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Chapter-9 Industries

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 2

Industries
N 2004/Q4
4 The sketch map, Fig. 3, shows the location of important industrial centres in north-east Punjab
and their main industries.

Mangla Reservoir
N

Azad Kashmir

um
el
Jh

Gujrat Sambrial
DP
EPZ
Sialkot

b
ena
Ch
Gujranwala

vi
Ra
Shekhupura
INDIA
Chiniot

labad Lahore
Faisa
DP
DP
Jaranwala
0 15 km 45 60

Key
Boundary with Industrial centre
Kashmir and India
Power station
Rivers

Main road DP Dry Port

Railway EPZ Export Processing Zone

National electricity grid
Gas pipeline
Airport

Fig. 3
 3
4 (a) With the help of Fig. 3 and your own knowledge describe the factors that have encouraged
the growth of industries in this area.

capital from foreign investment/banks/governments

flat land/sites
agricultural raw materials plentiful/available …
… wheat/rice/oilseeds/sugarcane/hides (not cotton)
7 power stations serve area
main cities are on (national) electricity (grid)
gas pipelines to area (from Sui/Potwar Plateau)/for power stations
water available from rivers/canals
Grand Trunk Road/etc }
served by railway network/named rail route } area served by
roads, rail, air -
airports at (at least one name) } any two for 1 mark
large labour force
educated workers available/University of Lahore/etc.
industrial estates have been built in area + details of incentives (max 2)
export processing zone benefit from government incentives + details
(max 2)
dry ports encourage international trade + details (max 2)
etc.
must ‘describe’ and be related to the area
7@1 [7]
(b) Sialkot is a major industrial centre for export goods.
(i) Sports goods and surgical instruments are very successful industries in Sialkot. With the
help of Fig. 3 and your own knowledge explain why this is so, despite the fact that most
of their raw materials have to be imported.
pioneered here to serve needs of British army in colonial
times/traditional/for many generations
(highly) skilled workforce has developed …
labour is cheap
foreign investment
raw materials imported through Lahore/Sialkot airport
good electricity/gas/water/road/rail/etc. services (max 2)
high value goods
cottage industries/small scale industries supply larger
factories/outworkers
high value goods
EPZ and dry port
airport
etc.
3@1 [3]
(ii) About 99% of Sialkot’s industries export their products or supply the exporting factories.
Why are exports very important for the development of Pakistan? [5]
negative balance of trade
lacks foreign exchange
a large burden of debt
capital/money to buy essential imports
needs capital/money to develop infrastructure/services
needs capital/money to develop its industries
Sialkot’s exports are highly competitive on the world market
high value-added exports
does not necessarily need to be related to Sialkot
(iii) Since 2000 the Sialkot Export Processing Zone has been in the process of development
at Sambrial and a new airport is being built by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce. How
will these developments help the expansion of industry?

EPZ
government incentives (max 2)
infrastructure put in place (max 2 )
attracts foreign/private investment
attracts foreign technological/management skills
improved quality
better marketing
etc.

airport
5@1 [5]
closer than Lahore’s
cheaper transport for imported light raw materials
more convenient for visiting businessmen
more convenient for exporting light goods
service industries develop to serve airport
tourism
etc.
 J 2005/Q1(c-e)
c. The Kaghan Valley and others in the Himalaya Mountains attract international and domestic
tourists.
(i) Explain why tourists visit these valleys. . [3]
-Views of mountain peaks, snow, waterfalls, etc.
-Forests/orchards
-Fishing in River Kunhar
-Saiful Maluk Lake
-Jeep rides
-Walking/hiking/climbing/mountaineering/picnics
-Unique area/nothing like it anywhere else
-Polo
-Flora/fauna
-Cooler climate than plains
-Traditional crafts/customs/lifestyle/cottage industries

(ii) Explain with reference to two examples, why tourists visit cultural
attractions in Pakistan. [4]
Archaeological sites
-Moen-jo-darn, Harappa, Taxila,
-Kashmir Smats (caves) in NWFP
Historic and religious sites
-Forts (Baltit), Lahore
-Mosques (Badshabi, Muhabat),
-Tombs (Chaukandi, Makli, Allarma Iqbal, Ranjit Singh),
-Shrines (Uch Sharif)
-Khyber Pass,
-Shalimar Gardens,
-Kalash Valley
-Swat area
Modern
buildings
-Faisal mosque, Parliament building, Presidential palace,
-Jinnah mausoleum, Minar-Pakistan,.
Named/Located example of traditional
culture
-Swat, Gilgit, Kalash, Kaghan valleys
-Named/Located Festival
-Basant panchmi – kite flying at Lahore
-Mela chiragan – festival of lamps beside Shalimar gardens
-Named/Located Bazaar or Market
-Anaskali,Chitral, Swat,
Kalash, Why they visit
-Historic interest - Religious faith
-Museum -Education
d. Explain the advantages of developing tourist attractions in Pakistan.
-Foreign exchange/currency
-Reduced debt
-Reduced trade deficit/improved balance of payments
-More jobs + development
-Higher incomes to locals + dev
-Better local economy/demand for more services
-Better facilities, infrastructure, services, communications for locals
-Better cultural understanding
-Sustainable industry/will not run out like coal
-Reduces rural-urban migration
[4]
-Cultural/historic sites restored/maintained

e. Why is capital important in the development of tourism?

-Building and maintenance of shops, hotels,
-Security
-Travel facilities/roads/jeeps/buses,
-Provision of named infrastructure
-Professional management
-Marketing and publicity/advertising [4]
J 2006/Q4
(a) Study Fig. 5, a diagram showing some inputs to Pakistan Steel

(i) Name the two raw materials W and X. [2]

-iron ore
-manganese

(ii) Name two other inputs Y and Z. [2]

-limestone/flux
-water
-electricity
-labour
-capital
-transport
-new technology e.g. computerisation, telecommunication

(iii) Why is coal imported in addition to that produced in Pakistan? [2]

-Poor quality of local coal
-Mixed with local coal
-Not enough local coal
(b) Describe how two human inputs contribute to production at Pakistan Steel. [6]
-Capital – for wages, new machines, transport
-Electricity / power- for faster work etc.
-Labour- for work, trained for better work, details of jobs
-Transport – for inputs,outputs, from or too
-government policies- tax concessions,training new technology
- for better productivity, communication

(c) Why is over 50% of the output of Pakistan Steel sent north from Karachi to the Punjab?
[3]
-Send to Taxila
-Heavy engineering
-Machinery for industry and power generation/ construction / railways boilers etc.
-Construction of buildings/ bridges / pylons

(d) What features of Pakistan Steel show that it is an industry in the formal sector? [4]
-Large-scale industry
-Employed labour
-Good quality goods/service
-Capital intensive
-Regular working hours
-Regular wages
-Legal and registered
-Industrial estates
Example. Sindh Trading Estate Ltd. (SITE)
-Tax exemptions on imported machinery
-Less foreign exchange control
-Tax holidays
-Simplified procedures
-Private power stations
(e) How does the government attract local and foreign investors to develop
industries in Pakistan? [6]

Example Hub power project

-Less foreign exchange control
-Better roads/railways/airports
-Dry ports for better security
-Agencies to help investors provide infrastructure e.g. water, electricity,
telephone, roads to estates
-Land available for housing, commercial, social facilities near industrial zones
-Consistent policies/stable government.
J 2006/Q2(d)
(d) Using examples, suggest why the Northern Areas of Pakistan are attractive to tourists.
[5]
-Examples – Kaghan, Swat, Gilgit valleys, Chitral
-mountain scenery
-forests
-recreation
-photography
-trekking
-cooler climate than the rest of Pakistan

J 2007/Q(d) (ii)
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for
tourism?
Advantage (res. 1)
Employment opportunities
Source of income
Provision of named infrastructure/electricity, roads, water, sanitation (max 2)
Provision of other modern facilities, e.g. shops
Reduces the effects of deforestation/destruction of habitats/soil erosion (max 1)
Etc.

