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Preparation and Evaluation of Cucumeropsis mannii Naud. Seed Oil Metallic

Soaps as Driers in Gloss Paint

Article  in  Journal of Materials and Environmental Science · January 2012

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J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 3 (3) (2012) 477-484 Essien et al.
ISSN : 2028-2508
CODEN: JMESCN

Preparation and Evaluation of Cucumeropsis mannii Naud. Seed Oil

Metallic Soaps as Driers in Gloss Paint
E. A. Essien, S. A. Umoren, E. E. Essien*, A. P. Udoh
Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria.

Received in 19 Sept 2011, Revised 24 Feb 2012, Accepted 24 Feb 2012.

*Corresponding author: E-mail address: emmaflowus1@yahoo.co.uk (E. E. Essien); Tel.: +234 8033683424.

Abstract

The physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Cucumeropsis mannii (egusi, melon) seed oil
was determined. Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil was utilized in the preparation of metal soaps of zinc, copper
and nickel. The metallic soaps were characterized and applied in gloss paint as driers. The lipid content of C.
mannii seed was found to be 57.26 %. The iodine value, saponification value, acid value, free fatty acid,
peroxide value, specific gravity and refractive index were determined using standard procedures and values
were 114.94 gI2/100g, 220.19 mgKOH/g, 7.09 mgKOH/g, 4.512 %, 20.00 meq/kg, 0.9129 and 1.35
respectively. The seed oil contained palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, but the most
abundant fatty acid is linoleic (64.15 %). Gloss paint was formulated using standard procedure and the
metallic soaps were incorporated into the paint as driers. Performance test showed that the metallic soaps
acted as a catalyst in the paint matrix, reducing the drying time.

Keywords: Cucumeropsis mannii, seed oil, linoleic acid, metallic soaps, gloss paint.

1. Introduction
Cucumeropsis mannii Naud. (melon) is popularly called “egusi” in West Africa. This is the true indigenous
egusi of West Africa [1]. Melon is a cucurbit crop that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family with fibrous and
shallow root system. It is a tendril climber or crawling annual crop, mostly grown as a subsidiary crop
interplanted with early maize and yam in some savanna belt of Nigeria [2]. Cucurbit species are among the
economically most important vegetable crops and are grown in both temperate and tropical regions [3]. As
reported by Jacks et al. [4], the seeds has about 50% lipid. Most of their oil is made of non-saturated fatty
acids. Conjugated fatty acids among some cucurbitaceae oils make them highly useful as drying oils, that is,
they combine readily with oxygen to form elastic, water proof film [5]. Seed oils are important sources of
nutritional oils, industrial and pharmaceutical importance [6], and current emphasis on sustainable
development has made it imperative to search for industrial raw materials from renewable sources.
Metal carboxylates otherwise called metal soaps have been described as alkaline-earth or heavy-metal long-
chain carboxylates [7], which are insoluble in water but soluble in non-aqueous solvents. Their solubility in
organic solvents on the other hand, accounts for their use in a wide range of industrial products [8, 9]. Soaps
of barium, cadmium, lead, zinc and calcium have found practical application as thermal stabilizers for
polyvinyl chloride [10, 11]. Calcium and magnesium soaps are used as corrosion inhibitors in non-polar
media; lead, manganese, cobalt and zinc soaps are used in paints to accelerate drying while copper soap

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exhibits fungicidal properties [12]. Silver carboxylates are used as the source of silver in thermographic and
photothermographic materials [13]. Some have found use in greases, cosmetics, textiles [14]. Metallic soaps
have also been used as plasticisers and driers in rubber-based adhesives [15].
The paint industry is probably the highest consumer of metallic soaps. With the phasing out of lead as the
primary drier in paints, metallic soaps have become essential components in the manufacture of both
emulsion and gloss paints [16]. Soaps of the transition metals act as driers in paint, while those of aluminum,
calcium and magnesium function as flattening or leveling agents [17]. Metallic soaps are available
commercially and are sold as solids, liquids or powders. They are prepared from fatty acids either by fusion
or precipitation processes [18].
A number of seed oils have been characterized but the vast majority have not been explored for the
preparation of metal carboxylates despite being the most abundant source of carboxylic (fatty) acids. Melon
oil are known to have drying properties, their use in the preparation of the metallic soaps required in the
paints could greatly reduce the amount of foreign inputs necessary for the production of paints [19]. There is
dearth of information on the industrial utilization of seed oil of melon species. The industrial potential of
Citrullus colocynthis seed oil as biodiesel feedstock [20]; effect of temperature on the stability of metal soaps
of Trichosanthes cucumerina seed oil [21] and the oxidative drying of alkyd paints catalyzed by metal
complexes [22] have been reported. Hence, the aim of this work is to prepare some metal carboxylates of the
C. mannii seed oil and evaluate their performance as a dryer in gloss paint.

