding to
75% by issuing Bonus Shares to minority shareholders while maintaining the same Price
Earnings Ratio (P/E).
(i) Bonus Ratio;
(ii) MPS after issue of Bonus Shares; and
(iii) Free float Market capitalisation after issue of Bonus Shares
(MTP- NOV 2021)
ANSWER
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Un
57. Snake Ltd. is taking over Lizard Ltd, both are listed companies. The PE Ratio of Lizard
Ltd. has been low as 4 and high as 7 and is currently 5. Lizard Ltd.’s previous year EPS was
₹3.40 and current expected EPS this year to be ₹4.00.
Determine the different range of values of shares using P/E Model. (MTP- NOV 2021)
ANSWER
The range of values using P/E Ratio and EPS either historic or projected are as follows.
EPS Value P/E Ratio Value Value of

(RS.) Shares
Historic 3.40 Lowest 4 13.60
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Historic 3.40 Current 5 17.00

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Historic 3.40 Highest 7 23.80

Expected 4.00 Lowest 4 16.00
Expected 4.00 Current 5 20.00
Expected 4.00 Highest 7 28.0
58. B Ltd. Wants to acquire S Ltd. and has offered a swap ratio of 2:3 (2 shares for
every 3 share of S Ltd.). Following information is available:
Particulars B Ltd. S Ltd.

Profit after tax (in RS.) 21,00,000 4,50,000
Equity shares outstanding 6,00,000 1,80,000
(Nos.) EPS (RS.) 3.5 2.5
PE Ratio 10 times 7 times
Price quoting per share on BSE before the
merger announcement (RS.) 35.00 17.50
Required:
f. The number of equity shares to be issued by B Ltd. for acquisition of S Ltd.
g. What is the EPS of B Ltd. after the acquisition?
h. Determine the equivalent earnings per share of S Ltd. and calculate per share gain or loss
to shareholders of S Ltd.
i. What is the expected market price per share of B Ltd. after the acquisition, assuming
its PE Multiple remains unchanged?
j. Determine the market value of the merged firm.
k. After the announcement of merger, price of shares of S Ltd. rose by 10% on BSE. Mr.
X, an investor, having 10,000 shares of S Ltd. is having another investment opportunity,
which yields annual return of 14% is seeking your advice whether he needs to offload
the shares in the market or accept the shares from B Ltd.
(MAY-22 RTP)
Answer.
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(vi) RS.
a) Equivalent EPS of S Ltd. 2.36
b) BSE price per share before merger announcement 17.50
c) After the merger announcement 10% increase in price of 1.75
share
d) Present Market Price of share (b + c) 19.25
e) Return on Market Price per share (a/d) 12.26
As Mr. X is having another opportunity to earn 14% and expected return on S Ltd.’s
share is 12.26%, it is advisable to offload in market.
59. Unrelated companies come together to form an entity. What this relationship
is called? Discuss briefly the features of this entity.?(MAY-22 RTP)
Answer.
Unrelated companies come together to form an entity. Such relationship is called
conglomerate merger.
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Such mergers involve firms engaged in unrelated type of business operations. In other

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words, the business activities of acquirer and the target are neither related to each other
horizontally (i.e., producing the same or competing products) nor vertically (having
relationship of buyer and supplier).
 In a pure conglomerate merger, there are no important common factors between the
companies in production, marketing, research and development and technology.
 There may however be some degree of overlapping in one or more of these common
factors. Such mergers are in fact, unification of different kinds of businesses under one
flagship company.
 The purpose of merger remains utilization of financial resources, enlarged debt capacity
and also synergy of managerial functions.
60. M/s. Vasavi Ltd. is considering the takeover of M/s. SKPD Ltd. by the exchange of five
new shares in M/s. Vasavi Ltd. for every eight shares in M/s. SKPD Ltd. The relevant
financial details of the two companies prior to merger announcement are as
follows:(MAY-22 EXAM QUESTION).
Particulars M/s. Vasavi M/s. SKPD

Ltd. Ltd.
Profit before tax RS.` 18 20.8
crore)
No. of shares (in 20 18
crore)
P/E ratio 11 8
Corporate tax rate 30%.
a. Market value of both the companies

b. Value of original share holders
c. Price per share after merger

Effect on share price of both the companies. If the directors of Vasavi Ltd. expect their
own pre-merger P/E ratio to be applied to the combined earnings.
Answer.
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61.Explain different froms of divestitures?(NOV-22)