Disadvantage (res. 1)
High cost of development/money could be spent on other things
Effects on habitats/damage to trees
Litter/garbage
Resettlement of local people
Tourists may not come, problems of security, etc.
Loss of culture
Etc.

(res. 1 for each of adv. and disadv.) [4]

N2006/Q5(d-e)
(i) Name a city in Pakistan where sports goods are manufactured. [1]
Sialkot or Lahore
(ii) How may the presence of the sports goods industry
in this area A increase employment opportunities
-Labour intensive
-Work contracted out to small scale and cottage industries
-Growth of administrative jobs
-Growth of transport jobs
-Growth of tertiary industries with increased prosperity
-Dry port (related to employment)
-Export Processing Zones

B improve the local infrastructure?

[5]
-Power / electricity supply
-Roads / railway
-Airport
-Better water supply
-Telecommunications
-Dry port (related to infrastructure)

[5]
(e) How does industry in cities pollute the environment?
-Effluent in river – effect on fishing, drinking water, irrigation
-Effluent in sea water – effect on fishing e.g. Indus delta, mangroves
-Smoke / gases in the air – health problems, acid rain (global warming)
-Traffic 1 congestion in urban areas
-Waste from factories and people
-Traffic / congestion in urban areas
-Loss of scenery by construction

J2007/Q3(d-ii)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for tourism? [4]
Advantages
-Employment opportunities
-Source of income
-Provision of named infrastructure/electricity, roads, water, sanitation
-Provision of other modern facilities, e.g. shops
-Reduces the effects of deforestation/destruction of habitats/soil
erosion. Disadvantage
-High cost of development/money could be spent on other things
-Effects on habitats/damage to trees
-Litter/garbage
-Resettlement of local people
-Tourists may not come, problems of security.
-Loss of culture
J 2009/Q1(e)

Photograph A shows a chair lift. This shows that tourists may visit the area.

(i) List some other tourist attractions in mountain areas. [2]

-beautiful scenery, views, valleys, peaks
-lakes, rivers
-wild animals, birds, snakes, flora AND fauna
-tribal people, traditional crafts
-mountain climbing, fishing, winter sports, etc.

(ii) Explain how tourism could help to develop some mountain areas.

You may use examples in your answer. [5]

Government investment leading to:

Infrastructure – roads/airports for travel –
electricity/water/gas/telecommunications Work – development of small
scale industries, to raise living
standards money – for business people, shopkeepers,
craftsmen, etc. environmental improvement – e.g. re-
afforestation education – of skills required, more
investment in schools cultural change – meet other
cultures/cultural exchange less isolation – global
awareness, trade security increased food production
improved health facilities – better sanitation, hospitals,
healthy living rural – urban migration reduced
J 2009/Q4

(a) Study Photographs C, D and E (Insert) showing the stockyard at

Pakistan Steel Mills, Pipri.

(a) (i) Name three raw materials used in the Pakistan Steel Mills. [3]

Any three of:

Iron ore, coal/coke/coking coal, limestone, manganese, chromite

 [2]
(ii) Why are most of the raw materials imported?
Lack of development of resources/small
output Iron ore not mined in Pakistan
Coal poor quality

(iii) Name the two outputs from the steel mills

shown on Photographs D and E. [2]

Any two of:

sheets, plates, rolls, coils, slabs

(b) (i) Name two human inputs to the steel mills. [2]
Any two of:
Labour, capital, machinery, skills, technology, transport, power, water, etc.

(ii) Explain how human inputs such as those named in (b)(i)

can improve production. [4]
-Labour – work machines, carry materials, office work
-Capital – wages, machines, technology, investment
-Machinery – faster, better quality, new products
-Skills – computers, office work, machines
-Technology – quality, speed, modernisation
-Transport – faster, larger supply, bigger markets
-Power – efficiency, speed, quality
-Water – for cleaning

(c) (i) What is an Export Processing Zone (EPZ)? [2]

-An industrial estate
-Producing products for export
-High quality/export quality goods/quality checked

(ii) Explain how the building of industrial estates could help

to increase industrial production in Pakistan. [5]
-Increase quality of goods
-Reliable power/telecomm supply
-Water supply/sanitation/cleanliness
-Roads, railways to and from the estate/transport network
-Attractive to investors/government incentives
-Opportunities for more technology/modernisation/specialisation
-Development in rural areas
-Potential industrial linkages
-Example of an industrial estate

(d) Describe the characteristics of an industry in the formal sector of employment. [5]
-Employment/not self-employed
-Uses machinery
-Investment of capital
-Regular working hours
-Fixed/set wages
-Good quality goods/high value goods
-In office or factory/in proper buildings/not at home
-Legal/registered/pays tax
-Skilled labour
-Mainly men
-Pension scheme
-Incentives (e.g. health care, education)
J 2010/Q3

Study Photograph A which shows a brickworks near Kanai, Balochistan Plateau.

Describe the main features of the brickworks shown in the photograph. [4]
-Furnace / Kilns
-Chimney(s)
-Black smoke / pollution
-Air intakes below ground
-Hard /flat working area
-Piles of finished bricks
-Pattern of small hummocks
-Good / Pucca road / tarred road / highway
-Electricity pylon/ Telephone poles / lines
-Moulds
-Underground entrance
Study Fig. 4, which shows the location of Pipri steelworks.

(i) Name three raw materials used in production of steel. [3]

-Coal/coke
-Iron ore / scrap iron
-Manganese
-Limestone,
-Oxygen / air
-Chromite

(ii) With reference to Fig. 4, explain why the steel mill was located here. [6]
-coastal site/ Port (Bin) Qasim for imports
-berths by creek for unloading
-widened channel for effluent / shipping
-railway /road – for supply of limestone / workers
- for distribution of finished products
-township / houses for workers
-large /open site for waste disposal, storage,

building Read the extract below.