2. Experimental
2.1 Materials
All chemical used were of analytical grade and were products of BDH Chemicals Ltd, Poole England unless
otherwise stated. Melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) seeds were purchased from a local market at Nung Udoe-
Ibesikpo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The sample was authenticated by a taxonomist, Dr. (Mrs.) M. E. Bassey
of the Department of Botany and Ecological Studies, University of Uyo where a voucher specimen was
deposited. The seeds were deshelled, screened, oven dried and ground. The oil was extracted in a Soxhlet
apparatus using petroleum ether (40-60 oC) and solvent removed in vaccuo.

2.2 Physicochemical properties

The physicochemical properties (specific gravity, refractive index, viscosity, moisture content, iodine value,
saponification value, acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide value and unsaponifiable matter) of C. mannii seed
oil were assayed using standard methods [23].

2.3 Fatty acid analysis

The fatty acid composition was determined by GC-Flame Ionization Detection (FID). Methyl esters were
obtained by hydrolyzing the triglycerides of the oil with KOH-methanol [23]. GC-FID analysis was
performed using a Hewlet Parkard 6890 series GC system equipped with a HP-5 (30 m x 0.22 mm i.d., 5 %
dimethylsiloxane; film thickness, 0.25 µm, capillary column with a Flame Ionization Detector. Helium was
used as a carrier gas (1mL/min flow rate). Injection and detection temperatures, 250 °C. The column was
maintained at an initial temperature of 129 °C for 5 min and then programmed at 2 °C/min to final
temperature of 220 °C where it was maintained for 18 min. Fatty acids were identified by retention time
relative to an authentic standard. The quantification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition was
realized by integration of the FID peak area with the correction factor (internal normalization method).

2.4 Preparation of metallic soap

Metallic soaps of nickel, zinc and copper were prepared by methods adopted by Ekpa and Ibok [15] and Ekpa
[24]. The melon seed oil (50 g) was heated to 90-95 oC in a 500 ml beaker and 125 ml of 10 M NaOH was
added with stirring until the whole mixture emulsified into a thick layer, after which the soap was allowed to
cool. The soap was separated from the lye and then washed with cold distilled water to remove excess alkali.
A solution of the soap (0.05 M) was prepared in hot water and added with stirring to an aqueous solution of
the metal salt (0.15 M).The metallic soaps which precipitated was filtered, washed with distilled water and
dried in oven at 40 oC to constant weight. The BDH analar (99 %) salts used were ZnSO4.7H2O,
CuSO4.5H2O and Ni (NO3)2. 6H2O.

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2.5 Analysis of metallic soaps

The properties of the prepared metal soaps were determined using standard procedures. The parameters
assessed were percentage yield, pH, colour, texture, moisture content, melting point, apparent bulk density,
foaming characteristics, total ash content, metal content and solubility in water, kerosene, acetone and
methanol. Metal content in the soaps was determined using Perkin – Elmer Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (Lambda 35 model) [23, 25].

2.6 Gloss Paint Production

Formulations for paint production were performed by preliminary trials by varying the amounts of each of
the components. The quantity of components in Table 1 gave the best results. The first six components of the
mixture (Table 1) were stirred for 30 minutes and after switching off the mixer, other components were
added and thoroughly stirred. The paint so obtained was stored. The base or paint paste was poured into four
containers and the metallic soap (drier) was introduced in varying amount.

Table 1. Main constituents for making gloss paint.

Components Values (g)

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 40
Alkyd resin 30
White spirit 10
Kerosine 12
Easigel 1
Leuthin 1
Alkyd resin 50
White spirit 40
Alkyl resin 70
Anti-skin 1
Silico resolution 1
White spirit 5
Source: Flick [44]

2.7 Determination of Paint Quality

The quality analysis of the prepared gloss paint was performed using standard procedures. The parameters
examined include: Viscosity, density, percent solid or non- volatile content, drying time, dust free (DF), tact
free (TF), full hardness (FH), dry for recoating (DFR), Colour Matching Test, adherent to surfaces, resistance
to water and heat [17].