Answer:
Different ways of divestment or demerger or divestitures are as follows:
(a) Sell off / Partial Sell off: A sell off is the sale of an asset, factory, division, product line or
subsidiary by one entity to another for a purchase consideration payable either in cash
or in the form of securities. Partial Sell off, is a form of divestiture, wherein the firm sells
its business unit or a subsidiary to another because it deemed to be unfit with the
company’s core business strategy.
Normally, sell-offs are done because the subsidiary doesn't fit into the parent company's
core strategy. The market may be undervaluing the combined businesses due to a lack of
synergy between the parent and the subsidiary. So, the management and the board decide
that the subsidiary is better off under a different ownership. Besides getting rid of an
unwanted subsidiary, sell-offs also raise cash, which can be used to pay off debts. In the
late 1980s and early 1990s, corporate raiders used debt to finance acquisitions.
(b) Spin-off: In this case, a part of the business is separated and created as a separate firm.
The existing shareholders of the firm get proportionate ownership. So, there is no
change in ownership and the same shareholders continue to own the newly created
entity in the same proportion as previously in the original firm. The management of spin-
off division is however, parted with. Spin-off does not bring fresh cash. The reasons for
spin off may be:
(i) Separate identity to a part/division.
(ii) To avoid the takeover attempt by a predator by making the firm unattractive to him
since a valuable division is spun-off.
(iii) To create separate Regulated and unregulated lines of business.
(c) Split-up: This involves breaking up of the entire firm into a series of spin off (by creating
separate legal entities). The parent firm no longer legally exists and only the newly
created entities survive. For instance, a corporate firm has 4 divisions name
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A, B, C, D. All these 4 divisions shall be split-up to create 4 new corporate firms with full
autonomy and legal status. The original corporate firm is to be wound up. Since de-merged
units are relatively smaller in size, they are logistically more convenient and manageable.
Therefore, it is understood that spin-off and split-up are likely to enhance shareholders value
and bring efficiency and effectiveness.
(d) Equity Carve outs: This is like spin off, however, some shares of the new company are sold in
the market by making a public offer, so this brings cash. More and more companies are using
equity carve-outs to boost shareholder value. A parent firm makes a subsidiary public through
an initial public offering (IPO) of shares, amounting to a partial sell-off. A new publicly listed
company is created, but the parent keeps a controlling stake in the newly traded subsidiary.
A carve-out is a strategic avenue a parent firm may take when one of its subsidiaries is growing
faster and carrying higher valuations than other businesses owned by the parent. A carve-out
generates cash because shares in the subsidiary are sold to the public, but the issue also
unlocks the value of the subsidiary unit and enhances the parent's shareholder value.
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1. Explain some of the innovative sources for funding a start-up?(MTP OCTOBER -2022)
Every startup needs access to capital, whether for funding product development, acquiring
machinery and inventory, or paying salaries to its employee. Most entrepreneurs think first of bank
loans as the primary source of money, only to find out that banks are really the least likely
benefactors for startups.
So, innovative measures include maximizing non-bank financing. Here are some of the sources for
funding a startup:
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(i) Personal financing. It may not seem to be innovative but you may be surprised to note that most
budding entrepreneurs never thought of saving any money to start a business. This is important
because most of the investors will not put money into a deal if they see that you have not
contributed any money from your personal sources.
(ii) Personal credit lines. One qualifies for personal credit line based on one’s personal credit efforts.
Credit cards are a good example of this. However, banks are very cautious while granting personal
credit lines. They provide this facility only when the business has enough cash flow to repay the line
of credit.
(iii) Family and friends. These are the people who generally believe in you, without even thinking
that your idea works or not. However, the loan obligations to friends and relatives should always be
in writing as a promissory note or otherwise.
(iv) Peer-to-peer lending. In this process group of people come together and lend money to each
other. Peer to peer to lending has been there for many years. Many small and ethnic business groups
having similar faith or interest generally support each other in their start up endeavors.
(v) Crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is the use of small amounts of capital from a large number of
individuals to finance a new business initiative. Crowdfunding makes use of the easy accessibility of
vast networks of people through social media and crowdfunding websites to bring investors and
entrepreneurs together.
(vi) Microloans. Microloans are small loans that are given by individuals at a lower interest to a new
business ventures. These loans can be issued by a single individual or aggregated across a number
of individuals who each contribute a portion of the total amount.
(vii) Vendor financing. Vendor financing is the form of financing in which a company lends money
to one of its customers so that he can buy products from the company itself. Vendor financing also
takes place when many manufacturers and distributors are convinced to defer payment until the
goods are sold. This means extending the payment terms to a longer period for e.g. 30 days payment
period can be extended to 45 days or 60 days. However, this depends on one’s credit worthiness
and payment of more money.
(viii) Purchase order financing. The most common scaling problem faced by startups is the inability
to find a large new order. The reason is that they don’t have the necessary cash to produce and
deliver the product. Purchase order financing companies often advance the required funds directly
to the supplier. This allows the transaction to complete and profit to flow up to the new business.
(ix) Factoring accounts receivables. In this method, a facility is given to the seller who has sold the
good on credit to fund his receivables till the amount is fully received. So, when the goods are sold
on credit, and the credit period (i.e. the date upto which payment shall be made) is for example 6
months, factor will pay most of the sold amount up front and rest of the amount later. Therefore,
in this way, a startup can meet his day to day expenses.
