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    Erbil Polytechnic University Shaqlawa Technical College Department of Veterinary 1st Stage 2nd Semester

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    Calcium is an essential mineral for animals. It is needed for bone development, nerve function, milk and egg production. However, the calcium in most animal feed and crops is often not enough to meet all of an animal's needs. Sources of supplemental calcium include bone meal, limestone, seashells and others. Both calcium deficiency and excess can cause health issues for animals, ranging from bone weakness to seizures. Maintaining proper calcium levels is important for animal health and productivity.

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    Erbil Polytechnic University Shaqlawa Technical College Department of Veterinary 1st Stage 2nd Semester

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    My sweet
    67 views9 pages
    Calcium is an essential mineral for animals. It is needed for bone development, nerve function, milk and egg production. However, the calcium in most animal feed and crops is often not enough to meet all of an animal's needs. Sources of supplemental calcium include bone meal, limestone, seashells and others. Both calcium deficiency and excess can cause health issues for animals, ranging from bone weakness to seizures. Maintaining proper calcium levels is important for animal health and productivity.

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    Calcium is an essential mineral for animals. It is needed for bone development, nerve function, milk and egg production. However, the calcium in most animal feed and crops is often not enough to meet all of an animal's needs. Sources of supplemental calcium include bone meal, limestone, seashells and others. Both calcium deficiency and excess can cause health issues for animals, ranging from bone weakness to seizures. Maintaining proper calcium levels is important for animal health and productivity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    67 views9 pages

    Erbil Polytechnic University Shaqlawa Technical College Department of Veterinary 1st Stage 2nd Semester

    Uploaded by

    My sweet
    Calcium is an essential mineral for animals. It is needed for bone development, nerve function, milk and egg production. However, the calcium in most animal feed and crops is often not enough to meet all of an animal's needs. Sources of supplemental calcium include bone meal, limestone, seashells and others. Both calcium deficiency and excess can cause health issues for animals, ranging from bone weakness to seizures. Maintaining proper calcium levels is important for animal health and productivity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    Erbil Polytechnic University

    Shaqlawa Technical College

    Department Of Veterinary

    1st Stage 2nd Semester

    Prepared By: Supervisor By:


    Honya Hallgwrd Mr. Yahia

    Esra Edris

    Aram Barzan

    Sunday,19 March

    1
    Table Of Content Page Numbers

    Abstract 3

    Introduction 4

    Sources Of Calcium 5

    Calcium Level In Animal 6

    Deficiency Of Calcium In Animals 7-8

    Referances 9

    2
    Abstract
    Animals need calcium carbonate for bone development, nerve function and to produce
    milk and eggs. Calcium carbonate contains the element calcium. Feed that is grown on a
    farm, such as cereals and cattle feed, is generally not sufficient to provide for all of an
    animal's calcium requirements.

    3
    Introdaction
    Calcium is the most abundant mineral element found in the animal body. It is
    an important constituent of bone and teeth where it provides hardness and
    structural strength (98-99% of the total body calcium is found in the skeleton
    and teeth). The remainder is found in blood, extra cellular fluid, muscle, and
    other tissues where it plays a role in enzyme function, mediating vascular
    contraction and vasodilation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission and
    glandular secretion (Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the
    Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Calcium controls the
    heartbeat of animals, an increase in calcium causes the heart to beat faster and
    a reduction will make in beat slower.The coagulation of blood is also reliant
    on the presence of calcium with the element occurring in the plasma.

    4
    Sources Of Calcium
    Good sources of calcium and phosphorus are bonemeal, dicalcium phosphate,
    and defluorinated phosphates. Eggshells are nearly pure calcium carbonate.
    Calcium may readily be supplied by ground limestone, ground seashells, or
    marl, which are all high in calcium. The raw materials commonly used as
    sources of calcium in dog and cat foods are bone meal or meat and bone meal
    – for example meat and bone meal contains around 10% calcium. Supplements
    of calcium include inorganic salts of calcium carbonate (limestone) and
    calcium phosphate. Others forms such as calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride
    and calcium sulphate (gypsum) can also be used.

    5
    Calcium Level
    High Calcium Level

    High calcium levels may signal the presence of serious underlying disease
    including kidney failure, adrenal gland failure (called Addison's disease), a
    parathyroid gland tumor, and some types of cancer. Pets with abnormally high
    calcium levels may show signs of weakness, listlessness, increased drinking
    and urination, and loss of appetite. In some pets, prolonged hypercalcemia may
    contribute to formation of bladder or kidney stones.

    Low Calcium Level

    Low calcium levels are associated with a number of serious disorders including
    antifreeze poisoning, inflammation of the pancreas, kidney failure, and
    parathyroid gland failure. In nursing female dogs, heavy milk production can
    lead to hypocalcemia (milk fever) and may result in seizures. Pets with
    abnormally low calcium levels often show signs of muscle twitching, loss of
    appetite, weakness, and listlessness. In severe cases, pets may have
    convulsions or seizures.

    6
    Deficiency Of Calcium In Animals
    Poultry

    A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus results in lack of normal skeletal


    calcification. Rickets is seen mainly in growing birds, whereas calcium
    deficiency in laying hens results in reduced shell quality and subsequently
    osteoporosis.

    Ruminants

    Milk fever, or acute hypocalcemia, occurs when calcium in blood falls below
    1.6mmol/L. Symptoms include muscular weakness, subnormal temperature,
    increased heart rate, sternal recumbancy and loss of consciousness. The
    primary cause lies in the reduced ability of the animal to mobilize calcium from
    the bones.

    Horse

    Oxalates are chemicals produced by warm season sub-tropical and tropical


    grass species (also referred to as C4 type grasses). The oxalate chemicals
    reduce the calcium available from the grass because they prevent calcium
    uptake and absorption in the small intestine of horses. When horses cannot
    properly absorb calcium from their diet, it leads to a calcium deficiency which
    triggers bone demineralisation. As calcium is particularly required for
    structural soundness of bones, reduced calcium uptake causes bone weakness
    problems.

    7
    Pets

    Low calcium levels are associated with a number of serious disorders including
    antifreeze poisoning, inflammation of the pancreas, kidney failure, and
    parathyroid gland failure. In nursing female dogs, heavy milk production can
    lead to hypocalcemia (milk fever) and may result in seizures. Pets with
    abnormally low calcium levels often show signs of muscle twitching, loss of
    appetite, weakness, and listlessness. In severe cases, pets may have
    convulsions or seizures.

    8
    References
    1- Fageria, N.K. (1997). Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field
    Crops. NY, NY: Marcel Dekker. p. 595.

    2- Merck Manual October 2014, Nutritional Requirements of


    Beef Cattle, Accessed March 18, 2015.

    3- Merck Manual March 2012, Requirements of Beef Cattle,


    Accessed March 18, 2015.

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