 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing steel production in Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
-Cheaper supplies (than imports)
-Saves foreign currency / improves balance of payments / reduce imports
-Can be used for development / industrialisation e.g. construction, machinery
-Larger GNP / GDP / national income
-Independence from other countries
-More work /
employment
Disadvantages
-Lack of raw materials/imported
-High cost of imported iron / other raw materials
-Burden on economy / less development
-Cost / Lack of machinery / technology / set-up costs
-Cost / Lack of infrastructure / power supplies / roads etc.
-Lack of skilled labour
-More waste / named pollution
-May encourage rural-urban migration

Study Photograph B, showing Landhi Export Processing Zone, Karachi.

(i) What features show that this is a modern, developed industrial estate? [4]
-Good / pucca / metalled / wide
-Street lighting
-Electricity supply
-Trees/ greenery
-Modern / good quality buildings
-Planned / straight roads
(ii) Explain the importance of Export Processing Zones. [4]
-Good quality goods / export quality / to International standards
-Can increase economy / income / exports / foreign exchange
-Better infrastructure / power / water supply / road etc.
-Good working conditions
-Modern buildings
-Incentives e.g. tax breaks, cheap loans
-Attracts investors / entrepreneurs
-Aids growth of small-scale / cottage industries
-Employment / jobs
-Government helps with marketing events /

trade fairs Study Fig. 6.

(i) Give two advantages of transporting goods by:

A bullock cart,
B lorry. [4]
A Bullock Cart
-Cheap / economic
-No fuel cost
Available / used in other farm work
B Lorry
-Quick / fast
-Carries bigger / heavier load
-Can go further / does not need to rest

(ii) To what extent would the building of more motorways, such as that
between Lahore and Islamabad, help the development of industry in Pakistan?
[6]
Advantages/ Potential
-Better movement of finished products FROM industry to ports and other towns
-Better movement of raw materials / machinery TO industry
-Stimulates industrial development near motorway / opens up undeveloped areas
-Helps development of dry ports
-Better movement of businessmen / tourists / experts
-Faster travel
-Better road surface / wider for large vehicles / lorries / well-maintained
- By-passes towns and villages / short cut
-Relieves other roads / relieves congestion
-Disadvantages / Problems Expensive
-Takes long time to build
-Needs maintenance
-Cost to economy / increase debt
-Only connects large centres
J2011/Q3
Study Photograph B, of Karachi.

(i) State three uses of concrete shown on the photograph. [3]

-Roads / pavement
-Bridges
-Multi-storey buildings
-Housing / flats
-Factories
-Offices
-Shops
-Street furniture e.g. lamp or electricity poles, bollards
Using your answer to (c)(i), explain the importance of concrete to the
[4]
development of Karachi.
-Developing / increasing population, industrialisation, offices, housing, ports, roads,
-example of infrastructure
-Better roads for transport
-Better bridges for access
-Stronger building materials
-Long-lasting / more durable / less chance of damage
-More modern appearance
-Improving slums / squatters / Kachi Abadi
What are the advantages and disadvantages of building large industrial
[6]
developments, such as cement works, close to major cities?
Write about either cities or industries
Advantages
To city and citizens:
-Cheaper transport costs to work
-Readily available / quicker supply
-Employment
To cement company:
-Supply of labour
-Good infrastructure e.g. port, roads, electricity, water
-Market / near demand
-Cheaper delivery
costs Disadvantages
-Air pollution / dust / smoke }
-Noise }
-Visual pollution / quarries } pollution
-Water pollution }
-Dumping of waste }
-Traffic congestion
-Loss of farmland
-Loss of other land uses e.g. housing, roads, industry
-Population growth / rural-urban migration
-Squatters / Kacha Abadi / slums
-May be distance from raw materials
N 2011/Q3 11

(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows fertiliser production in Pakistan.

Production 6
million
tonnes

2
1990

1995

2000

2005

2008
year

Fig. 5

(i) By how much did fertiliser production increase from 2000 to 2008?

1.0–1.2
................................................................................................ million tonnes [1]

(ii) Compare the production from 1990 to 2000 to that from 2000 to 2008.

More variable 1991–2000 than 2000–2008

Overall rate of increase greater / gradient steeper 1990–2000
3.0–4.6 / 1.6 million tonnes compared with 4.6–5.7 / 1.0–2 million tonnes / figures with
units (max 1)
Allow for slight inaccuracy in figures [3]
 12

(c) What are the benefits of increasing fertiliser production for the people and economy of
Pakistan?
Higher yields
More food production
More agricultural exports, or improved balance of payments (max1)
Reduced imports of fertiliser, or improved balance of payments (max1)
Higher GNP
Less debt
Higher farm incomes / profits
More jobs
Cheaper cost of fertiliser
More industrial goods (e.g. cotton) [4]

(d) Study Fig. 6, which shows imports of goods to Pakistan in 2007.

0
90 % 10 %
Electrical
goods

80 % 20 %
Transport
equipment Machinery

70 % 30 %

60 % 40 %
50 %

Fig. 6

(i) State the percentage of:

Machinery – 65
A. Machinery ........................................................................................................
Electrical goods – 10
B. Electrical goods ............................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Name two machines that may be used in a craft industry.

Allow any tool as long as it is likely to be mechanical

E.g. sewing machine, drill, lathe, sawing (machine), generator [2]
 13

(iii) Explain the importance of mechanisation to the craft industry and other small-scale
industries of Pakistan.

Faster
Larger production
Lower labour costs / cheaper
Less work / easy / less tiring
Standardised product / better quality
Can replace child labour
New skills learned
Allow development, e.g.
Faster so that more income can be made because more production
Standardised product so that it is more attractive to buyers
Allow problems, e.g.
Unemployment, loss of traditional skills [4]

© UCLES 2011 2059/02/O/N/11 [Turn over

J 2012/Q3
(b) Explain why the Pakistan Steelworks is called ‘a large scale industry’. [4]
-handles large quantities of raw materials
-large production / large output / generates large income
-large area / site
-large electricity use / local power station
-large gas use / large pipeline
-large workforce -higher output per worker
-large capital / investment -mechanised / automated -standardisation of products

WATER ELECTRICITY GAS PIPES TELEPHONE ROADS

Choose two types of infrastructure from the list above and for each explain [6]
its importance to businesses on an industrial estate.
-Water – for washing, cooling, cleaning, food processing, chemicals, dyeing / bleaching

-Electricity – for power / energy / machinery, light, heat, ventilation,

computers, faster / better / more efficient work
-Gas – for power, heat, light, cooking
food, raw material for fertiliser /
chemical industry
-Telephone – (for contact with) suppliers and buyers, quick response, may
be in other places, for sales, orders, marketing, advertising, line to
computer
-Roads – (for transport of), inputs, outputs, people, less
breakage / damage of valuable goods, quick travel,
attracts investors
What are the benefits and problems of developing new industrial estates? [6]
Benefits
-Employment / jobs / raise incomes
-Goods for local needs
-Goods for export / more trade
-Increase GNP / GDP / increases national income / economic growth
-Reduce imports
-Attracts more investors / entrepreneurs
-Development of named infrastructure e.g. roads, power, telecomm
-Reduces emigration / if in rural areas reduces rural-urban migration
-More competition improves quality
-Stimulates growth of service

industries Problems
-Cost
-Lack of skilled labour
-Loss of agricultural land / trees
-Depletion of named natural resources eg. water, gas
-Lack of named infrastructure e.g. electricity, roads, water
-Lack of government support
-Named pollution e.g. water, air, land
-Need for more imports with e.g. machinery, raw
materials, oil (Increases) rural-urban migration.
N2012/Q4
4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution of the cotton textile industry in Pakistan.