2. What do you mean by Pitch Presentation in context of Start-up Business? [ALSO IN MTP -
OCTOBER 2018 - 6 MARKS]( MTP APRIL-2022)(MTP OCTOBER-2022)
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Answer:
Pitch presentation is a short and brief presentation (not more than 20 minutes) to investors
explaining about the prospects of the company and why they should invest into the startup
business. So, pitch deck representation is a brief presentation basically using PowerPoint to provide
a quick overview of business plan and convincing the investors to put some money into the business.
Pitch presentation can be made either during face to face meetings or online meetings with
potential investors, customers, partners, and co-founders. Here, some of the methods have been
highlighted below as how to approach a pitch presentation:
(i) Introduction: To start with, first step is to give a brief account of yourself i.e. who are you? What
are you doing? But care should be taken to make it short and sweet. Also, use this opportunity to
get your investors interested in your company. One can also talk up the most interesting facts about
one’s business, as well as any huge milestones one may have achieved.
(ii) Team: The next step is to introduce the audience the people behind the scenes. The reason is
that the investors will want to know the people who are going to make the product or service
successful. Moreover, the investors are not only putting money towards the idea but they are also
investing in the team. Also, an attempt should be made to include the background of the promoter,
and how it relates to the new company. Moreover, if possible, it can also be highlighted that the
team has worked together in the past and achieved significant results.
(iii) Problem: Further, the promoter should be able to explain the problem he is going to solve and
solutions emerging from it. Further the investors should be convinced that the newly introduced
product or service will solve the problem convincingly.
For instance, when Facebook was launched in 2004, it added some new features which give it a
more professional and lively look in comparison to Orkut which was there for some time. It enabled
Facebook to become an instant hit among the people. Further, customers have no privacy while
using Orkut.
However, in Facebook, you can view a person’s profile only if he adds you to his list. These simple
yet effective advantages that Facebook has over Orkut make it an extremely popular social
networking site.
(iv) Solution: It is very important to describe in the pitch presentation as to how the company is
planning to solve the problem. For instance, when Flipkart first started its business in 2007, it
brought the concept of e-commerce in India but when they started, payment through credit card
was rare. So, they introduced the system of payment on the basis of cash on delivery which was
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later followed by other e-commerce companies in India. The second problem was the entire supply
chain system. Delivering goods on time is one of the most important factors that determine the
success of an ecommerce company. Flipkart addressed this issue by launching their own supply
chain management system to deliver orders in a timely manner. These innovative techniques used
by Flipkart enabled them to raise large amount of capital from the investors.
(v) Marketing/Sales: This is a very important part where investors will be deeply interested. The
market size of the product must be communicated to the investors. This can include profiles of
target customers, but one should be prepared to answer questions about how the promoter is
planning to attract the customers. If a business is already selling goods, the promoter can also brief
the investors about the growth and forecast future revenue.
(vi) Projections or Milestones: It is true that it is difficult to make financial projections for a startup
concern. If an organization doesn’t have a long financial history, an educated guess can be made.
Projected financial statements can be prepared which gives an organization a brief idea about
where is the business heading? It tells us that whether the business will be making profit or loss?
Financial projections include three basic documents that make up a business’s financial statements.
Income statement: This projects how much money the business will generate by projecting income
and expenses, such as sales, cost of goods sold, expenses and capital. For your first year in business,
you’ll want to create a monthly income statement. For the second year, quarterly statements will
suffice. For the following years, you’ll just need an annual income statement.
Cash flow statement: A projected cash flow statement will depict how much cash will be coming
into the business and out of that cash how much cash will be utilized into the business. At the end
of each period (e.g. monthly, quarterly, annually), one can tally it all up to show either a profit or
loss.
Balance sheet: The balance sheet shows the business’s overall finances including assets, liabilities
and equity. Typically, one will create an annual balance sheet for one’s financial projections.
(vii) Competition: Every business organization has competition even if the product or service
offered is new and unique. It is necessary to highlight in the pitch presentation as to how the
products or services are different from their competitors. If any of the competitors have been
acquired, their complete details like name of the organization, acquisition prices etc. should also be
highlighted.
(viii) Business Model: The term business model is a wide term denoting core aspects of a business
including purpose, business process, target customers, offerings, strategies, infrastructure,
organizational structures, sourcing, trading practices, and operational processes and policies
including culture.
Further, as per Investopedia, a business model is the way in which a company generates revenue
and makes a profit from company operations. Analysts use the term gross profit as a way to
compare the efficiency and effectiveness of a firm's business model.
Gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold from revenues. A business model can
be illustrated with the help of an example. There are two companies – company A and company B.
Both the companies are engaged in the business of renting movies. Prior to the advent of internet
both the companies rent movies physically. Both the companies made Rs. 5 crore as revenues. Cost
of goods sold was Rs. 4 crore. So, the companies made Rs. 1 crore as gross profit. After the
introduction of internet, company A started to offer movies online instead of renting or selling it
physically. This change affected the business model of company A positively. Revenue is still Rs. 5
crore but the significant part is that cost of goods sold is now Rs. 2 crore only. This is because online