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Physicochemical Properties of C. mannii seed oil

The physicochemical characteristics of C. mannii are presented in Table 2. The total lipid content was found
to be 57.26 %. The result for iodine value, saponification value, acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide value,
specific gravity and refractive index were 114.94 gI2/100 g, 220.19 mgKOH/g, 7.09 mgKOH/g, 4.512 %,
20.00 meq/kg, 0.9129 and 1.35 respectively. The iodine value of C. manni oil indicates that the oil is a semi-
drying oil. The class of oils whose iodine value is between 100-150 possesses the property of absorbing
oxygen on exposure to the atmosphere [26]; they become thicken and remain sticky but do not form a hard
dry film. They are used in the production of soap [27, 28]. The saponification value compared favourably
with that of palm oil (196–205 mgKOH/g), olive oil (185-196 mgKOH/g), soyabean oil (193 mgKOH/g) and
linseed oil (193-195 mgKOH/g) [29]. The high saponification value of C. mannii suggests that the oils could
be good for soap making and in the manufacture for lather shaving cream [30, 31]. The low peroxide values
of the oils indicate that they are less liable to oxidative rancidity at room temperature [32, 33].
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Table 2. Physicochemical properties of C. mannii seed oil.

TEST VALUE
Specific gravity 0.9129 ± 0.1
Relative viscosity, Nsm-2 5.89 ± 0.2
Refractive index, 25 °C 1.35 ± 0.1
Moisture content, % 27.30
pH 4.45
Boiling point, oC 220-320
Colour Pale yellow
Saponification value, mgKOH/g 220.19 ± 0.4
Acid value, mgKOH/g 7.09 ± 0.2
Free Fatty Acid, % 4.512 ± 0.1
Iodine value, gI2/100g 114.94 ± 0.4
Peroxide value, meq/kg 20.00 ± 0.3
Lipid content, % 57.26
Values are means ± SD of 3 determinations

3.2 Fatty acid composition

The fatty acid profile of C. mannii seed oil revealed the presence of five fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic,
linoleic, and linolenic acids (Table 3).

Table 3. Fatty acid composition of C. mannii seed oil

Fatty acid Percentage composition (%)

Palmitic 10.57
Stearic 8.333
Oleic 13.65
Linoleic 62.14
Linolenic 5.293

The fatty acid composition of the C. mannii oil is comparable with values obtained in previous studies for
other melon species [34-38]. Of the five fatty acids, linoleic acid is the most prevalent with the relative
abundance of 62.14 % which is reported to be a drying agent in seed oils. The total saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids contents of the C. mannii seed oil are 18.9 and 81.9%, respectively.

3.3 Analysis of the metal soaps

The properties of metallic soap of Ni, Cu, and Zn are presented in Table 4. The yield, ash content and melting
point respectively of Ni soap (42 %, 17.82 %, 114 °C), Cu soap (51%, 14.46%, 110 °C), and Zn soap (53 %,
17.30 %, 120 °C) are comparable with data reported for metal soaps prepared from palm kernel oil [39].
Among the three studied metallic soaps, Zn soap exhibited the highest quality value (yield, 53 %; melting
point (120 °C), moisture content (0.45 %), pH range (5.30-6.700) and white powder properties applicable to
different shades of paint products. The characteristics of soaps are determined by the amount and
composition of the component fatty acids in the starring oil. According to Poulenant et al. [40], the melting
temperatures of soaps produced from sources other than rubber seed oil are generally higher. Generally, the
melting point of the soaps are between 110–120 oC which makes them suitable for application at these
temperatures since high melting point pose solubility and handling problems. The total ash content in the
soap (14.46-17.82 %) indicates that there is little or non-combustible organic and inorganic matter in the
soap. The moisture content (0.40-0.51 %) shows the presence of a lesser amount of dirt and impurities in the
soap. This is very essential for the specification of driers use for these purposes.
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Table 4. Properties of the prepared metallic soaps.

Tests Nickel soap Copper soap Zinc soap

pH range 6.72-6.87 4.97-6.81 5.30-6.70

Metal content 6.20 14.21 11.20
Colour Green Blue-green White
Texture Powder Powder Powder
Moisture content (%) 0.51 0.40 0.45
Melting point ( oC) 114 110 120
Apparent bulk density 0.81 0.77 0.77
Total ash content (%) 17.82 14.46 17.30
Yield ( % ) 42 51 53
Foaming characteristic Does not foam in H2O Does not foam in H2O Does not foam in H2O
Solubility Insoluble in H2O and Insoluble in H2O and soluble Insoluble in H2O and
soluble in kerosene in kerosene, acetone and soluble in kerosene,
and acetone methanol. acetone and methanol

3.4 Gloss paint production

The gloss paint formulations were obtained by varying the quantity of metal soaps incorporated into the paint
matrix which yielded Sample A, B, C and control sample (Table 5). For optimum result, the metallic soaps
were combined to serve as active and auxiliary driers. Cu soap (active or surface driers) combined with Zn
soap (auxiliary driers) while Ni soap functioned as stabilizers [41]. Heaton [42] indicated that the amount of
driers (active and auxiliary) be calculated before combination to give better results. According to Dosunmu
and Ochu [43], melon seed oils possess the potential to exhibit noticeable drying properties required in paint
production since they contain an appreciable amount of linoleic (C18:2) acids which is needed for cross-
linking during the drying process. Metallic soaps help in accelerating the rate of cross-linking of the double
bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids and also increase flexibility of the paint molecules, increasing binding
power and better adhesion of the paints on substrates [39].