B
A
C
Key:
international
boundary

river

disputed
international
boundary

cotton textile
Arabian Sea 0 400
industry
km

Fig. 6

(i) Name the main centres of the cotton textile industry A, B and C.

Quetta
A ...............................................................................................................................
Gujranwala
B ...............................................................................................................................
Multan
C ........................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe the distribution of the cotton textile industry.

most processing centres / factories in Punjab
along rivers (in Punjab) / River Indus (in Sindh)
THE FOLLOWING REQUIRE A NAMED TOWN IN AN AREA
Southern / Lower Sindh eg. Hyderabad, Karachi
Northern / Upper Sindh eg. Sukkur, Larkana
KPK / NWFP eg. Peshawar, Nowshera [3]
Northern Baluchistan eg. Quetta
(b) Study Fig. 7 which shows the output of yarn and cloth between 1999 and 2008.
3000 3000

yarn

2000 2000

yarn output
(million
kg)

cloth
1000 1000

cloth output
(million
sq. m)

0 0
1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008
year

Fig. 7

(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008 shown on
Fig. 7.

Yarn greater than cloth

Both increase
Both make sharp increase in 2004
After 2005 cloth levels out but yarn continues to increase [2]

(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and
explain your answer.
More yarn / spinning mills than cloth / weaving mills
Yarn is made into cloth
Problems / less investment/ in cloth weaving factories / machinery
(Eg. loadshedding, old machines)
More demand for yarn (worldwide)
Lack of skilled labour

[2]
(c) (i) Give an example of a job in each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of
the cotton industry.

farming, picking, bringing water

Primary .....................................................................................................................
washing, dyeing, spinning, weaving
Secondary ................................................................................................................
sales, transport, management
Tertiary ................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) How is the proportion of workers employed in each of these sectors changing?

Less in primary
More / less in secondary [3]
More in tertiary

(iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment.
Lack of literacy / illiteracy
Lack of skills for machines
More mechanisation / fewer workers needed with mechanisation
Computers faster than writers / more IT in offices
Can use foreign workers [3]
Less work in rural areas

(d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban people
of Pakistan? [6]

Benefits (res.2)
Will increase literacy / skills / can read eg. government advice
Better paid jobs / can work in the professions / can use machinery / skilled
Better farm outputs / income for farmers
Better understanding of family planning / hazards of overpopulation
Better health / more doctors, nurses, clinics etc.
Better living standards / better hygiene, sanitation etc.

Problems (res. 2)
Lack of jobs for educated people
Loss of skilled workers eg. teachers, doctors
Break-up of families through rural-urban migration
General problems of too many people
[w/2013/Q2]

2 (a) Study Photograph B (Insert) showing a brickworks, and Fig. 2, a diagram showing the
main inputs to a brick-making industry.

Fig.2

(i) Write the names of three other physical inputs in the three empty boxes on Fig. 2 above.
Clay, water, coal
[3]
(ii) Explain how bricks are made.

Clay mixed with water

Placed in moulds
Dried (in sun)
[3]
Baked (in kiln)

(iii) Name two types of air pollution that might be produced by a brickworks.
Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, soot/smoke, smell,
dust/ash [2]
(b) Study Photograph B again. Describe the effects of the pollution created by this
brickworks on people and the environment in the local area.

People
Respiratory diseases
E.g. Asthma
Skin irritations
Eye diseases
Unsightly views
Irritability/deafness (from noise)
Environment
Quarries/holes/depressions
(Spoil) heaps
Vegetation/crops covered in dust/ash
Land degraded/bare/deformed [4]
(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph showing cement production in Pakistan.

(i) What was the production of cement in 2009?

28 million tonnes [1]

(ii) By how much did production increase from 2000 to 2009?

19 million (tonnes) [1]

(iii) Name the two main raw materials used to make cement.
Limestone, Gypsum [2]

(iv) Give three reasons for the continuous increase in cement manufacture from 2000
to 2009.
 Industrial/economic development
Urbanisation/construction
Better/more housing, roads, offices, factories (max 2)
Higher living standards
Population increase
Raw materials cheap
Raw materials readily/locally available [3]

(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of expanding the sports goods industry in
Pakistan.
Advantages
Enhances traditional skills
Uses local raw materials/saves import of raw materials
Increases employment
Work for women
Increases family incomes/GDP
More exports/trade

Disadvantages
Shortage of raw materials
Cost of importing raw materials/machinery
E.g. rubber/thread/leather
Lack of skilled labour
(Trade hindered by) child labour issues
(Trade hindered by) quality issues [6]
[N/2014/Q2]
2 (a) Explain what is meant by each of the following terms, and choose one example of
each from the given list. [6]
A raw material; B waste material; C value added material

A Basic commodity from which finished goods are made / which is changed by a
manufacturing process
Coal / limestone

B Unused / unwanted by-product

Slag / CO2

C Product that increases in value / worth due to industrial activities / a material improved
as it goes through a manufacturing process
Steel / coke

(b) Study Fig. 2, a map of the site of the Pakistan Steel Mills.
(i) Name the creek X and the port Y. [2]
X Gharo
Y Port[Bin] Qasim
(ii) Name the sea to the south where ships can travel to the steel mills. [1]
Arabian [Sea]
(iii) Using Fig. 2 and your own knowledge, state three factors that make this site
suitable for the development of the Pakistan Steel Mills. Explain one advantage
that each factor gives to this industry. [6]
[N/2014/Q5(c,d)]
(c) Explain why the Pakistan Steel Mills is an industry in the ‘formal sector’. [4]

Capital intensive
Employed / not self-employed
Mechanised / fewer workers
Regular working hours
Regular / fixed wages
In purpose built factory / office
Legal / registered / pays tax

(d) To what extent can work in the informal sector improve the lives of those living in
urban areas? Explain your answer. [6]
Might Would otherwise be unemployed / unemployed / unemployable find work
Source of income
Can afford better diet / improved housing / education / luxuries
May be suitable for unskilled / illiterate
Can use traditional skills
Goods / services available locally

Might not Poor working conditions

Low / irregular incomes
Too many people doing the same thing / too much competition
May employ children who do not receive education
Goods are poor quality
 Enables faster relief after earthquakes / landslides
Access to hospitals in medical emergencies / transport of medicines
Supply of imported food items
Employment e.g. air hostess / pilot / airport staff / hotel staff / waiter / guide
Local economy
Good for transport of perishable goods
Good for transport of valuable / light goods
Promotes trade
Promotes cottage / small-scale industry
Brings income / foreign exchange / currency from tourism
(c) (i) What is meant by the term ‘cottage industry’? [1]
Production of saleable goods / industry / valid named industry in own home