sales lead to significant reduction of storage and distribution costs. So, the gross profit increases
from 20% to 60%.
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Therefore, Company A isn't making more in sales, but it figured out a way to revolutionize its
business model, which greatly reduces costs. Managers at company A have an additional 40% more
in margin to play with than managers at company A. Managers at company A have little room for
error and they have to tread carefully.
Hence, every investor wants to get his money back, so it's important to tell them in a pitch
presentation as to how they should plan on generating revenue. It is better to show the investors a
list of the various revenue streams for a business model and the timeline for each of them. Further,
how to price the product and what does the competitor charge for the same or similar product shall
also be highlighted. It is also beneficial to discuss the lifetime value of the customer and what should
be the strategy to keep him glued to their product.
(ix) Financing: If a startup business firm has raised money, it is preferable to talk about how much
money has already been raised, who invested money into the business and what they did about it.
If no money has been raised till date, an explanation can be made regarding how much work has
been accomplished with the help of minimum funding that the company is managed to raise.
It is true that investors like to see entrepreneurs who have invested their own money. If a promoter
is pitching to raise capital he should list how much he is looking to raise and how he intend to use
the funds.
3. Explain the advantages of bringing venture capital in the company? [MAY 2018 - 4 MARKS](MTP
APRIL-2022)
ANSWER:
Advantages of bringing VC in the company:
a) It injects long- term equity finance which provides a solid capital base for future growth.
b) The venture capitalist is a business partner, sharing both the risks and rewards. Venture capitalists
are rewarded with business success and capital gain.
c) The venture capitalist is able to provide practical advice and assistance to the company based on
past experience with other companies which were in similar situations.
d) The venture capitalist also has a network of contacts in many areas that can add value to the
company.
e) The venture capitalist may be capable of providing additional rounds of funding should it be
required to finance growth.
f) Venture capitalists are experienced in the process of preparing a company for an initial public
offering (IPO) of its shares onto the stock exchanges or overseas stock exchange such as NASDAQ.
g) They can also facilitate a trade sale.
4. Explain Angel Investors. [NOV 2018 - 4 MARKS | MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 4 MARKS]
OR
Briefly explain how Angel Investors finance the Startups?
ANSWER:
Angel investors invest in small startups or entrepreneurs. Often, angel investors are entrepreneur's
family and friends. The capital angel investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the
business propel or an ongoing injection of money to support and carry the company through its
difficult early stages.
Angel investors provide more favorable terms compared to other lenders, since they usually invest
in the entrepreneur starting the business rather than the viability of the business. Angel investors
are focused on helping startups take their first steps, rather than the possible profit they may get
from the business. Essentially, angel investors are the opposite of venture capitalists.
Angel investors are also called informal investors, angel funders, private investors, seed investors
621
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
ownership equity or convertible debt. Some angel investors invest through crowdfunding platforms
online or build angel investor networks to pool in capital.
Angel investors typically use their own money, unlike venture capitalists who take care of pooled
money from many other investors and place them in a strategically managed fund. Though angel
investors usually represent individuals, the entity that actually provides the fund may be a limited
liability company, a business, a trust or an investment fund, among many other kinds of vehicles.
completely. This is why professional angel investors look for opportunities for a defined exit
strategy, acquisitions or initial public offerings (IPOs).
5. Compare and contrast startups and entrepreneurship. Describe the priorities and challenges
which startups in India are facing?
[MTP - MARCH 2018 & APRIL 2018 - 8 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Differences between a startup and entrepreneurship
Startups are different from entrepreneurship. The major differences between them have been
discussed in the following paragraphs:
(i) Start up is a part of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a broader concept and it includes a
startup firm.
(ii) The main aim of startup is to build a concern, conceptualize the idea which it has developed into
a reality and build a product or service. On the other hand, the major objective of an already
established entrepreneurship concern is to attain opportunities with regard to the resources they
currently control.
(iii) A startup generally does not have a major financial motive whereas an established
entrepreneurship concern mainly operates on financial motive.
Priorities and challenges which startups in India are facing
The priority is on bringing more and more smaller firms into existence. So, the focus is on need
based, instead of opportunity based entrepreneurship. Moreover, the trend is to encourage self -
employment rather than large, scalable concerns.
The main challenge with the startup firms is getting the right talent. And, paucity of skilled workforce
can hinder the chances of a startup organization’s growth and development. Further, startups had
to comply with numerous regulations which escalates it’s cost. It leads to further delaying the
chances of a breakeven or even earning some amount of profit.
6. Explain various stages of Venture Capital Funding? [MTP - AUGUST 2018 - 4 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Stages of Venture Capital Funding
1. Seed Money: Low level financing needed to prove a new idea.
2. Start-up: Early stage firms that need funding for expenses associated with marketing and product
development.
3. First-Round: Early sales and manufacturing funds.
4. Second-Round: Working capital for early stage companies that are selling product, but not yet
turning in a profit.
5. Third Round: Also called Mezzanine financing, this is expansion money for a newly profitable
company.
6. Fourth-Round: Also called bridge financing, it is intended to finance the "going public" process
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
7. Discuss Bootstrapping as a mode of financing for startups? [MTP - APRIL 2019 - 5 MARKS/ RTP-
NOV 2020](NOV-21 EXAM QUESTION)(MTP SEPTEMBER-2022)
ANSWER:
Bootstrapping as a mode of financing for start ups