Table 5. Formulation of gloss paint.

Component Sample A (g) Sample B (g) Sample C (g) Sample

D (g)
Metallic soap (drier)
Nickel 2.5 3.0 5.0 -
Zinc 3.0 3.5 8.5 -
Copper 3.0 4.0 5.8 -
Titanium dioxide 40.0 40.0 40 .0 40.0
Alkyd resin 30 .0 30.0 30.0 30.0
White spirit 10 .0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Kerosine 12 .0 12.0 12.0 12.0
Easigel 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Leuthin 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
CaCO3 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6
Alkyd resin 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
White spirit 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
Anti-skimming 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Silico resolution 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

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3.5 Determination of paint quality

The drying properties and colour of the paint samples are listed in Table 6. The time required for each of the
paint samples to attain full hardness (FH) ranged from 6-7.20 hours. The fatty acid portion of the metallic
soap acted as a plasticizer by solvating the polymer molecule to reduce crystalinity; increase flexibility to
prevent cracking and peeling off of the paint after application. All the paints had good adherence properties
as presented in Table 7. The metallic property in the soap is responsible for the catalytic process leading to
the drying of the paints which includes cross-linking of the fatty acid double bonds. Performance and storage
properties of the paint are presented in Table 8. None of the paints treated with the metallic soaps showed any
signs of chalking, mildew formation, settling or skinning during the period under observations (12 weeks).
The quality control parameters of the gloss paint (Table 9) were compared with industrial commercially
available gloss paints. The quality of the prepared metallic soap paint samples competed favourably with the
selected commercial paints.

Table 6. Drying properties of the paints and their colours.

Drying Time
Colour
of paint
Sample Oil used DF, TF, DFR , FH,
Min. Min. Min. Hrs.
A CMSO White 12.00 16.00 21.00 7.20
B CMSO White 11.00 14.00 19.00 6.40
C CMSO White 9.00 11.00 16.00 6.00
D Control White 1 day 1 day 2 days None
DF =Dust Free, TF = Tact Free, DFR = Drying for recoating,
FH = Full hardness, CMSO = Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil.

Table 7. Adherence to surfaces of the paint samples.

Sample Wood Metal Wall Glass

A VG EX EX G
B VG EX EX G
C VG EX EX G
D P VP G VP
Ex = excellent, VG = very good, G = good, P = poor, VP = very poor

Excellent means film did not show any signs of cracking or peeling after few months. Very good indicates no cracking
or peeling off, but required second coating for high gloss. Good indicates film not strongly adhering to surfaces and
could peel off when scratched. Poor and very poor implies no adherence.

Table 8. Performance and storage properties of the paints.

Sample Colour retention Exterior durability Water resistance
A EX EX VH
B EX EX VH
C EX EX VH
D G VP VP
Ex = Excellent, VH = very high, G = Good, P = poor, VP = very poor.

Excellent means the film maintained high gloss, no peeling of the painted surface during the period under observation
(12 weeks). Very high indicates no wash off or loss of gloss of painted surface. Good indicates painted surface assumed
dull colour and showed signs of wash off. Poor and very poor indicate loss of gloss and loss of adhesion.

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Table 9. Comparison of quality parameters of the paints with those of industrial paints.

Quality parameters Paint samples Industrial paints

Density, g/ml 1.31 1.33 1.38 1.27 0.84 1.12 1.32

Percent solid 66.00 69.00 71.00 72.70 56.10 49.00 74.56

content, %
Viscosity, Nsm-2 26.70 27.00 27.50 26.70 24.50 24.20 26.50

Conclusion
Melon seed oils are known to have drying properties; their use in the preparation of the metallic soap
required in the paints could greatly reduce the amount of foreign inputs necessary for the production of
paints. In this study, nickel, copper and zinc metallic soaps were prepared by precipitation method. The
metallic soaps produced by precipitation method are quite effective since good yields of Ni, Cu, and Zn soaps
were obtained. The metallic soaps, when introduced into the paint formulation, were found to improve the
quality of the gloss paint by imparting such desirable properties in performance such as resistance to water,
colour retention, heat, good adhesion to surfaces with reduced drying time. The data obtained represents
significant new findings and relevant exploitation of metal soaps from C. mannii seed oil in industrial
application especially in the paint industry.

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