(ii) State and explain three advantages of establishing cottage industries in a rural
area. [6]
Advantages
Employment / self-employment
Employment of women / whole families
Income / export earnings
Meets demands of local market
Raw materials available locally / cheaply
Low technology
Explanation
Ability to support family
Reduces rural-urban migration of otherwise unemployed
Promotes independence / equality of women
Raises standard of living / quality of life
Boosts national economy / GDP / BOP
Puts money in local economy
Promotes self-reliance of area
Saves expensive imports / extra transport costs
Suitable for poorer people
Low set-up costs
(d) To what extent can small scale and cottage industries be sustainable? Explain your
answer. [6]
Possibilities
Can be done in the home (so low set up costs)
Local raw materials / re-used waste materials (therefore cheap / less need to borrow
money)
Simple technology (so less need for electricity / power supply)
Small scale causing less damage to environment
Traditional skills / does not demand education (people can support themselves when
other, work not available / possible)
Government support / schemes / loans
Use of machinery ,Use of electricity (allowing work after dark)
Provision of other named infrastructure ,Training / education
Problems
Small output / low earnings ,Low profits (therefore difficult to escape poverty)
Need for ‘middle man’ which reduces profits
Poor quality products (so lack of demand / low value)
Use of child labour (restricting markets / sales) ,Lack of education / telecommunications
(which limits marketing skills / limit marketing ability)
N 2015/Q5
Photograph C
 38

Photograph D
39
J 2016/Q3(c,d) 40

(c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage industries and
the engineering industry.

Peshawar Risalpur Rawalpindi

Taxila Gujrat

Gujranwala
Chiniot
Dera Faisalabad Lahore
Ghazi
Multan
Quetta Khan
Bahawalpur
Key:
cottage industries
engineering industry
cottage industries
and engineering industry
Hab
international boundary
Hyderabad
Karachi disputed boundary
provincial boundary
Arabian Sea 0 400
km

Fig. 6
A. Give an example of a cottage industry.
One of: furniture/ pottery /woodwork / metalwork / jewellery / hand woven
[1]
rugs/carpets/shawls / handicrafts / embroidery/sewing/ hand-made leather
goods/shoes / candles
B. Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering industry as shown in
Fig. 6.

Similar
Both in all four provinces / spread throughout provinces
Both concentrated in Punjab
Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat
Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK/ equal in
number in S/B/KPK
Different
Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7
locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations
Cottage present only in
Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab
Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur
[3]
Engineering more clustered/ cottage more spread out
 41

(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your chosen
industry and circle a suitable method of transport.
Cottage industry:
Chosen industry ...............................................

air road ship rail [1]

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected industry.
Road – extensive/dense network / door-to-door/ short distances
...........................................................................................................................................
Air – for export/ small/light/low volume/high value goods
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’.

Assets limited /capital limited/ capital <Rs 10mn
Family workers / small number hired workers /workforce <10
Worked carried out outside the home/ in factory / in workshop
Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural
implements [3]
 42

(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in Pakistan.

A B

It is better for Pakistan to promote large- It is better for Pakistan

scale industries which provide more goods to promote small-scale
for domestic use and for other industries. and cottage industries
in rural areas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied.
Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)
Large scale
For
Reduces need for expensive imports of finished goods (e.g. vehicles)
Export potential
Fulfils domestic demand (e.g. galvanised steel in construction)
Greater contribution to GDP
Encourages private sector to invest (e.g. Pindi Bhattian)
New industries would encourage large scale employment
Against
Expensive to set up (foreign investment/loans/debt)
May require expensive imports of raw materials (e.g. coking coal/iron ore for steel industry)
Changes of government/political instability (large projects may be delayed/cancelled)
Employs relatively fewer people (approx. 20% industrial workforce/very few women)
Noise/air/ water pollution
Causes deforestation (which destroys habitats)(loss of scenic beauty)
Small scale and cottage
For
Important source of income in rural areas
Money is re-invested locally
High demand (both domestic and exports / 30% manufacturing exports by value)
Employment possibilities (employs approx. 80% industrial workforce)
Conducted in homes (women can work)
Reduces rural to urban migration
Recycles industrial waste (e.g. of cotton/steel industries)
Small input requirement/uses local raw materials (e.g. leather/wood)(promotes primary
industries)(limited need for imports)
Low cost
Against
Only small (5%) contribution to GDP
Limited profit/wholesalers take most of the profit
Limited ability to expand [6]
High production costs (since no economies of scale) [TOTAL: 25]
Lack of electricity in rural areas
 43
N 2016/Q1(d)
(d) Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province:

A B

Hotels and tourist resorts need to be The coastal area of Sindh

developed along the Sindh coast to cannot support large numbers
bring foreign exchange and boost of tourists. There could be
the economy. negative effects from tourism.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied.
Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses)

For tourism
Sindh has many tourist attractions
Beaches (Clifton Beach / Sand spit / Hawkes Bay / Paradise Point)
Historical buildings (Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum / National Museum / Mohatta Palace)
Tourism industry undeveloped / has scope for development / investment
Creates employment (such as drivers / guides / hotel staff)

Against tourism
Sensitive environment (threats to mangrove forests / fishing grounds)
Tourists bring culturally unacceptable behaviour / dress code
Tourists can pollute the environment with noise / litter / oil from jet skis, etc. (which disturbs
local residents / looks unsightly / is a danger to wildlife)
Indus delta / most of Sindh coast unsuitable for development (swamps / marshes / creeks /
forests)
Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure (e.g. no passenger ferry terminal)
Declining / lack of tourist numbers
Employment only seasonal
Loss of livelihood due to construction of resorts (e.g. fishermen)

[6]

[TOTAL: 25]
N 2017/Q2(a,d) 44

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, which is a flow diagram of the cement industry.

limestone / gypsum (calcium sulphate)

/ clay / shale / chalk
..............................................
factory cement

coal

Fig. 2

On Fig. 2, insert the name of a raw material used to make cement in the space provided.
[1]

(ii) Give one example of primary, secondary and tertiary employment in the cement industry.

Primary – job related to mining raw materials (coal, limestone, gypsum) / mine /
quarrymen;

Secondary – job related to manufacturing product, packing / bagging product /

factory worker;

Tertiary – job related to lorry driving / sales / advertising / cleaning /

maintenance.
[3]

(iii) The cement industry is an example of a formal industry. State three characteristics of
employment in the formal sector of industry.

• Employed / not self-employed / registered with government / legal;

• Trained / skilled workforce;
• Uniform / dress code;
• Improved working conditions / named example – pension;
• Regular working hours / fixed working hours;
• Fixed / regular / higher wages;
• More likely to use machines / equipment / not labour intensive;
• Purpose-built office / factory;
• Less likely to be female / child labour.
3 @ 1 mark
 45

(b) (i) Name two fuels which are imported in large quantities by Pakistan.
• [Crude / refined] oil / petroleum;
• Coal [briquettes].
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Explain the disadvantages to Pakistan of importing large amounts of natural resources.
You should develop your answer.

