This document summarizes 30 sources on asthma including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, treatment with macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin, and the impact of long-term azithromycin use on antibiotic resistance. Key points addressed across the sources include the global prevalence and burden of asthma, clinical presentation and diagnostic tests for asthma, guidelines for asthma management, mechanisms of action and efficacy of azithromycin in treating asthma exacerbations, and considerations regarding long-term azithromycin use.
This document summarizes 30 sources on asthma including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, treatment with macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin, and the impact of long-term azithromycin use on antibiotic resistance. Key points addressed across the sources include the global prevalence and burden of asthma, clinical presentation and diagnostic tests for asthma, guidelines for asthma management, mechanisms of action and efficacy of azithromycin in treating asthma exacerbations, and considerations regarding long-term azithromycin use.
This document summarizes 30 sources on asthma including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, treatment with macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin, and the impact of long-term azithromycin use on antibiotic resistance. Key points addressed across the sources include the global prevalence and burden of asthma, clinical presentation and diagnostic tests for asthma, guidelines for asthma management, mechanisms of action and efficacy of azithromycin in treating asthma exacerbations, and considerations regarding long-term azithromycin use.
This document summarizes 30 sources on asthma including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, treatment with macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin, and the impact of long-term azithromycin use on antibiotic resistance. Key points addressed across the sources include the global prevalence and burden of asthma, clinical presentation and diagnostic tests for asthma, guidelines for asthma management, mechanisms of action and efficacy of azithromycin in treating asthma exacerbations, and considerations regarding long-term azithromycin use.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 3
1. Collaborators GBDCRD.
Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-
adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5; 9: 691–706. 2. Croisant S. Epidemiology of asthma: prevalence and burden of disease, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2014; 795: 17–29. 3. Usmani OS, Barnes PJ. Chapter 46: asthma: clinical presentation and management. Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and disorders. 5th ed. McGraw Hill Companies; 2015. p. 700-714. 4. Quirt J, Hildebrand KJ, Mazza J, Noya F, Kim H. Asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018; 15. 5. Tengker IJ, Mogi TI. Rehabilitasi medik pada anak dengan asma bronkial. Jurnal Medik dan Rehabilitasi Vol 4, No 2. 2022. Available from: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/ index.php/jmr/article/view/41985. 6. Yu Y. Asthma: pathogenesis. 2022 October 16. Available from: https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/asthma-pathogenesis/. 7. Paramothayan S. Obstructive airways disease: asthma. Essential respiratory medicine. New Jersey: Willey Blackwell; 2019. P105-136. 8. Barnes PJ. Asthma. In: Loscalzo J, editor. Harrison’s pulmonary and critical care medicine. New York: McGraw Hill; 2017. p 64-82. 9. Liberator C, Marron R, Barry J, Kartik S. Asthma. Essential of clinical pulmonology. New York: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group; 2019. p. 250-269 10. Reddel H, Boulet LP, Levy ML, Decker R, Rurey K. Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention (for adults and children older than 5 years). USA: Global Initiative for Asthma – GINA; 2019. p 9-45. 11. Yunus F, Dhahalaksana S, Wiyono WH, Damayanti T, et al. Asma pedoman diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia; 2021. p 30-36. 12. WebMD Editorial Contributors. Asthma diagnosis and tests. 2021. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/asthma/diagnosing-asthma-tests. 13. CDC. Work related asthma. 2017. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ topics/asthma/diagnosis.html. 14. Fitz Gerald, J, M, et al. Global Initiative for Asthma: Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, USA: GINA; 2019. p 1-50. 15. Program penatalaksaan asma. 2022 October 16. Available from: http://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/tag/program-penatalaksanaan-asma. 16. So J, Aibert Y, Kartika S, Asthma: diagnosis and treatment. European Medical Journal. 2021; 3(4): 111-121.
17. Asthma Control Test. https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/asthma/
professionals/documents/act12yrsandolder.pdf 18. Calhoun WJ, Chupp GL. The new era of add-on asthma treatments: where do we stand?. 2022; 1-13. 19. Vázquez LN, Mankin AS. How macrolide antibiotics work. Trends Biochem Sci. 2018 Sep; 43(9):668-684. 20. Venditto VJ, Haydar D, Latif AA, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of azithromycin revisited: potential applications to COVID-19. Frontiers in immunology. 2021. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/ 10.3389/fimmu.2021.574425/full 21. Donsu YC, Hasmono D. Tinjauan azitromisin pada penyakit virus korona 2019 (COVID- 19). Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol.17 No.2. 2020; 133-147 22. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) What’s new in GINA 2022? .2022. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/GINA-2022-Whats-New-Slides.pptx. 23. Reviono. Pneumonia: adakah tempat untuk pemberian antiinflamasi?. Surakarta: UNS Press; 2017. p 54-58. 24. Sun J, Li Y. Long-term, low-dose macrolide antibiotic treatment in pediatric chronic airway diseases. Pediatric Research volume 91. 2022, p1036–1042. 25. Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, et al. Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2017 Aug;390(10095):659-668. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31281-3. PMID: 28687413. 26. MIMS. Azithromycin. 2022. Available from: https://www.mims.com/indonesia/ drug/info/azithromycin?mtype=generic 27. Gibson P, McDonald V, Maltby S, James A. Clinical recommendations for the use of azithromycin in severe asthma in adults. Australia: Centre Of Excellence in Severe Asthma Ver 1;2019. p 2. 28. Azithromycin prophylaxis in adults with respiratory disease. 2022. Available from: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/ conditions-and- treatments/lower-respiratory/azithromycin-prophylaxis-in-adults-with-respiratory-disease/. 29. Badan POM RI. Azitromisin. 2015. Available from: https://pionas.pom.go.id/ monografi/azitromisin#:~:text=Dosis%3A,sekali%20sehari%20selam%203%20hari. 30. Ghimire JJ, Jat KR, Sankar J, Lodha R, Iyer VK, Gautam H, Sood S, Kabra SK. Azithromycin for Poorly Controlled Asthma in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chest. 2022 Jun;161(6):1456-1464. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.02.025. Epub 2022 Feb 22. PMID: 35202621. 31. Abotsi RE, Nicol MP, McHugh G, et al. The impact of long-term azithromycin on antibiotic resistance in HIV-associated chronic lung disease. ERJ Open Res. 2022; 8: 00491-2021.