An individual is said to be boot strapping when he or she attempts to found and build a company
from personal finances or from the operating revenues of the new company. A common mistake
made by most founders is that they make unnecessary expenses towards marketing, offices and
equipment they cannot really afford. So, it is true that more money at the inception of a business
leads to complacency and wasteful expenditure. On the other hand, investment by startups from
their own savings leads to cautious approach. It curbs wasteful expenditures and enable the
promoter to be on their toes all the time.
Here are some of the methods in which a startup firm can bootstrap:
(a) Trade Credit: When a person is starting his business, suppliers are reluctant to give trade credit.
They will insist on payment of their goods supplied either by cash or by credit card. However, a way
out in this situation is to prepare a well-crafted financial plan. The next step is to pay a visit to the
supplier’s office. If the business organization is small, the owner can be directly contacted. On the
other hand, if it is a big firm, the Chief Financial Officer can be contacted and convinced about the
financial plan.
Communication skills are important here. The financial plan has to be shown. The owner or the
financial officer has to be explained about the business and the need to get the first order on credit
in order to launch the venture. The owner or financial officer may give half the order on credit and
balance on delivery. The trick here is to get the goods shipped and sell them before payingto them.
One can also borrow to pay for the good sold. But there is interest cost also. So trade credit is one
of the most important ways to reduce the amount of working capital one needs. This is especially
true in retail operations.
When you visit your supplier to set up your order during your startup period, ask to speak directly
to the owner of the business if it's a small company. If it's a larger business, ask to speak to the chief
financial officer or any other person who approves credit. Introduce yourself. Show the officer the
financial plan that you have prepared. Tell the owner or financial officer about your business, and
explain that you need to get your first orders on credit in order to launch your venture.
The owner or financial officer may give half the order on credit, with the balance due upon delivery.
Of course, the trick here is to get the goods shipped, and sell them before one has to pay for them.
One could borrow money to pay for the inventory, but you have to pay interest on that money. So
trade credit is one of the most important ways to reduce the amount of working capital one needs.
This is especially true in retail operations.
(b) Factoring: This is a financing method where accounts receivable of a business organization is
sold to a commercial finance company to raise capital. The factor then got hold of the accounts
receivable of a business organization and assumes the task of collecting the receivables as well as
doing what would've been the paperwork. Factoring can be performed on a non-notification basis.
It means customers may not be told that their accounts have been sold. However, there are merits
and demerits to factoring. The process of factoring may actually reduce costs for a business
organization. It can actually reduce costs associated with maintaining accounts receivable such as
bookkeeping, collections and credit verifications. If comparison can be made between these costs
and fee payable to the factor, in many cases it has been observed that it even proved fruitful to
utilize this financing method. In addition to reducing internal costs of a business, factoring also frees
up money that would otherwise be tied to receivables. This is especially true for businesses that sell
to other
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
businesses or to government; there are often long delays in payment that this would offset. This
money can be used to generate profit through other avenues of the company. Factoring can be a
very useful tool for raising money and keeping cash flowing.
(c) Leasing: Another popular method of bootstrapping is to take the equipment on lease rather than
purchasing it. It will reduce the capital cost and also help lessee (person who take the asset on lease)
to claim tax exemption. So, it is better to a take a photocopy machine, an automobile or a van on
lease to avoid paying out lump sum money which is not at all feasible for a startup organization.
Further, if you are able to shop around and get the best kind of leasing arrangement when you're
starting up a new business, it's much better to lease. It's better, for example, to lease a photocopier,
rather than pay $3,000 for it; or lease your automobile or van to avoid paying out $8,000 or more.
There are advantages for both the startup businessman using the property or equipment (i.e. the
lessee) and the owner of that property or equipment (i.e. the lessor.) The lessor enjoys tax benefits
in the form of depreciation on the fixed asset leased and may gain from capital appreciation on the
property, as well as making a profit from the lease. The lessee benefits by making smaller payments
retain the ability to walk away from the equipment at the end of the lease term. The lessee may
also claim tax benefit in the form of lease rentals paid by him.
8. Compare and contrast start-ups and entrepreneurship. Describe the priorities and challenges
which start-ups in India are facing?
[MTP - OCTOBER 2019 - 6 MARKS]
ANSWER:
Differences between a start-up and entrepreneurship
Startups are different from entrepreneurship. The major differences between them have been
discussed in the following paragraphs:
(i) Start up is a part of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a broader concept and it includes a
startup firm.
(ii) The main aim of startup is to build a concern, conceptualize the idea which it has developed into
a reality and build a product or service. On the other hand, the major objective of an already
established entrepreneurship concern is to attain opportunities with regard to the resources they
currently control.
(iii) A startup generally does not have a major financial motive whereas an established
entrepreneurship concern mainly operates on financial motive.
Priorities and challenges which start-ups in India are facing