• Discourages development of Pakistan’s own natural resources sector /

renewable energy sector (creating fewer job opportunities) (preventing
growth of national economy);
• Dependent on other countries (which might restrict imports due to trade
embargoes / worsening political relations / political instability);
• Dependent on trade in basic commodities (therefore vulnerable to changes
/ fluctuations in world supply / market prices);
• Limited international transport links for importing minerals (e.g. few road
border crossings with Afghanistan / Iran / China / India) (e.g. Karachi Port
too congested) (e.g. Gwadar Port not fully developed);
• Air / water pollution from international transport (e.g. oil spillage at Karachi
beach).
ETC.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
 46

(d) There are many influences on industrial growth at the national level in Pakistan. Read the
following two views:

A B

Government projects, policies Energy shortages, the security

and support have the greatest situation and natural disasters have
influence on the growth of the greatest influence on the growth
industries. of industries.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
Answers are likely to refer to:
View A
For
• Industrial policy / taxation;
• Investment;
• Infrastructure / power projects;
• Training in skills / examples of;
• Services to industries.
Against
• Mismanagement;
• Inconsistency of government policy / changes of government;
• Delay in / cancellation of government projects.

View B
For
• Shortage of electricity generation and problems with supply;
• Natural disasters divert national funds away from industry;
• Security issues / unrest.

Against
• Destruction / damage can stimulate construction industry;
• Cost of building earthquake-proof buildings is high;
• Cost of emergency shelters during floods;
• Cost of security. [6]
ETC.
[TOTAL: 25]
J 2018 /Q4 47

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the location of selected textile industries in Pakistan.

Key:
major textile centre
other textile centre
cotton JAMMU &
KASHMIR
international boundary
disputed territory
province-level boundary
disputed boundary
Z

X
Y 0 100 200 300
Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 4.1

Name the three major textile centres labelled X, Y and Z on Fig. 4.1.

X ........................................................
Hyderabad;

Karachi;
Y ........................................................

Z ........................................................
Faisalabad. [3]

(ii) Describe the location of the major textile centre labelled Y on Fig. 4.1.

Karachi is:
• In south of Pakistan;
• Next to the coast / near sea / Arabian Sea;
• In the province Sindh;
• Close to border with Balochistan;
• At centre of three cotton areas;
• Distance from named feature, e.g. within 100 km of other textile centres /
cotton areas;
• Direction from named feature, e.g. west / southwest of X. [2]
2 @ 1 mark
 48

(b) (i) Define the term ‘secondary industry’.

Industry that converts raw materials into commodities / products (for the
consumer) / manufacturing industry / where raw materials are
manufactured / made / processed into a product.
1 @ 1 mark [1]

(ii) State a feature of each of the following types of industry:

cottage industries; A cottage industry is:

• where the owner and family work with no hired labour / in homes / mostly
women and children work / small investment / low output / informal;

small-scale industries; A small-scale industry is:

• where up to 10 hired labourers work / medium investment / up to R10mn
invested / formal or informal / in workshops / (small) factories;
3 @ 1 mark
large-scale industries. A large-scale industry is:
• where there is no limit to the number of people employed / unlimited
investment / high capital / standardised / skilled labour / multinational / [3]
registered / formal sector / mechanised / in (large) factories.

(iii) State three reasons for the location of the cotton textile industries in Pakistan.

• Near a port / dry ports for imports / exports;

• Close to cotton belts of Pakistan / close to raw materials;
• Near to large population centres for skilled / unskilled labour;
• Near to markets;
• Favourable / stable government policies / in tax exempt areas;
• Agglomeration / near to each other to share ideas / materials;
• Near to / uninterrupted power supply;
• Near to named infrastructure, e.g. roads / rail.
[3]
3 @ 1 mark
 49

(c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing three of the processes involved in the spinning of
cotton.

Describe processes A, B and C in the boxes on Fig. 4.2.

A: Opening / bales of cotton laid down uniformly B: Carding / sorts fibres to produce a
in layer / rollers used to flatten cotton fibres / continuous web or slivers / teasing
smooth out folds / straighten fibres / spread out wires produce loose bundles of fibres
fibres; (web / slivers) / the fibres (web /
slivers) are divided into threads;

A
B

C: Drawing / fibres are straightened /

the combined sliver (threads) is
collected in moving cylinders where
fast and slow rollers further divide
slivers / slivers stretched / twisted
/ pulled out further.

Fig. 4.2
[3]

(ii) Explain why the cotton textile industry is important to Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.
• Largest sector of the economy / large-scale production;
• Great export potential / demand;
• Is 60–65% / most of export earnings;
• Improves balance of trade;
• Employs a large number of people;
• Unskilled and skilled labour;
• Contributes approx. 7% of GDP;
• Textiles are value added products;
• Earn more foreign exchange than raw cotton;
• Uses local raw materials;
• Reduces dependence on imports;
• Large domestic demand. [4]
Etc.
 50

(d) Although cotton textiles is Pakistan’s largest industry, it still faces challenges if it is to increase
its global market share. Read the following two views about some of the challenges to the
cotton textile industry in Pakistan:

A B
Load shedding of electricity Lack of skilled labour is
is a major challenge to the a major challenge to the
growth of the cotton textile growth of the cotton textile
industry. industry.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

Load-shedding
Production comes to a standstill;
Orders cannot be completed;
Workers may be sent home / not paid;
Deadlines cannot be met;
Lose market share if trading partners cannot rely on Pakistan.

Skilled labour shortage

Government need to invest in education and training;
Current employees are overworked;
Full capacity of cotton production cannot be met;
Cotton production may decline in the future if there are no skilled workers to
fill the vacancies. [6]
Etc.
 51
J 2019 / Q4
4 (a) (i) Define ‘tertiary industry’.
Tertiary industry is any activi ty concerned with providing a service. [1]
1 @ 1 mark

(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows the percentage share of people employed in each economic
sector in Pakistan.

0%
90% 10% 4(a)(iii) •
Key: •
•
80% 20% Primary •
Secondary •

Tertiary
70% 30%

60% 40%
50%

Fig. 4.1

What is the percentage of people employed in tertiary activities in Pakistan?

35%
..................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name three different job types in the tertiary sector.

Sales; Waiter; Driver;

1 ..................................................................

Teacher (teaching) / education;

2 ..................................................................
Doctor / bank clerk (banking);
3 ..................................................................

• Guide;
• Hairdresser;
• Trading;
• Salon services;
• Maid;
• Tourism;
• Healthcare;
• Engineering;
• Security;
• Manager; [3]
Etc.
 52

(b) (i) Describe the difference between domestic and foreign tourism.

• Domestic tourism is when people go on holiday within their own

country;
• Foreign tourism is when people from a different country visit / go on
holiday abroad.
2 @ 1 mark [2]

(ii) Study Table 4.1, which shows the source of foreign tourists to Pakistan from selected
countries in 2007.

origin number
UK 275 600
USA 129 600
Afghanistan 80 500
China 30 600

Table 4.1

A Which country is the main source of foreign tourists?

UK
..............................................................

B Suggest two reasons for this.

• Visiting friends and family living in Pakistan;

• On business / official meetings (classed as tourist / visitor);
• Attending a cultural event;
• Sporting event;
• Visiting a religious site / pilgrimage;
• Sightseeing / historical sites / historical ties (e.g. colonial links);
• Scenic beauty / nature loving.
2 @ 1 mark [3]
 53

(c) (i) Explain two advantages of tourism to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• Income from tourism; is usually greater than exporting raw materials (or
named examples) / can help to correct the balance of payments /
increase foreign exchange / money spent on areas like education and
healthcare (dev);
• Creates employment in local areas; examples of employment
opportunities, e.g. in hotels / as tour guides (dev);
• Encourages development of cottage or craft industries; handmade
souvenirs are sold as profit / earn an income (dev);
• Food production is increased; creation of local markets (dev);
• Local people can use the tourist facilities; named examples, e.g.
swimming pools / public transport (dev);
• Tourist and local interaction; creates cultural awareness and
understanding (dev);
• Tourism is a sustainable industry; tourist attractions will be maintained /
developed (dev);
• Improves literacy; development of language skills interacting with
tourists (dev);
Etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks [4]

(ii) Study Figs. 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 (Insert), photographs of some natural and cultural
attractions of Pakistan. Use the photographs and your own knowledge to suggest how
each is a tourist attraction.
Fig. 4.2 for Question 4

• Fig 4.2: beach for relaxing holidays / sunbathing / water sports /

admiring scenic view of ocean from beach / cooling breeze from sea
reduces heat / beach cricket or similar activities / riding camels;
 54

Fig. 4.3

• Fig 4.3: chairlifts (in Murree) for leisure and sightseeing / explore
mountains / adventurous activities / photo opportunities / scenic viewing
/ greenery / admiring the scenic beauty / entertainment and thrills / aerial
views;

Fig. 4.4

• Fig 4.4: shopping / buy souvenirs (in Murree) / honeypot site for tourists /
many attractions and amenities / hotels / stay in resort / market /
investigating local culture / eating traditional food;
 55

Fig. 4.5

• Fig 4.5: experience mountains (in northern regions) /adventure tourism /

mountain climbing / hiking / skiing / trekking / snowboarding;

Fig. 4.6

• Fig 4.6: historic buildings / view architecture / to sample history /

investigate culture / study traditions / sightseeing / historical sites /
spiritual visit.
5 @ 1 mark
 56

(d) Tourism is an important and growing activity in Pakistan contributing 7.4 per cent to Gross
Domestic Product in 2017.

To what extent is further development of Pakistan’s tourism industry possible? Give reasons
to support your judgement. You should support different points of view in your answer.

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

Possibilities
• Many impressive attractions natural / cultural / historic that could be
further developed for tourism / named area, e.g. 1500 km coastline with
beaches in southern Pakistan;
• Increased marketing and promotion of attractions using social media /
TV; development of clear brand for Pakistan;
• The role of the Pakistan Tourist Development Board in promoting
tourism;
• Recent additions to infrastructure that help; airports / helicopter services
/ roads, etc.;
• Improved tourist activities / services; named hotels / packages;
• Emerging middle class with time / money to go on holiday;
• Visa on arrival available to 24 countries;
• Greater expertise in hospitality / management of tourist facilities /
training for staff;
• Careful management of attractions would preserve and enhance
cultural / natural tourist sites.

Difficulties
• Cost of developing a tourist infrastructure;
• Focus is on the development of other industries;
• Current infrastructure; power, sewage facilities can slow the rate of
development;
• Access to sites restricted by transport network; road / rail / air;
• Attracting investment;
• Security in some tourist areas;
• Some accommodation and services below international standards;
• Some tourist sites have been mismanaged causing soil degradation,
etc.;
• Risk of natural disasters in tourist regions; flash flooding / landslides /
earthquakes.

Note: Example may include named infrastructure / attraction / activities. [6]

N 2019/Q3 57

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the location of Sialkot, a place where sports goods are
manufactured in Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary CHINA

province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
disputed territory
Islamabad

TAN
I S Sialkot
N
G HA
AF
Multan

IRAN INDIA

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea km

Fig. 3.1

Using the information in Fig. 3.1 only, describe the location of Sialkot.
• North / north eastern / eastern part of Pakistan;
• Distance from named city / Multan / Islamabad;
• Direction from named city / north-east of Multan / south-east of
Islamabad;
• Close / near to border of Jammu and Kashmir / south-west of Jammu
and Kashmir;
• West of India / near border with India / border city;
• Direction from named country or area / east of Afghanistan / north-east
of Iran / south-west of China / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir;
• In the same province as Multan.
3 @ 1 mark [3]

(ii) State two raw materials that the sports goods industry uses.
• Rubber
• Wood / wood pulp
• Stitching thread / cotton
• Leather
• Water [2]
2 @ 1 mark
• (Linseed) oil / varnish
 58

(iii) Describe how the sports goods industry operates in Pakistan.

• In small workshops / within household / small scale industry / in

cottages / primitive conditions;
• Uses predominantly manual labour / by hand / hand tools;
• Processes, e.g. cutting, sewing, stitching, shaping;
• The final stages are done in factories;
• There are aspects of both formal and informal sectors;
• Mostly work is conducted by unskilled / child labourers;
• Goods are manufactured to international standards / high quality / for
export;
• All stages are supervised for quality control.
3 @ 1 mark [3]

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage of sugar mills in Pakistan by province.

0%

Key:

Punjab

Sindh

KPK

Fig. 3.2

Complete the pie chart to show the percentage of sugar mills in Sindh and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), using the following information and the key provided:

province percentage (%)

Sindh 40%
KPK 10% [2]
(ii) State one reason why there are no sugar mills in Balochistan.