The priority is on bringing more and more smaller firms into existence. So, the focus is on need
based, instead of opportunity based entrepreneurship. Moreover, the trend is to encourage
selfemployment rather than large, scalable concerns. The main challenge with the startup firms is
getting the right talent. And, paucity of skilled workforce can hinder the chances of a startup
organization’s growth and development. Further, startups had to comply with numerous
regulations which escalates it’s cost. It leads to further delaying the chances of a breakeven or even
earning some amount of profit.
9. Examine briefly the various innovative methods of funding the Startups? (MTP-OCT 2020-4
Marks)
ANSWER:
Here are some of the innovative sources for funding a Startup:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
(i) Personal financing. It may not seem to be innovative but you may be surprised to note that most
budding entrepreneurs never thought of saving any money to start a business. This is important
because most of the investors will not put money into a deal if they see that you have not
contributed any money from your personal sources.
(ii) Personal credit lines. One qualifies for personal credit line based on one’s personal credit efforts.
Credit cards are a good example of this. However, banks are very cautious while granting personal
credit lines. They provide this facility only when the business has enough cash flow to repay the line
of credit.
(iii) Family and friends. These are the people who generally believe in you, without even thinking
that your idea works or not. However, the loan obligations to friends and relatives should always be
in writing as a promissory note or otherwise.
(iv) Peer-to-peer lending. In this process group of people come together and lend money to each
other. Peer to peer to lending has been there for many years. Many small and ethnic business groups
having similar faith or interest generally support each other in their start up endeavors.
(v) Crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is the use of small amounts of capital from a large number of
individuals to finance a new business initiative. Crowdfunding makes use of the easy accessibility of
vast networks of people through social media and crowdfunding websites to bring investors and
entrepreneurs together.
(vi) Microloans. Microloans are small loans that are given by individuals at a lower interest to a new
business ventures. These loans can be issued by a single individual or aggregated across a number
of individuals who
each contribute a portion of the total amount.
(vii) Vendor financing. Vendor financing is the form of financing in which a company lends money
to one of its customers so that he can buy products from the company itself. Vendor financing also
takes place when many manufacturers and distributors are convinced to defer payment until the
goods are sold. This means extending the payment terms to a longer period for e.g. 30 days payment
period can be extended to 45 days or 60 days. However, this depends on one’s credit worthiness
and payment of more money.
(viii) Purchase order financing. The most common scaling problem faced by startups is the inability
to find a large new order. The reason is that they don’t have the necessary cash to produce and
deliver the product. Purchase order financing companies often advance the required funds directly
to the supplier. This allows the transaction to complete and profit to flow up to the new business.
(ix) Factoring accounts receivables. In this method, a facility is given to the seller who has sold the
good on credit to fund his receivables till the amount is fully received. So, when the goods are sold
on credit, and the credit period (i.e. the date upto which payment shall be made) is for example 6
months, factor will pay most of the sold amount up front and rest of the amount later. Therefore,
in this way, a startup can meet his day to day expenses.
10. Venture capital financing is unique way of financing a startup,discuss? (JULY 2021 RTP)
ANSWER:
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
11.Explain startup India initiative? (RTP NOV 2018)(MTP MARCH-2022)(MAY-22 EXAM