• There is no sugar cane grown in Balochistan;

• Sugar mills have to be located near the sugar cane fields and there are
none in Balochistan;
• Sugar cane starts to lose its sugar content as soon as it is harvested / it
needs to be crushed immediately;
• Too far to transport sugar cane from Balochistan to the nearest sugar mill;
• Sugar cane is bulky and heavy so it is expensive to transport.1 @ 1 mark [1]
(iii) Name one by-product of the sugar industry and state what it is used for.
• Bagasse • Molasses
by-product ......................................................
use • Bagasse: as a fuel in sugar mills / to make chipboard / to make paper /
to make animal feed.
• Molasses: to manufacture various acids, e.g. citric acid / in the chemical
industry / to make cattle feed / to make yeast / as fuel (in sugar [2]
factories) / used in manufacture of synthetic rubber.
 59

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3 which is a diagram of the factors affecting industrial location.

market

land power

labour raw material

communication transport

capital water

Fig. 3.3
Choose one physical and one human factor and explain how each influences the choice
of location for a steel mill. You should develop your answer.
physical factor
______________________
• Raw material; heavy and bulky to transport / so factory would be best
located close to the source of the raw material in order to reduce cost of
transportation (dev);
• Water; a large quantity of water is needed in steel manufacture / so the
factory would be sited near to a large source of water e.g. a river or lake (dev);
• Land; flat land is required; as it is easier to build on (dev) / unused land
is preferred as money does not have to be spent cleaning up the land
first (dev) / large area of land so there is room for expansion and
storage if needed in the future (dev); cheap land / so that it is affordable
for businesses and loans do not have to be taken out (dev).
human factor
______________
• Power; situated near to a thermal or nuclear power station / is preferred
so that energy supplies will be uninterrupted (dev);
• Labour; skilled and unskilled labour is required so located near to a
large town or city / so that labour can access the factory (dev);
• Market; located to large towns and cities / railways / ports / so that the
products can easily be transported for sale or export (dev); [4]
• Communication; near to motorways / railways and / or good IT
infrastructure / so that goods can be transported efficiently and deals
can be made within Pakistan or beyond (dev);
• Transport; near to main road and rail network and ports for the
movement of raw material in / finished products out / and for workers /
large and bulky raw material needs to be near factory (dev);
• Capital; tax breaks, loans, incentives, (dev) etc. [4]
(ii) Classify the following products into the correct category in the table below. You need to
decide if each product is mainly for the domestic market or the export market.

Domestic market Export market

cement sports goods

cotton steel

fertilisers surgical instruments

Choose from: cement cotton fertilisers sports goods steel surgical instruments [2]
 60

(d) There is a large domestic market in Pakistan but consumers sometimes choose imported
goods over home-produced goods.

To what extent could demand for home-produced goods be increased? Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples that you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.

Possibilities
• Introduce training programmes;
• Advertising to entice local markets to buy locally produced products;
• Reducing manufacturing costs;
• Improving productivity;
• Buy local initiatives or examples;
• Improving the standard / quality of locally produced goods to meet
international standards;
• Incentives for buying local, e.g. creation of more jobs;
• Helps reduce impact on climate change by reducing CO2 emissions;
from transport costs / benefits to the environment promoted;
• Make it more difficult to import goods / increase tariffs / duties;
Etc.

Difficulties
• Advertising / promotion / branding of imported goods;
• Costs / cheaper to buy imported goods;
• Quality of local goods;
• Skills availability for producing quality goods;
• Funding to develop industries / manufacturing;
• Technical knowledge / skills;
• Energy crisis;
• Economic constraints;
• Availability of modern technology;
• New competitors, e.g. Bangladesh / Vietnam / Turkey;
• Low foreign investment in consumer goods;
• Restricted market, e.g. international standards applied to products; [6]
Etc.
[Total: 25]
 61

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
river
disputed territory
A

C N

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 1.1

Name the three cities labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1.

Islamabad
A ..................................................................

Lahore
B ..................................................................

Faisalabad
C ..................................................................
[3]

(ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1.

D ..................................................................
Indus [1]

(iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert next page) a map showing the location of a university in Lahore.
 62

Fig. 1.2 for Question 1

BAND ROAD

Iqbal
Shad Bagh Shalimar
Park AD
Garden
T R U NK RO
D
GRAN

Krishan
Nagar
Samanabad Saddar
Iqbal
AD

Town Ichra Gulberg

RO

Cantonment
AD

L
NA

AD AIRPORT
RO

O
CA

ATR
AN

FIR

HD
WA
LT

OZ
MU

PU

University
Model
RE

Town
RO

X
AD

JAI
LR
OA
D

Race
Club
N

Key
main commercial area
other commercial areas city boundary
residential road
educational railway 0 1 2 3
industrial canal km
parks and open spaces river
 63

Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university.

Ideas such as:

In the south west of the city;
South of river;
On/along main road/railway;
Direction from any named feature/location within the map boundary;
Distance from any named feature/location within the map boundary.
Note: Max 2 marks for direction and Max 2 marks for distance. [3]
3 @ 1 mark

(iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan.

Ideas such as:

Some cannot gain basic education/entry qualifications;
Cost/fees are too expensive;
Many in rural areas cannot access higher education;
More university places are needed;
People are needed to care for family members;
People are needed to work in the family business/earn money for the family;
etc.
2 @ 1 mark [2]

(b) (i) Define ‘small-scale’ industry.

Has assets less than Rs 10 million (excluding loan, land and building);
Up to 10 hired labour can be employed in addition to family labour. [2]
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information
technology business area at X.
Ideas such as:
Near university for skilled labour;
Links with university for research/agglomeration;
Near Model Town for work force;
Can locate anywhere/footloose;
Lots of available space to build/expand on; etc.
[2]
2 @ 1 mark
 64

(iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

degree-level qualifications
Skilled workforce; (will be attractive to international businesses);
Will reduce unemployment; (more people earning a living wage/higher
wages);
Will improve social services such as schools and hospitals; (improve HDI so
more attractive internationally/reduce economic emigration/more trained
doctors/teachers);
Specialised courses according to the requirements of the industry; (meets
the employment needs of the company);
Training for managers at all levels; (reduces the need for people from
outside Pakistan to take these roles/money stays in Pakistan); etc.

use of telecommunications
Use of telecommunications
Enables companies/businesses to communicate instantly around the world;
(no need to wait for meetings/travel abroad);
Will attract international companies to have headquarters/branches located
in Pakistan; (will improve the balance of payments);
Ease of use of mobile phones; (able to conduct business from
anywhere/work from home);
Ability to message/email/skype/meet remotely; (information obtained and
shared instantly/instant messaging/decisions made quickly and easily);
Able to set up websites/advertise globally/TV and radio/internet; (increased
trade/competition with international markets);
Increased market opportunities/e-commerce; (able to trade around the
world/development of on-line banking/reduces costs/overheads);
Enhanced ability to compete in the global market; (increasing GDP); etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks [4]

(c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in Pakistan.

Ideas such as:

Development of export processing zones;
Restrictions on exports;
Development Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP);
Developing named infrastructure - roads/railways/airports/ports);
Developing telecommunications/named examples;
Training and education;
Advertising nationally and/or internationally;
Providing incentives for new businesses/named examples; etc.
2 @ 1 mark [2]
 65

(d) The number of information technology (IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since
2000.

Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to reduce
unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

IT may reduce unemployment because

More entrepreneurs are generated;
Will reduce the need for managers to be brought in from businesses abroad;
New businesses will open;
Can train future generations;
Further development of tertiary and/or quarternary sectors;
Many people own smart phones;
Can have basic skills to use a phone or computer to set up a business from
home;
Can be carried out in any language; etc.

IT may not reduce unemployment because

Equipment and training can be expensive;
Not all students/families can afford to go to university and develop IT
expertise;
Many IT graduates emigrate so Pakistan does not always benefit from them;
Not all areas have a reliable electricity supply; etc.