QUESTION)
ANSWER:
Startup India scheme was initiated by the Government of India on 16th of January, 2016. As
per GSR Notification 127 (E) dated 19th February 2019, an entity shall be considered as a
Startup:
(i) Upto a period of ten years from the date of incorporation/ registration, if it is incorporatedas
a private limited company (as defined in the Companies Act, 2013) or registered as a partnership
firm (registered under section 59 of the Partnership Act, 1932) or a limited liability partnership
(under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008) in India.
(ii) Turnover of the entity for any of the financial years since incorporation/ registration has not
exceeded one hundred crore rupees.
(iii) Entity is working towards innovation, development or improvement of products orprocesses
or services, or if it is a scalable business model with a high potential of employment generation
or wealth creation.
Provided that an entity formed by splitting up or reconstruction of an existing business shallnot

be considered a s ‘Startup’.
12. Mr. R has completed his studies and wants to start his new online business. For a successful
online business there are various expenditure costs with regards to advertisement & application
development. To make the business successful he wants to raise funds. Explain some of the
innovative sources for funding a start-up? .(RTP NOV 2021)
626

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
ANSWER:
Every startup needs access to capital, whether for funding product development,
acquiring machinery and inventory or paying salaries to its employees. Most entrepreneurs
consider bank loans as the primary source of money, only to find out that banks are really
the least likely benefactors for startups. Thus, innovative measures include maximizing non-
bank financing.
Here are some of the sources for funding a Start-up:
a) Personal financing: It may not seem to be innovative but you may be surprised to note that
most budding entrepreneurs never thought of saving any money to start a business. This is
important because most of the investors will not put money into a deal if they see thatyou
have not contributed any money from your personal sources.
b) Personal credit lines: One qualifies for personal credit line based on one’s personalcredit
efforts. Credit cards are a good example of this. However, banks are very cautious while
granting personal credit lines. They provide this facility only when the business hasenough
cash flow to repay the line of credit.
c) Family and friends: These are the people who generally believe in you, without eventhinking
that your idea works or not. However, the loan obligations to friends and relatives should
always be in writing as a promissory note or otherwise.
d) Peer-to-peer lending: In this process, group of people come together and lend moneyto each
other. Peer to peer lending has been there for many years. Many small and ethnic business
groups having similar faith or interest generally support each other in their start up
endeavors.
e) Crowdfunding: Crowdfunding is the use of small amounts of capital from a large numberof
individuals to finance a new business initiative. Crowdfunding makes use of the easy
accessibility of vast networks of people through social media and crowdfunding websites to
bring investors and entrepreneurs together.
f) Microloans: Microloans are small loans that are given by individuals at a lower interest to a
new business ventures. These loans can be issued by a single individual or aggregatedacross
a number of individuals who each contribute a portion of the total amount.
g) Vendor financing: Vendor financing is the form of financing in which a company lends money
to one of its customers so that he can buy products from the company itself. Vendor financing
also takes place when many manufacturers and distributors are convinced to deferpayment
until the goods are sold. This means extending the payment terms to a longer period for e.g.
30 days payment period can be extended to 45 days or 60 days. However, this depends on
one’s credit worthiness
h) Purchase order financing: The most common scaling problem faced by startups is the
inability to find a large new order. The reason is that they don’t have the necessary cashto
produce and deliver the product. Purchase order financing companies often advance the
required funds directly to the supplier. This allows the completion of transaction and profit
flows up to the new business.
i) Factoring accounts receivables: In this method, a facility is given to the seller who hassold
the good on credit to fund his receivables till the amount is fully received. So, when the goods
are sold on credit, and the credit period (i.e. the date upto which payment shall be made) is
for example 6 months, factor will pay most of the sold amount up front and rest of the
amount later. Therefore, in this way, a startup can meet his day-to-day expenses.
13. “For a Venture Capitalist while the risk is different in each stage of financing so the risk
perception and activity to be financed”. Explain this statement? (MTP- NOV 2021)
627

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
ANSWER:
Yes, risk in each stage is different stage of Venture Capital financing and so risk
perception and activity to be financed as per indicative Risk matrix is given below:
Financial Period (Funds Risk Activity to be financed

Stage locked in years) Perception
Seed 7-10 Extreme For supporting a concept or idea or
Money R&D for product development and
involves low level of financing.
Start Up 5-9 Very High Initializing prototypes operations or
developing products and its
marketing.
First Stage 3-7 High Started commercials production
and marketing.
Second 3-5 Sufficiently Expanding market and growing
Stage high working capital need though not
earning profit.
Third Stage 1-3 Medium Market expansion, acquisition &
product development for profit
making company. Also called
Mezzanine Financing.
Fourth 1-3 Low Facilitating public issue i.e. going
Stage public. Also called Bridge
Financing.
14. Explain alternatives available to offshore investors for making investments in Venture
Capital Funds in India? (mtp- nov 2021)
ANSWER:
Two common alternatives available to offshore investors are: the “offshore structure” and the “unified
structure”.
Offshore structure
Under this structure, an investment vehicle (an LLC or an LP organized in a jurisdiction
outside India) makes investments directly into Indian portfolio companies. Typically, the
assets are managed by an offshore manager, while the investment advisor in India
carries out the due diligence and identifies deals.
Unified Structure
When domestic investors are expected to participate in the fund, a unified structure is used.
628
Overseas investors pool their assets in an offshore vehicle that invests in a locally managed

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
trust, whereas domestic investors directly contribute to the trust. This is later device used to
make the local portfolio investments.
15. Who are Angel Investors and how they are different from Venture Capitalists? (MTP- NOV
2021)
ANSWER:
As per Investopedia, Angel investors invest in small startups or entrepreneurs. Often, angel
investors are among an entrepreneur's family and friends. The capital angel investors provide
may be a one-time investment to help the business propel or an ongoing injection of money
to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.
Angel investors provide more favourable terms compared to other lenders, since they usually
invest in the entrepreneur starting the business rather than the viability of the business.
Angel investors are focused on helping startups take their first steps, rather than the
possible profit they may get from the business.
Essentially, angel investors are the opposite of venture capitalists.
investors or business angels. These are affluent individuals who inject capital for startups
in exchange for ownership equity or convertible debt. Some angel investors invest through
crowdfunding platforms online or build angel investor networks to pool in capital.
Angel investors typically use their own money, unlike venture capitalists who take care of
pooled money from many other investors and place them in a strategically managed fund.
Though angel investors usually represent individuals, the entity that actually provides the
fund may be a limited liability company, a business, a trust or an investment fund, among
many other kinds of vehicles.
completely. This is why professional angel investors look for opportunities for a defined
exit strategy, acquisitions or initial public offerings (IPOs).
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CA Ravi Agarwal’s
16. Explain the term ‘Cyber Risk’? (MTP- NOV 2021)

ANSWER:
Cyber Risk can be defined as the risk of damages due to lawsuits / compensation
on account of being a victim of cyber-attack, due to which data of customers,
vendors or any other counter-party can be leaked to an unauthorized, malevolent
entity.
17. Define Angel Investors , are these only individuals ? if not , list the entities?(NOV-22 EXAM
QUESTION)
ANSWER:
Despite being a country of many cultures and communities traditionally inclined to business
and entrepreneurship, India still ranks low on comparative ratings across entrepreneurship,
innovation and ease of doing business. The reasons are obvious. These include our old and
outdated draconian rules and regulations which provides a hindrance to our business environment
for a long time. Other reasons are red-tapism, our time-consuming procedures, and lack of general
support for entrepreneurship. Off course, things are changing in recent times.
Angle Investors invest in small startups or entrepreneurs. Often angle investors are among
the entrepreneur’s family and friends.
Though angel investors usually represent individuals, the entity that actually provides the fund
may be a limited liability company, a business, a trust or an investment fund, among many other
kinds of vehicles.
18. “Angel investor provide more favourable terms than other lenders”?
Answer:
To some extent the given statement is correct because though being a country of many cultures
and communities traditionally inclined to business and entrepreneurship, India still ranks low on
comparative ratings across entrepreneurship, innovation and ease of doing business. The
reasons are obvious. These include our old and outdated draconian rules and regulations which
provides a hindrance to our business environment for a long time. Other reasons are red tapism,
our time consuming procedures, and lack of general support for entrepreneurship. Off course,
things are changing in recent times.
Often, angel investors are among an entrepreneur's family and friends. The capital angel
investors provide may be a one-time investment to help the business propel or an ongoing
injection of money to support and carry the company through its difficult early stages.
Further since they usually invest in the entrepreneur starting the business rather than the
viability of the business. Angel investors are focused on helping startups take their first steps,
rather than the possible profit they may get from the business. Essentially, angel investors are
the opposite of venture capitalists.
investors or business angels. These are affluent individuals who inject capital for startups in
exchange for ownership equity or convertible debt. Some angel investors invest
through crowdfunding platforms online or build angel investor networks to pool in capital.
Angel investors typically use their own money, unlike venture capitalists that take care of pooled
630

CA Ravi Agarwal’s
money from many other investors and place them in a strategically managed fund.
Though angel investors usually represent individuals, the entity that actually provides the fund
may be a limited liability company, a business, a trust or an investment fund, among many other
kinds of vehicles.
631


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To be financially sustainable, an organisation must:

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1. Explain the significance of VAR?

2. The Financial Risk can be viewed from different perspective. Explain.

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Alternatively, it can also be computed as follows:

VAR can be applied

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(i) Components of Calculations: VAR calculation is based on following three components:

(ii) Statistical Method: It is a type of statistical tool based on Standard Deviation.

The various techniques to manage this type of risk are as follows:

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4. Natural Calamities: Any natural calamity can have negative impact.

Mean Value of financial difficulty):

=-1.00 crore - 2.00 crore/1.60 crore

= -1.875 say 1.875

Z score =0.005 ×0.0006/0.01= 0.0003

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Thus the Value of 1.875 shall be = 0.4693 + 0.0003 = 0.4696

Thus the probability the company shall be in financial difficulty is 46.96%.

You are required to determine the maximum possible investment?

Z Score at 99% Level= 2.33

Volatility in terms of Rupees (Maximum Loss/ Z Score at 99% level) =

Maximum Possible Investment (Volatility in Rupees/Std Deviation)

13. Following is the information about Mr.J’s portfolio :

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The variance of the portfolio’s daily change –

Standard Deviation of the portfolio’s daily change =√10.4= Rs.3.2249 lakhs

Further, following techniques can be used to mitigate(minimize) this risk.

1. Insistence on resident investors or labour.

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Misconception about Efficient Market Theory:

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3. Explain the Elliot Theory of technical analysis?

As per this theory, waves can be classified into two parts:-

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+91-8334866117 or visit http://www.caraviagarwal.com| Join our Telegram Channel

+91-8334866117 or visit http://www.caraviagarwal.com| Join our Telegram Channel

+91-8334866117 or visit http://www.caraviagarwal.com| Join our Telegram Channel

+91-8334866117 or visit http://www.caraviagarwal.com| Join our Telegram Channel

+91-8334866117 or visit http://www.caraviagarwal.com| Join our Telegram Channel

+91-8334866117 or visit http://www.caraviagarwal.com| Join our Telegram Channel